The Logic Of American Politics

by Kernell, Samuel

• ISBN13: 9781568028910
• ISBN10: 1568028911
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-15
• Publisher: Cq Pr

Table of Contents

Boxes, Tables, Figures, and Maps	xviii
Preface	xxiii
A Note to Students	xxviii
The Logic of American Politics	2	(34)
The Importance of Institutional Design	6	(2)
Constitutions and Governments	8	(2)
Power versus Authority	8	(1)
Institutional Durability	9	(1)
The Political System's Logic	9	(1)
Collective Action Problems	10	(8)
Coordination	10	(2)
The Prisoner's Dilemma	12	(1)
Free-rider Problem	13	(3)
The Tragedy of the Commons	16	(2)
The Costs of Collective Action	18	(3)
Transaction Costs	18	(2)
Conformity Costs	20	(1)
Designing Institutions to Achieve Collective Action	21	(5)
Majority Rule	22	(2)
Delegation	24	(2)
Representative Government	26	(2)
Majority Rule versus the Republic	26	(1)
Politicians	27	(1)
The Work of Government	28	(2)
Mitigating ``Popular Passions''	30	(2)
Key Terms	32	(1)
Suggested Readings	32	(1)
Suggested Films	32	(1)
Review Questions	33	(1)
Exercises	33	(3)
Part I The Nationalization of Politics
The Constitution	36	(40)
The Road to Independence	39	(5)
A Legacy of Self-Governance	40	(1)
Dismantling Home Rule	41	(2)
The Continental Congresses	43	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	44	(1)
America's First Constitution: The Articles of Confederation	44	(6)
The Confederation at War	46	(1)
The Confederation's Troubled Peace	47	(1)
The War-Torn Economy	47	(1)
Trade Barriers at Home and Abroad	48	(1)
Popular Discontent	49	(1)
Drafting a New Constitution	50	(14)
Philosophical Influences	50	(1)
Getting Down to Business	51	(1)
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans	52	(1)
The Great Compromise	53	(2)
Designing the Executive Branch	55	(3)
Designing the Judicial Branch	58	(1)
Substantive Issues	58	(1)
Foreign Policy	58	(1)
Interstate Commerce	58	(2)
Slavery	60	(1)
Amending the Constitution	61	(3)
The Fight for Ratification	64	(3)
The Federalist and Antifederalist Debate	64	(2)
The Influence of The Federalist	66	(1)
The Theory Underlying the Constitution	67	(5)
Federalist No. 10	67	(3)
Federalist No. 51	70	(2)
The Constitution: Born of Sweet Reason or Politics?	72	(2)
Key Terms	74	(1)
Suggested Readings	74	(1)
Suggested Films	75	(1)
Review Questions	75	(1)
Exercises	75	(1)
Federalism	76	(36)
American-Style Federalism	80	(4)
Dual Federalism	82	(1)
Shared Federalism	82	(2)
Federalism and the Constitution	84	(3)
Transformation of the Senate	84	(1)
Constitutional Provisions Governing Federalism	84	(1)
The Supremacy Clause	84	(1)
The Powers of Congress	85	(1)
The Tenth Amendment	86	(1)
Interpreting the Constitution's Provisions	86	(1)
The Logic of Nationalization	87	(3)
The Paths to Nationalization	90	(10)
Historic Transfers of Policy to Washington	91	(2)
Nationalization---The Solution to States' Collective Dilemmas	93	(1)
Coordination Problems	93	(1)
Reneging and Shirking	94	(2)
Cutthroat Competition	96	(1)
The Political Logic of Nationalization	97	(3)
Modern Federalism	100	(8)
The National Government's Advantage in the Courts	100	(1)
Preemption Legislation	101	(2)
The Carrot: Federal Grants to the States	103	(1)
The Stick: Unfunded Mandates	104	(4)
Federalism: A Byproduct of National Policy	108	(2)
Key Terms	110	(1)
Suggested Readings	110	(1)
Suggested Films	110	(1)
Review Questions	111	(1)
Exercises	111	(1)
Civil Rights	112	(42)
What Are Civil Rights?	115	(1)
The Civil Rights of African Americans	116	(1)
The Politics of Black Civil Rights	117	(26)
The Height of Slavery: 1808--1865	118	(1)
The Missouri Compromise	118	(1)
The Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850	119	(1)
Dred Scott Galvanizes the North	120	(2)
Reconstruction: 1865--1877	122	(1)
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments	122	(1)
Rights Lost: The Failure of Reconstruction	123	(2)
The Jim Crow Era and Segregation: 1877--1933	125	(1)
Democratic Party Sponsorship of Civil Rights: 1933--1940s	126	(1)
The New Deal	127	(1)
African Americans and the New Deal Coalition	128	(2)
Emergence of a Civil Rights Coalition: 1940s--1950s	130	(1)
The NAACP's Litigation Strategy	130	(1)
Brown Trumps Plessy	130	(2)
The 1957 Civil Rights Act: Rehearsal for the 1960s	132	(1)
The Civil Rights Movement: 1960s	133	(1)
The Birmingham Demonstration	134	(1)
The Democratic Party's Commitment to Civil Rights	135	(1)
The 1964 Civil Rights Act	136	(1)
The Voting Rights Act of 1965	137	(3)
The Era of Remedial Action: The 1970s to the Present	140	(3)
The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement	143	(1)
Rights for Hispanics	143	(3)
Equal Rights for Women	146	(3)
Gay Rights	149	(1)
Emerging Rights: The Disabled, the Elderly, and Parents	150	(1)
Challenging Tyranny	151	(1)
Key Terms	152	(1)
Suggested Readings	152	(1)
Suggested Films	152	(1)
Review Questions	153	(1)
Exercises	153	(1)
Civil Liberties	154	(50)
Nationalization of Civil Liberties	156	(4)
Reining in Majorities	157	(1)
The Bill of Rights Checks Majority Rule	157	(3)
Writing Rights and Liberties into the Constitution	160	(5)
The First Ten Amendments	160	(1)
Incorporation via the Fourteenth Amendment	161	(3)
Judicial Interpretation	164	(1)
Freedom of Speech	165	(8)
Free Expression and National Security	165	(4)
Nonthreatening Speech and Expression	169	(2)
Sexually Explicit Expression	171	(1)
Early Censorship	171	(1)
Obscenity Policy Shifted Back to the States	171	(2)
Freedom of the Press	173	(3)
Prior Restraint	174	(1)
Press versus Individual Rights	175	(1)
Freedom of Religion	176	(6)
Establishment	176	(1)
The Lemon Test	177	(1)
Testing a Policy's ``Neutrality''	178	(1)
School Prayer and Bible Reading	179	(2)
Free Exercise	181	(1)
Criminal Rights	182	(11)
Fourth Amendment: Illegal Searches and Seizures	184	(2)
Fifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination and Double Jeopardy	186	(1)
Sixth Amendment: Right to Counsel and Impartial Jury of Peers	187	(1)
Eighth Amendment: ``Cruel and Unusual'' Punishment	188	(3)
Criminal Rights and National Security	191	(2)
Privacy	193	(3)
Childbearing Choices	194	(1)
Other Life Choices	195	(1)
Emerging Bill of Rights Issues: Guns and Property	196	(1)
The Right to Bear Arms	196	(1)
The ``Takings'' Clause	197	(1)
Assessing Civil Liberties as Public Policy	197	(4)
Key Terms	201	(1)
Suggested Readings	201	(1)
Suggested Films	201	(1)
Review Questions	202	(1)
Exercises	202	(2)
Part II The Institutions of Government
Congress	204	(56)
Congress in the Constitution	207	(7)
Powers of Congress	208	(1)
The Electoral System	209	(1)
Congressional Districts	209	(2)
Racial Gerrymandering	211	(1)
Unequal Representation in the Senate	211	(3)
Congress and Electoral Politics	214	(10)
Candidate-Centered versus Party-Centered Electoral Politics	214	(1)
The Advantages of Incumbency	215	(2)
Constituent Service	217	(1)
Vulnerable Senators	218	(1)
National Politics in Congressional Elections	218	(1)
Representation versus Responsibility	219	(1)
Who Serves in Congress?	220	(4)
The Basic Problems of Legislative Organization	224	(3)
The Need for Information	225	(1)
Coordination Problems	225	(1)
Resolving Conflicts	225	(1)
Collective Action	226	(1)
Transaction Costs	226	(1)
Time Pressures	226	(1)
Organizing Congress	227	(17)
The Parties	228	(1)
Development of Congressional Parties	228	(1)
Speaker of the House	228	(2)
Increased Partisanship	230	(3)
Party Organization	233	(1)
Parties and Party Leaders in the Senate	234	(1)
Other Groups in Congress	235	(1)
The Committee Systems	235	(1)
Evolution of Congressional Committees	235	(1)
Types of Committees	236	(1)
Committee Assignments	236	(1)
Committee Power	237	(2)
Jurisdiction	239	(1)
The Money Committees	240	(1)
Budget Reform	241	(2)
Congressional Staff and Support Groups	243	(1)
Making Laws	244	(10)
Introducing Legislation	244	(1)
Assignment to Committee	245	(1)
Hearings	245	(1)
Reporting a Bill	246	(1)
Scheduling Debate	246	(2)
Debate and Amendment	248	(2)
The Vote	250	(1)
In Conference	251	(1)
To the President	252	(1)
A Bias against Action	253	(1)
Evaluating Congress	254	(3)
Key Terms	257	(1)
Suggested Readings	257	(1)
Suggested Films	258	(1)
Review Questions	258	(1)
Exercises	259	(1)
The Presidency	260	(42)
The President in the Constitution	264	(9)
The President As Commander in Chief and Head of State	264	(1)
The Commander in Chief As Top Gun	265	(1)
Head of State	266	(1)
The President As Chief Executive	267	(1)
Executive Privilege	268	(1)
Executive Orders	269	(2)
The President As Legislator	271	(1)
State of the Union Address	271	(1)
The Veto	272	(1)
The Nineteenth-Century Presidency	273	(3)
The Era of Cabinet Government	274	(1)
Parties and Elections	275	(1)
The Modern Presidency	276	(17)
Modern Presidents As Administrators	276	(1)
Delegation	277	(1)
Budgeting	278	(1)
Centralized Administration	279	(1)
Modern Presidents As Legislators	280	(1)
Working with Party Allies	281	(1)
Unified versus Divided Party Control of Government	281	(1)
Veto Bargaining	282	(1)
Going Public	283	(7)
Emergence of the Institutional Presidency	290	(1)
Executive Office of the President	291	(1)
White House Office	291	(2)
Presidents As Strategic Actors	293	(6)
Failure	294	(2)
Success	296	(3)
Key Terms	299	(1)
Suggested Readings	299	(1)
Suggested Films	299	(1)
Review Questions	300	(1)
Exercises	301	(1)
The Bureaucracy	302	(42)
The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy	305	(4)
Modest Beginnings: The Dilemma of Delegation	305	(1)
The Federalist Years: A Reliance on Respectability	306	(1)
Democratization of the Civil Service: The Spoils System	306	(2)
Civil Service Reform	308	(1)
An Expanding Government	309	(13)
The Cabinet	310	(1)
The Earliest Departments	310	(2)
Clientele Agencies	312	(1)
The Military Establishment	312	(2)
Extension of the Federal Domain	314	(1)
The Symbolism of Cabinet Status	315	(1)
The Department of Homeland Security	315	(2)
Non-Cabinet Agencies	317	(1)
Independent Executive Agencies	317	(1)
Independent Regulatory Commissions	318	(3)
Independent Government Corporations	321	(1)
Indirect Administration	321	(1)
Bureaucracy in Action	322	(5)
Bureaucratic Autonomy	322	(1)
Bureaucrats As Politicians	323	(4)
Bureaucratic Infighting	327	(1)
Who Controls the Bureaucracy?	327	(10)
Methods of Congressional Control	329	(2)
The President and the Bureaucracy	331	(1)
The Powers of Appointment and Approval	332	(1)
Senatorial Approval	332	(1)
Mechanisms for Presidential Supervision	333	(1)
The Courts and the Bureaucracy	334	(2)
Iron Triangles, Captured Agencies, and Issue Networks	336	(1)
Bureaucratic Reform: A Hardy Perennial	337	(4)
The Logic of Red Tape	338	(1)
The Bureaucratic Reward System	338	(3)
Key Terms	341	(1)
Suggested Readings	341	(1)
Suggested Films	341	(1)
Review Questions	342	(1)
Exercises	342	(2)
The Federal Judiciary	344	(36)
Setting the Stage for Judicial Review	346	(3)
Three Eras of the Court	349	(5)
Nation versus State	349	(1)
McCulloch v. Maryland and National Supremacy	349	(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford and States' Rights	350	(1)
Regulating the National Economy	350	(1)
The Primacy of Property Rights	350	(2)
A National Consensus and the Court's About-Face	352	(1)
The Rise of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties	352	(1)
A Fourth Era? The Court As Chief Referee	353	(1)
The Structure of the Federal Judiciary	354	(3)
The Supreme Court's Delegation	355	(1)
The Limits of Internal Control	355	(2)
Judicial Decision Making	357	(9)
Selecting Cases	358	(1)
Resolving Lower-Court Disagreements	358	(1)
Taking Cues from Others	359	(1)
Doctrine: Policymaking by the Court	360	(1)
Procedural Doctrine	360	(3)
Substantive Doctrine	363	(1)
Deciding Doctrine	364	(2)
The Supreme Court's Place in the Separation of Powers	366	(9)
Absence of Judicial Enforcement	366	(1)
Constitutional and Statutory Control	367	(1)
Department of Justice	368	(1)
Judicial Recruitment	368	(1)
Presidential Appointments	369	(3)
Senate Confirmation	372	(3)
The Federal Judiciary in National Policymaking	375	(3)
Key Terms	378	(1)
Suggested Readings	378	(1)
Suggested Films	378	(1)
Review Questions	379	(1)
Exercises	379	(1)
Part III The Public's Influence on National Policy
Public Opinion	380	(40)
What Is Public Opinion?	384	(4)
The Origins of Public Opinion	388	(9)
Attitudes	388	(1)
Ideologies	388	(1)
Partisanship	389	(2)
Acquiring Opinions	391	(2)
Information	393	(2)
Framing	395	(2)
Is Public Opinion Meaningful?	397	(5)
Stability of Aggregate Public Opinion	397	(3)
Opinion Leadership	400	(2)
The Content of Public Opinion	402	(9)
Consensus on the System	402	(2)
Politicians: A Suspect Class	404	(2)
Public Opinion on Issues	406	(1)
Economic Issues	406	(2)
Social and Moral Issues	408	(2)
Foreign Policy	410	(1)
Effects of Background on Public Opinion	411	(5)
Race and Ethnicity	411	(2)
Gender	413	(1)
Income and Education	414	(1)
Religion	414	(1)
Other Demographic Divisions	415	(1)
Public Opinion: A Vital Component of American Politics	416	(1)
Key Terms	417	(1)
Suggested Readings	417	(1)
Suggested Films	417	(1)
Review Questions	418	(1)
Exercises	419	(1)
Voting, Campaigns, and Elections	420	(40)
The Logic of Elections	424	(1)
The Right to Vote	424	(4)
Wider Suffrage for Men	425	(1)
Suffrage for Women	426	(1)
Suffrage for African Americans, Young Americans	427	(1)
Who Uses the Right to Vote?	428	(5)
Individual Factors Affecting Turnout	428	(2)
Institutional Factors Affecting Turnout	430	(1)
Variations in Turnout over Time	431	(2)
How Do Voters Decide?	433	(2)
Past Performance and Incumbency	433	(1)
Assessing the Issues and Policy Options	433	(1)
Voter Cues and Shortcuts	434	(1)
The Power of Party Identification	435	(1)
Election Campaigns	435	(20)
The Basic Necessities: Candidates and Messages	437	(1)
Getting Out the Message	437	(5)
Negative Campaigning	442	(1)
The Other Necessity: Campaign Money	443	(1)
Regulating Campaign Money	444	(1)
The Flow of Campaign Money	445	(5)
How Are Campaign Funds Spent?	450	(2)
Where Are Campaign Funds Spent?	452	(1)
Money and Elections: Policy Issues	452	(3)
The Logic of Elections Revisited	455	(1)
Key Terms	456	(1)
Suggested Readings	456	(1)
Suggested Films	456	(1)
Review Questions	457	(1)
Exercises	457	(3)
Political Parties	460	(44)
The Constitution's Unwanted Offspring	463	(8)
Incentives for Party Building	464	(1)
To Build Stable Legislative and Electoral Alliances	464	(1)
To Mobilize Voters	465	(1)
To Develop New Electoral Techniques	465	(1)
To Use Party Labels and Enforce Collective Responsibility	466	(1)
Basic Features of the Party System	466	(1)
Two-Party Competition	467	(3)
Decentralized, Fragmented Party Coalitions	470	(1)
Professional Politicians	470	(1)
The Development and Evolution of the Party Systems	471	(21)
The First Party System: The Origin of American Parties	471	(2)
The Second Party System: Organizational Innovation	473	(2)
National Conventions	475	(1)
The Spoils System	476	(2)
The Third Party System: Entrepreneurial Politics	478	(1)
Party Machines	478	(3)
The Progressive Attack	481	(1)
The Consequences of Progressive Reforms	482	(1)
The Fourth Party System: Republican Ascendancy	483	(1)
The Fifth Party System: The New Deal Coalition	484	(1)
Erosion of the New Deal Coalition	485	(1)
Changing the Rules	486	(1)
Primary Elections and Caucuses	486	(2)
The Conventions Evolve	488	(2)
Consequences of Fractured Alignments	490	(1)
Media and Money	491	(1)
The Revival of the Parties: A Sixth Party System?	492	(9)
Partisanship Endures	493	(1)
Party Differences	493	(3)
Changes in the Party Coalitions	496	(1)
Modern Party Organizations	497	(1)
Control	497	(1)
Organizational Innovations	497	(4)
Expediency Persists	501	(1)
Key Terms	502	(1)
Suggested Readings	502	(1)
Suggested Films	502	(1)
Review Questions	503	(1)
Exercises	503	(1)
Interest Groups	504	(34)
The Logic of Lobbying	506	(2)
The Origins of Interest Group Politics in America	508	(7)
The Colonial Era	508	(1)
The Early Republic	508	(2)
The Pluralist Defense of Interest Groups	510	(2)
The Problem of Collective Action	512	(3)
Contemporary Interest Groups	515	(5)
Why Have Interest Groups Proliferated?	516	(3)
Fragmentation and Specialization	519	(1)
What Do Interest Groups Do?	520	(12)
Insider Tactics: Trafficking in Information and Cultivating Access	520	(4)
Outsider Tactics: Altering the Political Forces	524	(2)
Litigation	526	(1)
Electoral Politics and Political Action Committees	527	(1)
Growth of PACs	527	(3)
PAC Influence	530	(2)
Interest Group Politics: Controversial and Thriving	532	(4)
Key Terms	536	(1)
Suggested Readings	536	(1)
Suggested Films	536	(1)
Review Questions	537	(1)
Exercises	537	(1)
The News Media	538	(34)
Development of the News Business	541	(8)
The Economics of Early Newspapers	541	(2)
The Rise of the Penny Press	543	(3)
The Emergence of Radio and Television	546	(3)
News As a Consumer Product	549	(3)
Content and Form	549	(1)
Consumer Preferences	550	(2)
The Politics of News Making	552	(9)
News Makers: Politicians and Public Officials	553	(2)
News Makers: The Military	555	(3)
Reporters and Their News Organizations	558	(1)
The Beat	559	(1)
Selecting the News	560	(1)
Strategic Relations between Politicians and Reporters	561	(7)
The Numbers Game	562	(1)
Politician-Press Relations Then and Now	563	(2)
Bypassing the News Media	565	(3)
Communication: Fundamental to Democracy	568	(1)
Key Terms	569	(1)
Suggested Readings	569	(1)
Suggested Films	569	(1)
Review Questions	570	(1)
Exercises	571	(1)
Part IV Conclusion
The Dilemmas of Institutional Reform	572	(12)
The Biases of American Institutions	574	(2)
Class Bias	574	(1)
Status Quo Bias	575	(1)
The Tricky Business of Institutional Reform	576	(5)
Some Principles of Institutional Design	577	(1)
Checking Power with Power: Creation of the Independent Counsel	577	(1)
Aligning Interests between Agents and Principals: The Case of Term Limits	578	(1)
Breaking the Prisoner's Dilemma: The Director of National Intelligence	578	(2)
Implications for Policymaking	580	(1)
What Can Individual Citizens Do?	581	(2)
Key Terms	583	(1)
Suggested Films	583	(1)
Reference Materials	584	(41)
Appendix 1: Articles of Confederation	587	(4)
Appendix 2: Declaration of Independence	591	(3)
Appendix 3: Constitution of the United States	594	(10)
Appendix 4: Federalist No. 10	604	(4)
Appendix 5: Federalist No. 51	608	(3)
Appendix 6: Presidents, Vice Presidents, Speakers, and Chief Justices, 1789-2005	611	(3)
Appendix 7: Map of Congressional Districts	614	(2)
Appendix 8: Political Party Affiliations in Congress and the Presidency, 1789--2005	616	(3)
Appendix 9: Summary of Presidential Elections, 1789--2004	619	(4)
Appendix 10: The American Economy	623	(2)
Notes	625	(13)
Glossary	638	(12)
Index	650	(20)
Photo Credits	670	(2)
About the Authors	672