Lithium ion batteries-due to their long life-enjoy an established commercial market, and also command continuous research in a drive towards improvement and technology leadership. This hands-on guide describes in detail new materials for all four major components of lithium ion batteries: cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte. The book also highlights lithium ion diffusion and its profound effect on a battery's power density, self-discharge behaviour, life cycle, and safety issues.

Kazunori Ozawa is President and CEO of Enax Inc. in Tokyo, Japan. Having studied physics and metallurgy at Tokyo and Pennsylvania State Universities, he obtained his doctoral degree of engineering from Tohoku University with research on magnetic thin films. He spent most of his career working at the Sony Corporation in the field of ceramics, magnetic materials and batteries. He founded ENAX, Inc. in 1996, a specialist lithium ion battery company based in Tokyo that cooperates with numerous well-known international corporations.
In 1994 he received both the Technology Paper Award from the Electrochemical Society (ECS) in Japan and the United States' ECS Technology Award, as well as in 2006 the IBA Technology Award.

Preface	p. XI
List of Contributors	p. XIII
General Concepts	p. 1
Brief Outline of Batteries	p. 1
Galvanic Cell System - Aqueous Electrolyte System	p. 2
Lithium-Cell System - Nonaqueous Electrolyte System	p. 4
Early Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries	p. 5
Ceramics Production Capability	p. 5
Coating Technology	p. 6
LiPF₆ as a Salt for Electrolytes	p. 6
Graphite Conductor in the Cathode	p. 6
Using Hard Carbon for the Anode	p. 6
Nonwoven Shut-down Separator	p. 6
Ni-Plated Fe Can	p. 7
Toward a Realistic Goal	p. 7
References	p. 9
Lithium Insertion Materials Having Spinel-Framework Structure for Advanced Batteries	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Structural Description of Spinel	p. 12
Derivatives of Spinel-Framework Structure	p. 15
Superlattice Structures Derived from "Spinel"	p. 15
Examples of Superstructure Derived from "Spinel"	p. 20
Electrochemistry of Lithium Insertion Materials Having Spinel-Framework Structure	p. 24
Lithium Manganese Oxides (LMO)	p. 24
Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO)	p. 27
Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (LiNiMO)	p. 28
An Application of Lithium Insertion Materials Having Spinel-Framework Structure to 12 V "Lead-Free" Accumulators	p. 29
Twelve-Volt Batteries Consisting of Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO) and Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	p. 32
Twelve-Volt Batteries Consisting of Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO) and Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (LiNiMO)	p. 34
Concluding Remarks	p. 36
References	p. 37
Overlithiated Li_1+x(Ni_z Co_1-2ZMn_z)_1-xO₂ as Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Co-Free Li_1+x (Ni_1/2Mn_1/2)_1-xO₂	p. 40
Li_1+x (Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_1-xO₂	p. 44
Other Li_1+x(Ni_zCo_1-2zMn_z)_1-xO₂ Materials	p. 48
Conclusion	p. 50
References	p. 51
Iron-Based Rare-Metal-Free Cathodes	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
2D Layered Rocksalt-Type Oxide Cathode	p. 54
3D NASICON-Type Sulfate Cathode	p. 55
3D Olivine-Type Phosphate Cathode	p. 58
3D Calcite-Type Borate Cathode	p. 62
3D Perovskite-Type Fluoride Cathode	p. 64
Summary	p. 65
References	p. 65
Thermodynamics of Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Experimental	p. 71
The ETMS	p. 71
Electrochemical Cells: Construction and Formation Cycles	p. 73
Thermodynamics Data Acquisition	p. 73
Results	p. 74
Carbonaceous Anode Materials	p. 74
Pre-coke (HTT < 500 C)	p. 77
Cokes HTT 900-1700°C	p. 79
Cokes HTT 2200 and 2600°C	p. 80
Natural Graphite	p. 82
Entropy and Degree of Graphitization	p. 84
Cathode Materials	p. 86
LiCoO₂	p. 86
LiMn₂O₄	p. 90
Effect of Cycling on Thermodynamics	p. 93
Conclusion	p. 94
References	p. 96
Raman Investigation of Cathode Materials for Lithium Batteries	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Raman Microspectrometry: Principle and Instrumentation	p. 104
Principle	p. 104
Instrumentation	p. 105
Transition Metal-Oxide-Based Compounds	p. 106
LiCoO₂	p. 107
LiNiO₂ and Its Derivative Compounds LiNi_1-yCo_yO₂ (0 < y < 1)	p. 113
Manganese Oxide-Based Compounds	p. 114
MnO₂-Type Compounds	p. 114
Ternary Lithiated Li_xMnO_y Compounds	p. 117
V₂O₅	p. 127
V₂O₅ Structure	p. 127
Structural Features of the Li_xV₂O₅ Phases	p. 131
Titanium Dioxide	p. 143
Phospho-Olivine LiMPO₄ Compounds	p. 149
General Conclusion	p. 156
References	p. 157
Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries: From the Viewpoint of Importance of the Electrolytes	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
General Design to Find Additives for Improving the Performance of LIB	p. 166
A Series of Developing Processes to Find Novel Additives	p. 269
Cathodic and the Other Additives for LIBs	p. 272
Conditioning	p. 174
References	p. 177
Inorganic Additives and Electrode Interface	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Transition Metal Ions and Cathode Dissolution	p. 180
Mn(II) Ion	p. 181
Co(II) Ion	p. 184
Ni(II) Ion	p. 186
How to Suppress the Mn(II) Degradation	p. 187
LiI, LiBr, and NH₄I	p. 188
2-Vinylpyridine	p. 190
Alkali Metal Ions	p. 197
Na⁺ Ion	p. 197
K⁺ Ion	p. 204
Alkali Salt Coating	p. 207
Summary	p. 209
References	p. 210
Characterization of Solid Polymer Electrolytes and Fabrication of all Solid-State Lithium Polymer Secondary Batteries	p. 213
Molecular Design and Characterization of Polymer Electrolytes with Li Salts	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Plasticizers	p. 217
Preparation of SPE Films with B-PEG and Al-PEG Plasticizers	p. 217
Evaluation of SPE Films with B-PEG Plasticizers	p. 219
Ionic Conductivity of SPE Films with B-PEG Plasticizers	p. 223
Transport Number of Lithium Ions	p. 227
Electrochemical Stability	p. 229
Summary	p. 230
Fabrication of All-Solid-State Lithium Polymer Battery	p. 231
Introduction	p. 231
Required Ionic Conductivity of SPE	p. 231
Difference between Conventional Battery with Liquid Electrolyte and All-Solid-State LPB	p. 232
Fabrication and Electrochemical Performance of LPBs Using SPE with B-PEG and/or Al-PEG Plasticizers	p. 235
Fabrication of a Nonflammable Lithium Polymer Battery and Its Electrochemical Evaluation	p. 243
Summary	p. 250
References	p. 251
Thin-Film Metal-Oxide Electrodes for Lithium Microbatteries	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
Lithium Cobalt Oxide Thin Films	p. 259
Sputtered LiCoO2 Films	p. 259
Liquid Electrolyte	p. 259
Solid-State Electrolyte	p. 262
PLD LiCoO₂ Films	p. 265
CVD LiCoO₂ Films	p. 269
LiCoO₂ Films Prepared by Chemical Routes	p. 269
Conclusion	p. 271
LiNiO₂ and Its Derivatives Compounds LiNi_1-xMO₂	p. 272
Solid-State Electrolyte	p. 273
Liquid Electrolyte	p. 274
Li - Ni - Mn Films	p. 274
Conclusion	p. 275
LiMn₂O₄ Films	p. 275
Sputtered LiMn₂O₄ Films	p. 276
PLD LiMn₂O₄ Films	p. 277
ESD LiMn₂O₄ Films	p. 281
LiMn₂O₄ Films Prepared Through Chemical Routes	p. 282
Substituted LiMn_2-xM_xO₄ Spinel Films	p. 283
Conclusion	p. 283
V₂O₅ Thin Films	p. 285
Sputtered V₂O₅ Thin Films	p. 286
Liquid Electrolyte	p. 286
Solid-State Electrolyte	p. 294
PLD V₂O₅ Thin Films	p. 296
CVD V₂O₅ Films	p. 297
V₂O₅ Films Prepared by Evaporation Techniques	p. 297
V₂O₅ Films Prepared by Electrostatic Spray Deposition	p. 298
V₂O₅ Films Prepared via Solution Techniques	p. 299
Conclusion	p. 300
MoO₃ Thin Films	p. 301
Liquid Electrolyte	p. 301
Solid State Electrolyte	p. 302
Conclusion	p. 303
General Conclusions	p. 303
References	p. 305
Research and Development Work on Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries for High-Performance Environmental Vehicles	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Energy Needed to Power an EV	p. 313
Quest for a High-Power Characteristic in Lithium-Ion Batteries	p. 315
Cell Thermal Behavior and Cell System Stability	p. 322
Further Reading	p. 326
Index	p. 329
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