Living in the Environment

by MILLER

• ISBN13: 9780534398071
• ISBN10: 0534398073
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-02
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Table of Contents

Part I HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY: AN OVERVIEW	1	(38)
Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability	2	(19)
Living in an Exponential Age	2	(1)
Living More Sustainably	3	(1)
Spotlight: Cast of Players in the Environmental Drama	3	(13)
Guest Essay: Natural Capital	16
Paul G. Hawken
Population Growth, Economic Growth, Environmentally Sustainable Development, and Globalization	4	(5)
Spotlight: Current Exponential Growth of the Human Population	5	(3)
Connections: Some Harmful Environmental Effects of Poverty	8	(1)
Resources	9	(1)
Connections: Free-Access Resources and the Tragedy of the Commons	11	(4)
Connections: Lessons from China	15
Pollution	10	(2)
Environmental Problems: Causes and Connections	12	(1)
Is Our Present Course Sustainable?	13	(8)
Solutions: Some Guidelines for Working with the Earth	18	(3)
Environmental History: An Overview	21	(18)
Near Extinction of the American Bison	21	(1)
Cultural Changes and the Environment	22	(3)
Connections: Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution	24	(1)
Connections: Consequences of Advanced Industrial Societies	25	(1)
Environmental History of the United States: The Tribal and Frontier Eras	25	(1)
Environmental History of the United States: The Early Conservation Era (1832-1960)	26	(3)
Individuals Matter	28	(4)
Alice Hamilton
Spotlight: How Should Public Land Resources Be Used? Preservationists vs. Conservationists	32
Environmental History of the United States: The Environmental Era (1960-2002)	29	(7)
Individuals Matter	33	(3)
Rachel Carson
Case Study: Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic	36	(3)
Part II SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS	39	(214)
Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy	40	(24)
Two Islands: Can We Treat This One Better?	40	(1)
Science and Critical Thinking	41	(3)
Guest Essay: Critical Thinking and Environmental Studies	42	(2)
Jane Heinze-Fry
Connections: What Is Harming the Robins?	44	(1)
Models and Behavior of Systems	44	(3)
Matter: Forms, Structure, and Quality	47	(4)
Energy: Forms and Quality	51	(3)
Physical and Chemical Changes and the Law of Conservation of Matter	54	(1)
Spotlight: Keeping Track of Atoms	54	(1)
Nuclear Changes	55	(4)
Two Laws Governing Energy Changes	59	(1)
Connections: Matter and Energy Change Laws and Environmental Problems	60	(4)
Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling	64	(31)
Have You Thanked the Insects Today?	64	(1)
The Nature of Ecology	65	(3)
Connections: Microbes: The Invisible Rulers of the Earth	65	(3)
The Earth's Life-Support Systems	68	(2)
Ecosystem Concepts and Components	70	(6)
Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems	76	(4)
Primary Productivity of Ecosystems	80	(2)
Connections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems	82	(7)
Case Study: Effects of Deforestation on Nutrient Cycling	90
How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?	89	(3)
Ecosystem Services and Sustainability	92	(3)
Evolution and Biodiversity: Origins, Niches, and Adaptation	95	(15)
Earth: The Just-Right, Resilient Planet	95	(1)
Origins of Life	96	(4)
Spotlight: How Did Life First Evolve?	99	(1)
Evolution and Adaptation	100	(3)
Spotlight: What Is Artificial Selection?	100	(3)
Ecological Niches and Adaptation	103	(1)
Spotlight: Cockroaches: Nature's Ultimate Survivors	105
Speciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity	104	(6)
Guest Essay: The Future of Evolution	108	(2)
Norman Myers
Biogeography: Weather, Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial Biodiversity	110	(34)
Connections: Blowing in the Wind	110	(1)
Weather: A Brief Introduction	111	(4)
Climate: A Brief Introduction	115	(7)
Biomes: Climate and Life on Land	122	(3)
Desert Biomes	125	(3)
Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes	128	(6)
Forest Biomes	134	(7)
Mountain Biomes	141	(1)
Lessons from Geographic Ecology	141	(3)
Aquatic Ecology: Biodiversity in Aquatic Systems	144	(21)
Why Should We Care About Coral Reefs?	144	(1)
Aquatic Environmentals: Types, Components, and Limiting Factors	145	(2)
Spotlight: Biofiltration	149
Saltwater Life Zones	147	(9)
Connections: Coral Partners May Enhance Reef Survival	155	(1)
Freshwater Life Zones	156	(6)
Sustainability of Aquatic Life Zones	162	(3)
Community Ecology: Structure, Species Interactions, Succession, and Sustainability	165	(25)
Flying Foxes: Keystone Species in Tropical Forests	165	(1)
Community Structure: Appearance and Species Diversity	166	(3)
General Types of Species	169	(3)
Connections: Why Are Amphibians Vanishing?	170	(3)
Connections: Why Should We Care About Alligators?	173
Species Interations: Competition and Predation	172	(6)
Case Study: Why Are Sharks Important Species?	176	(2)
Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism	178	(2)
Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition	180	(4)
Ecological Stability and Sustainability	184	(6)
Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology	190	(13)
Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction?	190	(1)
Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity	191	(1)
The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size	192	(3)
Case Study: Wolf and Moose Interactions on Isle Royale	197
Reproductive Patterns and Survival	195	(3)
Conservation Biology: Sustaining Wildlife Populations	198	(1)
Human Impacts on Ecosystems: Learning from Nature	199	(4)
Connections: Ecological Surprises	200	(1)
Solutions: Principles of Sustainability: Learning from Nature	201	(2)
Geology: Processes, Hazards, and Soils	203	(25)
The Mount St. Helens Eruption	203	(1)
Geologic Processes	204	(1)
Internal and External Earth Processes	205	(4)
Minerals, Rocks, and the Rock Cycle	209	(1)
Natural Hazards: Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions	210	(2)
Soil Resources: Formation and Types	212	(4)
Soil Erosion and Degradation	216	(6)
Case Study: The Dust Bowl
Solutions: Soil Conservation	222	(6)
Case Study: Slowing Soil Erosion in the United States	223	(5)
Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health	228	(25)
The Big Killer	228	(1)
Risk, Probability, and Hazards	229	(1)
Toxicology	229	(4)
Chemical Hazards	233	(3)
Connections: Are Hormonally Active Chemicals a Health Threat?	235	(1)
Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries	236	(9)
Spotlight: Are We Losing Ground in Our War Against Infectious Bacteria?	238	(3)
Case Study: The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic	241	(1)
Solutions: Producing an Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine	242	(2)
Solutions: Improving Health Care in Developing Countries	244	(1)
Risk Analysis	245	(8)
Part III POPULATION, RESOURCES, AND SUSTAINABILITY	253	(164)
The Human Population: Growth, Demography, and Carrying Capacity	254	(23)
Slowing Population Growth in Thailand	254	(1)
Factors Affecting Human Population Size	255	(8)
Population Age Structure	263	(4)
Solutions: Influencing Population Size	267	(4)
Case Study: Immigration in the United States	268	(4)
Guest Essay: Moral Implications of Cultural Carrying Capacity	272
Garrett Hardin
Case Studies: Slowing Population Growth in India and China	271	(3)
Cutting Global Population Growth	274	(3)
Food Resources	277	(35)
Perennial Crops on the Kansas Prairie	277	(1)
How Is Food Produced?	278	(3)
Producing Food by Green-Revolution and Traditional Techniques	281	(3)
Food Production, Nutrition, and Environmental Effects	284	(5)
Solutions: Saving Children	289	(4)
Case Study: Can China's Population Be Fed?	293
Increasing World Crop Production	289	(7)
Spotlight: Shrinking the World's Genetic Plant Library	295	(1)
Producing More Meat	296	(5)
Connections: Some Environmental Consequences of Meat Production	299	(1)
Spotlight: Endangered Riparian Zones	300	(1)
Catching and Raising More Fish	301	(6)
Connections: Commercial Fishing and the Tragedy of the Commons	305	(2)
Government Agricultural Policy	307	(1)
Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture	308	(4)
Water Resources	312	(26)
Water and Grain Import Wars in the Middle East	312	(1)
Water's Importance and Unique Properties	313	(1)
Supply, Renewal, and Use of Water Resources	314	(3)
Too Little Water	317	(1)
Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water	318	(4)
Case Study: Egypt's Aswan High Dam: Blessing or Disaster?	321	(1)
Case Study: The Colorado River Basin	322	(1)
Transferring Water from One Place to Another	322	(2)
Case Study: The Aral Sea Water Transfer Disaster	324	(1)
Tapping Groundwater, Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water, Seeding Clouds, and Towing Icebergs	324	(4)
Case Study: Mining Groundwater: The Shrinking Ogallala Aquifer	327	(1)
Using Water More Efficiently	328	(4)
Spotlight: Water Rights in the United States	329	(4)
Solutions: The Promise of Drip Irrigation	333	(1)
Spotlight: Running Short of Water in Las Vegas, Nevada	334
Too Much Water	332	(3)
Connections: Living Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladesh	335	(1)
Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future	335	(3)
Geologic Resources: Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources	338	(42)
Bitter Lessons from Chernobyl	338	(1)
Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources	339	(2)
Finding and Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources	341	(2)
Environmental Effects of Extracting, Processing, and Using Mineral Resources	343	(3)
Case Study: Some Environmental Effects of Gold Mining	345	(2)
Pro/Con: Controversy Over the Green Mining Law of 1872	347
Supplies of Mineral Resources	346	(3)
Solutions: Mining with Microbes	349	(1)
Evaluating Energy Resources	349	(5)
Oil	354	(8)
Spotlight: A Brief History of Oil	359	(1)
Pro/Con: Should Oil and Gas Development Be Allowed in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?	360	(2)
Natural Gas	362	(1)
Coal	363	(2)
Nuclear Energy	365	(15)
Case Study: How Safe Are Radioactive Wastes Stored at Nuclear Power Plants?	371	(3)
Case Study: Underground Storage of High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States	374	(6)
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy	380	(37)
The Coming Energy-Efficiency and Renewable-Energy Revolution	380	(1)
The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency	381	(2)
Guest Essay: Technology Is the Answer (But What Was the Question?)	384
Amory B. Lovins
Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency	383	(10)
Connections: The Real Cost of Gasoline in the United States	388	(2)
Guest Essay: Living Lightly on the Earth at Round Mountain Organics	390	(3)
Nancy Wicks
Connections: Using the Internet to Save Energy and Paper and Reduce Global Warming	393	(1)
Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity	393	(7)
Producing Electricity from Moving Water and from Heat Stored in Water	400	(1)
Producing Electricity from Wind	401	(2)
Producing Energy from Biomass	403	(2)
The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution	405	(4)
Spotlight: Producing Hydrogen from Green Algae Found in Pond Scum	408	(1)
Geothermal Energy	409	(1)
Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower	410	(2)
Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy	412	(5)
Part IV ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POLLUTION	417	(142)
Air and Air Pollution	418	(28)
When Is a Lichen Like a Canary?	418	(1)
The Atmosphere	419	(1)
Outdoor Air Pollution	420	(3)
Spotlight: Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad Old Days	423	(1)
Photochemical and Industrial Smog	423	(5)
Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from Acid Deposition	428	(6)
Indoor Air Pollution	434	(3)
Effects of Air Pollution on Living Organisms and Materials	437	(2)
Spotlight: Health Dangers from Fine Particles	440
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Air Pollution	439	(7)
Climate Change and Ozone Loss	446	(37)
A.D. 2060: Green Times on Planet Earth	446	(1)
Past Climate Change and the Natural Greenhouse Effect	447	(1)
Climate Change and Human Activities	448	(6)
Projecting Future Changes in the Earth's Climate	454	(3)
Spotlight: How Do Climate Models Work?	456	(1)
Factors Affecting Changes in the Earth's Average Temperature	457	(3)
Some Possible Effects of a Warmer World	460	(4)
Connections: Global Warming, Kirtland's Warblers, and Adelie Penguins	463	(1)
Solutions: Dealing with the Threat of Climate Change	464	(5)
Solutions: Energy Efficiency to the Rescue	465	(3)
Solutions: Organic Farming and No-Till Cultivation to the Rescue	468	(1)
What Is Being Done to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions?	469	(3)
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere	472	(4)
Connections: The Cancer You Are Most Likely to Get	478
Solutions: Protecting the Ozone Layer	476	(7)
Individuals Matter: Ray Turner and His Refrigerator	479	(4)
Water Pollution	483	(29)
Learning Nature's Ways to Purify Sewage	483	(1)
Types, Effects, and Sources of Water Pollution	484	(5)
Case Study: Hurricanes, Hog Farms, and Water Pollution in Eastern North Carolina	487	(2)
Pollution of Freshwater Streams	489	(1)
Individuals Matter: Tracking Down the Pfiesteria Cell from Hell	489	(1)
Pollution of Freshwater Lakes	489	(4)
Groundwater Pollution and Its Prevention	493	(3)
Spotlight: How Much Arsenic Should We Allow in Drinking Water?	496	(1)
Ocean Pollution	496	(6)
Case Study: The Baltic Sea	499	(2)
Solutions: Bring Back the Oysters	501	(1)
Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution	502	(5)
Solutions: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage	507	(1)
Drinking Water Quality	507	(5)
Individuals Matter: Using UV Light, Horseradish, and Slimes to Purify Water	508	(4)
Pesticides and Pest Control	512	(13)
Along Came a Spider	512	(1)
Pesticides: Types and Uses	513	(1)
The Case for Pesticides	514	(1)
The Case Against Pesticides	515	(3)
Spotlight: How Effective Have Pesticides Been in Reducing Crop Losses?	517	(1)
Pesticide Regulation in the United States	518	(2)
Connections: What Goes Around Can Come Around	518	(2)
Other Ways to Control Pests	520	(5)
Solid and Hazardous Waste	525	(34)
There Is No ``Away'': Love Canal	525	(1)
Wasting Resources	526	(2)
Case Study: Mining and Smelting Waste in Montana	527	(2)
Case Study: A Black Day in Bhopal	529
Producing Less Waste and Pollution	528	(3)
Guest Essay: We Have Been Asking the Wrong Questions About Wastes	530	(3)
Lois Marie Gibbs
Solutions: Doing More with Less: Increasing Resource Productivity	533
Solutions: Cleaner Production and Selling Services Instead of Things	531	(3)
Individuals Matter	534	(2)
Ray Anderson
Guest Essay: Cleaner Production: A New Environmentalism for the 21st Century	536
Peter Montague
Reuse	534	(1)
Solutions: What Kind of Grocery Bags Should We Use?	535	(1)
Recycling	535	(5)
Solutions: Using Composting to Recycle Biodegradable Wastes	539	(1)
Case Study: Recycling, Reuse, and Waste Reduction in Germany	540	(1)
Case Studies: Recycling Wastepaper and Plastics	540	(2)
Detoxifying, Burning, Burying, and Exporting Wastes	542	(6)
Individuals Matter: Using Landfill Methane to Heat a School	545	(3)
Case Studies: Lead, Mercury, Chlorine, and Dioxins	548	(4)
Hazardous-Waste Regulation in the United States	552	(3)
Spotlight: Using Honeybees to Detect Toxic Pollutants	553	(1)
Solutions: How Can the Superfund Law Be Improved?	554	(1)
Solutions: Achieving a Low-Waste Society	555	(4)
Part V SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY AND CITIES	559	(130)
Sustaining Wild Species	560	(34)
The Passenger Pigeon: Gone Forever	560	(1)
Human Impacts on Biodiversity	561	(2)
Species Extinction	563	(5)
Case Study: Bats are Getting a Bad Rap	567	(1)
Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?	568	(4)
Spotlight: What Is the Economic Value of the Earth's Ecological Services?	571	(1)
Connections: Biophilia	572	(1)
Extinction Threats from Habitat Loss and Degradation	572	(2)
Case Study: The Plight of Migrating Birds	575
Extinction Threats from Nonnative Species	574	(5)
Connections: Deliberate Introduction of the Kudzu Vine	577	(2)
Case Study: The Termite from Hell	579	(1)
Individuals Matter: Killing Invader Species and Saving Shipping Companies Money	580
Extinction Threats from Hunting and Poaching	579	(2)
Other Extinction Threats	581	(1)
Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction: The Research and Legal Approach	582	(4)
Spotlight: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act	586	(1)
Protecting Wild Species from Depletion and Extinction: The Sanctuary Approach	586	(2)
Wildlife Management	588	(6)
Connections: What Should Be Done About Snow Geese?	591	(3)
Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach	594	(40)
Who Is Afraid of the Big Gray Wolf?	594	(1)
Land Use in the World and the United States	595	(3)
Individuals Matter: The Eco-Rancher	599
Managing and Sustaining Forests	598	(10)
Solutions: Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber	606	(2)
Forest Resources and Management in the United States	608	(4)
Tropical Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis	612	(7)
Solutions: The Incredible Neem Tree	614	(2)
Connections: The Downward Spiral of Tropical Forest Degradation	616	(2)
Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Tropical Forests	618	(1)
Individuals Matter: Kenya's Green Belt Movement	619	(1)
Individuals Matter: New Stoves Help Save India's Forests and Improve Women's Health	620
Managing and Sustaining National Parks	619	(2)
Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves	621	(8)
Solutions: Parks in Costa Rica	622	(1)
Solutions: The Nature Conservancy	623	(2)
Solutions: Biosphere Reserves	625	(3)
Case Study: The U.S. National Wilderness Preservation System	628	(1)
Ecological Restoration	629	(5)
Individuals Matter: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica	630	(4)
Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity	634	(27)
Connections: Can Lake Victoria Be Saved?	634	(1)
The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity	635	(2)
Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity	637	(3)
Spotlight: Invasion of Wetlands by Purple Loosestrife	640	(1)
Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity	640	(9)
Case Study: Near Extinction of the Blue Whale	643	(6)
Managing and Sustaining the World's Marine Fisheries	649	(2)
Spotlight: Managing Fisheries with Individual Transfer Quotas	650	(1)
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands	651	(2)
Individuals Matter: Restoring a Wetland	652	(1)
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes and Rivers	653	(8)
Case Study: Protecting Lake Baikal	654	(7)
Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management	661	(28)
The Ecocity Concept in Davis, California	661	(1)
Urbanization and Urban Growth	661	(7)
Spotlight: The Urban Poor	663	(5)
Urban Resource and Environmental Problems	668	(3)
Connections: How Can Reducing Crime Help the Environment?	671	(1)
Transportation and Urban Development	671	(5)
Pro/Con: Good and Bad News About Motor Vehicles	673	(4)
Case Study: Mass Transit in the United States	677	(1)
Solutions: Curitiba, Brazil	678
Urban Land-Use Planning and Control	676	(6)
Solutions: Ecological Land-Use Planning	681	(2)
Solutions: Land-Use Planning in Oregon	683
Solutions: Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable	682	(7)
Case Study: Tapiola, Finland	683	(1)
Guest Essay: The Ecological Design Arts	684	(5)
David W. Orr
Part VI ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY	689
Economics, Environment, and Sustainability	690	(26)
How Important Are Natural Resources?	690	(1)
Economic Resources and Systems and Environmental Problems	691	(4)
Solutions: Appropriate Technology	696	(2)
Guest Essay: The Steady-State Economy in Outline	698
Herman E. Daly
Monitoring Economic and Environmental Progress	695	(3)
Harmful External Costs and Full-Cost Pricing	698	(2)
The Economics of Pollution Control and Resource Management	700	(3)
Using Regulations and Market Forces to Improve Environmental Quality	703	(5)
Solutions: Shifting the Tax Burden from Wages and Profits to Pollution and Waste	705	(2)
Spotlight: What Is Good Environmental Management?	707	(1)
Reducing Poverty to Improve Environmental Quality and Human Well-Being	708	(2)
Solutions: Microloans to the Poor	709	(1)
Making the Transition to More Environmentally Sustainable Economies	710	(6)
Case Study: How Is Germany Investing in the Future and the Earth?	712	(1)
Connections: Jobs and the Environment	713	(3)
Politics, Environment, and Sustainability	716	(25)
Rescuing a River	716	(1)
Politics and Environmental Policy	717	(1)
Developing and Influencing Environmental Policy	717	(2)
Solutions: Election Finance Reform	721	(3)
Individuals Matter: Environmental Careers	724
Case Study: Environmental Policy in the United States	719	(4)
Solutions: Types of Environmental Laws in the United States	724
Environmental Law	723	(4)
Case Study: The Regulatory Takings Controversy	725	(1)
Spotlight: SLAPPs: Intimidating Environmental Activists	726	(1)
Environmental and Anti-Environmental Groups and Claims	727	(4)
Guest Essay: Environmental Justice for All	728	(4)
Robert D. Bullard
Individuals Matter: Environmental Action on Campuses	732	(2)
Guest Essay: Covering the Environment	734	(2)
Andrew C. Revkin
Solutions: Improving Environmental Laws and Regulations	736
Global Environmental Policy	731	(10)
Solutions: Goals of National and Global Environmental NGOs	737	(1)
Solutions: Improving Trade Agreements	738	(3)
Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability	741
Biosphere 2: A Lesson in Humility	741	(1)
Environmental Worldviews in Industrial Societies	742	(1)
Life-Centered Environmental Worldviews	743	(4)
Connections: Why Should We Care About Future Generations?	745	(1)
Spotlight: Deep Ecology	746	(1)
Solutions: Living More Sustainably	747
Guest Essay: Envisioning a Sustainable Society	748	(2)
Lester W. Milbrath
Individuals Matter: Mindquake: Evaluating One's Environmental Worldview	750	(1)
Connections: Learning from the Earth	751	(1)
Guest Essay: Green Colleges	752	(2)
Noel Perrin
Spotlight: What Are Our Basic Needs?	754
Appendices
1 Units of Measurement	1	(1)
2 Some Basic Chemistry	2	(3)
3 Classifying and Naming Species	5
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1