The Making of the West; Peoples and Cultures, Volume II

by Lynn Hunt; Thomas R. Martin; Barbara H. Rosenwein; R. Po-chia Hsia; Bonnie G. Sm

• ISBN13: 9780312417611
• ISBN10: 0312417616
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2004-09-20
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Maps and Figures	xxi
Special Features	xxiv
To the Student	xxvi
About the Authors	xxxii
The Struggle for Reformation Europe, 1500--1560	547	(34)
A New Heaven and a New Earth	548	(4)
The Crisis of Faith	548	(2)
Christian Humanism	550	(2)
Protestant Reformers	552	(7)
Martin Luther and the German Nation	552	(4)
Huldrych Zwingli and the Swiss Confederation	556	(1)
John Calvin and Christian Discipline	557	(2)
Reshaping Society through Religion	559	(6)
Challenging the Social Order	559	(2)
New Forms of Discipline	561	(4)
A Struggle for Mastery	565	(8)
The Court	566	(1)
Art and the Christian Knight	566	(2)
Wars among Habsburgs, Valois, and Ottomans	568	(2)
The Finance and Technologies of War	570	(1)
Divided Realms	571	(2)
A Continuing Reformation	573	(4)
Catholic Renewal	574	(1)
Missionary Zeal	575	(2)
Conclusion	577	(1)
Suggested References	578	(1)
Chapter Review	579	(2)
A Century of Crisis, 1560--1648	581	(40)
Religious Conflicts and State Power, 1560--1618	582	(9)
French Wars of Religion, 1562--1598	582	(4)
Challenges to Spanish Power	586	(3)
Elizabeth I's Defense of English Protestantism	589	(1)
The Clash of Faiths and Empires in Eastern Europe	590	(1)
The Thirty Years' War and the Balance of Power, 1618--1648	591	(6)
Origins and Course of the War	592	(1)
The Effects of Constant Fighting	593	(2)
The Peace of Westphalia, 1648	595	(2)
Economic Crisis and Realignment	597	(9)
From Growth to Recession	598	(1)
Consequences for Daily Life	599	(4)
The Economic Balance of Power	603	(3)
A Clash of Worldviews	606	(11)
The Arts in an Age of Crisis	606	(2)
The Natural Laws of Politics	608	(2)
Origins of the Scientific Revolution	610	(5)
Magic and Witchcraft	615	(2)
Conclusion	617	(1)
Suggested References	618	(1)
Chapter Review	619	(2)
State Building and the Search for Order, 1648--1690	621	(44)
Louis XIV: Model of Absolutism	622	(8)
The Fronde, 1648--1653	623	(1)
Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism	624	(2)
Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy	626	(1)
Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad	627	(3)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	630	(6)
Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden: Militaristic Absolutism	631	(1)
An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks	632	(2)
Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism	634	(1)
Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed	635	(1)
Constitutionalism in England	636	(9)
England Turned Upside Down, 1642--1660	637	(6)
The Glorious Revolution of 1688	643	(2)
Constitutionalism in the Dutch Republic and the Overseas Colonies	645	(4)
The Dutch Republic	645	(3)
Freedom and Slavery in the New World	648	(1)
The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture	649	(12)
Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke	650	(1)
Newton and the Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution	651	(2)
Freedom and Order in the Arts	653	(3)
Women and Manners	656	(2)
Reforming Popular Culture	658	(3)
Conclusion	661	(1)
Suggested References	661	(2)
Chapter Review	663	(2)
The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690--1740	665	(42)
The Atlantic System and the World Economy	667	(9)
Slavery and the Atlantic System	667	(6)
World Trade and Settlement	673	(2)
The Birth of Consumer Society	675	(1)
New Social and Cultural Patterns	676	(7)
Agricultural Revolution	676	(2)
Social Life in the Cities	678	(2)
The Growth of a Literate Public	680	(1)
New Tastes in the Arts	680	(3)
Religious Revivals	683	(1)
Consolidation of the European State System	683	(12)
The Limits of French Absolutism	684	(2)
British Rise and Dutch Decline	686	(2)
Russia's Emergence as a European Power	688	(2)
The Balance of Power in the East	690	(2)
The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers	692	(1)
Public Hygiene and Health Care	693	(2)
The Birth of the Enlightenment	695	(7)
Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion	695	(3)
Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition	698	(2)
Raising the Woman Question	700	(2)
Conclusion	702	(1)
Suggested References	702	(2)
Chapter Review	704	(3)
The Promise of Enlightenment, 1740--1789	707	(40)
The Enlightenment at Its Height	708	(14)
Men and Women of the Republic of Letters	709	(3)
Conflicts with Church and State	712	(1)
The Individual and Society	713	(4)
Spreading the Enlightenment	717	(3)
The Limits of Reason: Roots of Romanticism and Religious Revival	720	(2)
Society and Culture in an Age of Enlightenment	722	(7)
The Nobility's Reassertion of Privilege	722	(1)
The Middle Class and the Making of a New Elite	723	(3)
Life on the Margins	726	(2)
The Roots of Industrialization	728	(1)
State Power in an Era of Reform	729	(7)
War and Diplomacy	730	(3)
State-Sponsored Reform	733	(2)
Limits of Reform	735	(1)
Rebellions against State Power	736	(6)
Food Riots and Peasant Uprisings	736	(2)
Public Opinion and Political Opposition	738	(1)
Revolution in North America	739	(3)
Conclusion	742	(1)
Suggested References	743	(2)
Chapter Review	745	(2)
The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789--1800	747	(40)
The Revolutionary Wave, 1787--1789	748	(9)
Protesters in the Low Countries and Poland	749	(3)
Origins of the French Revolution, 1787--1789	752	(5)
From Monarchy to Republic, 1789--1793	757	(6)
The Revolution of Rights and Reason	757	(4)
The End of Monarchy	761	(2)
Terror and Resistance	763	(7)
Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety	763	(2)
The Republic of Virtue, 1793--1794	765	(2)
Resisting the Revolution	767	(1)
The Fall of Robespierre and the End of the Terror, 1794--1799	768	(2)
Revolution on the March	770	(12)
Arms and Conquests	770	(3)
European Reactions to Revolutionary Change	773	(3)
Poland Extinguished, 1793--1795	776	(1)
Revolution in the Colonies	777	(3)
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte	780	(2)
Conclusion	782	(1)
Suggested References	783	(2)
Chapter Review	785	(2)
Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800--1830	787	(42)
Napoleon's Authoritarian State	788	(7)
From Republic to Empire	789	(3)
The New Paternalism: The Civil Code	792	(1)
Patronage of Science and Intellectual Life	793	(2)
``Europe Was at My Feet'': Napoleon's Conquests	795	(10)
The Grand Army and Its Victories, 1800--1807	795	(5)
The Impact of French Victories	800	(2)
From Russian Winter to Final Defeat, 1812--1815	802	(3)
The ``Restoration'' of Europe	805	(5)
The Congress of Vienna, 1814--1815	805	(3)
The Emergence of Conservatism	808	(1)
The Revival of Religion	809	(1)
Forces for Social and Cultural Change	810	(9)
Industrial and Urban Growth in Britain	810	(1)
The New Ideologies	811	(4)
Romanticism	815	(4)
Political Challenges to the Conservative Order	819	(6)
Political Revolts in the 1820s	819	(4)
Revolution and Reform, 1830--1832	823	(2)
Conclusion	825	(1)
Suggested References	826	(1)
Chapter Review	827	(2)
Industrialization, Urbanization, and Revolution, 1830--1850	829	(44)
The Advance of Industrialization and Urbanization	830	(10)
Engines of Change	831	(4)
Urbanization and Its Consequences	835	(4)
Agricultural Perils and Prosperity	839	(1)
Reforming the Social Order	840	(9)
Cultural Responses to the Social Question	840	(4)
The Varieties of Social Reform	844	(3)
Abuses and Reforms Overseas	847	(2)
The Ferment of Ideologies	849	(9)
The Spell of Nationalism	849	(4)
Liberalism in Economics and Politics	853	(1)
Socialism and the Early Labor Movement	854	(3)
The New Historical Imagination	857	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848	858	(11)
The Hungry Forties	859	(1)
Another French Revolution	860	(2)
Nationalist Revolution in Italy	862	(1)
Revolt and Reaction in Central Europe	863	(3)
Aftermath to 1848	866	(3)
Conclusion	869	(1)
Suggested References	869	(2)
Chapter Review	871	(2)
Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, c. 1850--1870	873	(42)
The End of the Concert of Europe	875	(6)
Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory	875	(2)
The Crimean War, 1853--1856: Turning Point in European Affairs	877	(2)
Spirit of Reform in Russia	879	(2)
War and Nation Building	881	(10)
Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Process of Italian Unification	881	(2)
Bismarck and the Realpolitik of German Unification	883	(4)
Francis Joseph and the Creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy	887	(1)
Political Stability through Gradual Reform in Great Britain	888	(1)
Civil War and Nation Building in the United States and Canada	889	(2)
Establishing Social Order	891	(8)
Bringing Order to the Cities	891	(2)
Expanding the Reach of Bureaucracy	893	(1)
Schooling and Professionalizing Society	894	(1)
Spreading Western Order beyond the West	895	(4)
The Culture of Social Order	899	(7)
The Arts Confront Social Reality	900	(3)
Religion and Secular Order	903	(2)
From Natural Science to Social Science	905	(1)
Contesting the Growing Power of the Nation-State	906	(5)
The Rise of Marxism	906	(2)
The Paris Commune versus the French State	908	(3)
Conclusion	911	(1)
Suggested References	911	(2)
Chapter Review	913	(2)
Industry, Empire, and Everyday Life, 1870--1890	915	(44)
The Advance of Industry	917	(7)
Industrial Innovation	917	(3)
Facing Economic Crisis	920	(1)
Revolution in Business Practices	921	(3)
The New Imperialism	924	(9)
Taming the Mediterranean	924	(1)
Scramble for Africa	925	(3)
Acquiring Territory in Asia	928	(2)
Japan's Imperial Agenda	930	(1)
The Paradoxes of Imperialism	931	(2)
The Transformation of Culture and Society	933	(12)
The ``Best'' Circles and the Expanding Middle Class	933	(3)
Professional Sports and Organized Leisure	936	(1)
Working People's Strategies	937	(2)
Reform Efforts for Working-Class People	939	(3)
Artistic Responses to Industrial and Imperial Change	942	(3)
The Birth of Mass Politics	945	(9)
Workers, Politics, and Protest	945	(2)
Expanding Political Participation in Western Europe	947	(3)
Power Politics in Central and Eastern Europe	950	(4)
Conclusion	954	(2)
Suggested References	956	(1)
Chapter Review	957	(2)
Modernity and the Road to War, c. 1890--1914	959	(44)
Private Life in the Modern Age	960	(10)
Population Pressure	961	(3)
Reforming Marriage	964	(1)
New Women, New Men, and the Politics of Sexual Identity	965	(1)
Sciences of the Modern Self	966	(4)
Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas	970	(5)
The Challenge to Positivism	970	(1)
Revolutionizing Science	971	(1)
Modern Art	972	(2)
Musical Iconoclasm	974	(1)
Growing Tensions in Mass Politics	975	(10)
Labor's Expanding Power	976	(1)
Rights for Women and the Battle for Suffrage	977	(2)
Liberalism Modified	979	(1)
Anti-Semitism, Nationalism, and Zionism in Mass Politics	980	(5)
European Imperialism Contested	985	(7)
The Trials of Empire	985	(3)
The Russian Empire Threatened	988	(2)
Growing Resistance to Colonial Domination	990	(2)
Roads to War	992	(7)
Competing Alliances and Clashing Ambitions	993	(1)
The Race to Arms	994	(3)
1914: War Erupts	997	(2)
Conclusion	999	(1)
Suggested References	999	(2)
Chapter Review	1001	(2)
War, Revolution, and Reconstruction, 1914--1929	1003	(46)
The Great War, 1914--1918	1004	(10)
Blueprints for War	1004	(2)
The Battlefronts	1006	(5)
The Home Front	1011	(3)
Protest, Revolution, and War's End, 1917--1918	1014	(6)
War Protest	1014	(1)
Revolution in Russia	1014	(5)
Civil War in Russia	1019	(1)
Ending the War, 1918	1019	(1)
The Search for Peace in an Era of Revolution	1020	(8)
Europe in Turmoil	1021	(1)
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919--1920	1021	(5)
Economic and Diplomatic Consequences of the Peace	1026	(2)
A Decade of Recovery: Europe in the 1920s	1028	(6)
Changes in the Political Landscape	1028	(3)
Reconstructing the Economy	1031	(1)
Restoring Society	1032	(2)
Mass Culture and the Rise of Modern Dictators	1034	(9)
Culture for the Masses	1034	(1)
Cultural Debates over the Future	1035	(4)
The Communist Utopia	1039	(2)
Fascism on the March in Italy	1041	(2)
Conclusion	1043	(2)
Suggested References	1045	(2)
Chapter Review	1047	(2)
An Age of Catastrophes, 1929--1945	1049	(48)
The Great Depression	1050	(5)
Economic Disaster Strikes	1050	(1)
Social Effects of the Depression	1051	(2)
The Great Depression beyond the West	1053	(2)
Totalitarian Triumph	1055	(9)
The Rise of Stalinism	1055	(5)
Hitler's Rise of Power	1060	(2)
The Nazification of German Politics	1062	(1)
Nazi Racism	1063	(1)
Democracies on the Defensive	1064	(5)
Confronting the Economic Crisis	1065	(3)
Cultural Visions in Hard Times	1068	(1)
The Road to Global War	1069	(8)
A Surge in Global Imperialism	1070	(3)
The Spanish Civil War, 1936--1939	1073	(2)
Hitler's Conquest of Central Europe, 1938--1939	1075	(2)
World War II, 1939--1945	1077	(14)
The German Onslaught	1077	(1)
War Expands: The Pacific and Beyond	1078	(1)
The War against Civilians	1079	(3)
Societies at War	1082	(3)
From Resistance to Allied Victory	1085	(5)
An Uneasy Postwar Settlement	1090	(1)
Conclusion	1091	(2)
Suggested References	1093	(2)
Chapter Review	1095	(2)
Remaking Europe in the Shadow of Cold War, c. 1945--1965	1097	(42)
World Politics Transformed	1098	(10)
Europe Prostrate	1099	(2)
New Superpowers: The United States and the Soviet Union	1101	(1)
Origins of the Cold War	1102	(4)
The Division of Germany	1106	(2)
Political and Economic Recovery in Europe	1108	(10)
Dealing with the Nazi Past	1108	(1)
Rebirth of the West	1109	(4)
The Welfare State: Common Ground East and West	1113	(3)
Recovery in the East	1116	(2)
Decolonization in a Cold War Climate	1118	(7)
The End of Empire in Asia	1119	(1)
The Struggle for Identity in the Middle East	1120	(2)
New Nations in Africa	1122	(1)
The Arrival of New Europeans	1123	(2)
Cultural Life on the Brink of Nuclear War	1125	(10)
Restoring ``Western'' Values	1125	(2)
Rising Consumerism and Shifting Gender Norms	1127	(3)
The Culture of Cold War	1130	(3)
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Atomic Brink	1133	(2)
Conclusion	1135	(1)
Suggested References	1135	(2)
Chapter Review	1137	(2)
Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1965--1989	1139	(46)
The Revolution in Technology	1140	(6)
The Information Age: Television and Computers	1140	(3)
The Space Age	1143	(3)
Revolutions in Biology, Reproductive Technology, and Sexual Behavior	1146	(1)
Postindustrial Society and Culture	1146	(9)
Multinational Corporations	1146	(2)
The New Worker	1148	(2)
The Boom in Education and Research	1150	(1)
A Redefined Family and a Generation Gap	1151	(1)
Art, Ideas, and Religion in a Technocratic Society	1152	(3)
Protesting Cold War Conditions	1155	(11)
Cracks in the Cold War Order	1155	(3)
The Explosion of Civic Activism	1158	(5)
1968: Year of Crisis	1163	(3)
The Erosion of Superpower Mastery Ends the Cold War	1166	(13)
The West, the World, and the Politics of Energy	1166	(2)
The Western Bloc Meets Challenges with Reform	1168	(5)
Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc	1173	(6)
Conclusion	1179	(2)
Suggested References	1181	(2)
Chapter Review	1183	(2)
The New Globalism: Opportunities and Dilemmas, 1989 to the Present	1185
Soviet Collapse Releases Global Forces	1187	(9)
The Breakup of Yugoslavia	1188	(2)
The Soviet Union Comes Apart	1190	(3)
An Elusive Market Economy	1193	(1)
Chechnya and Central Asian States: The Quest for Independence and Influence	1194	(2)
Global Opportunities Transcend the Nation-State	1196	(6)
Europe Looks beyond the Nation-State	1196	(4)
Globalizing Cities and Fragmenting Nations	1200	(1)
Global Organizations	1201	(1)
Global Challenges and Discontents	1202	(9)
Pollution and Population	1202	(2)
Population and Disease	1204	(2)
North versus South?	1206	(1)
Islam Confronts the West	1207	(2)
The Rise of the Pacific Economy	1209	(2)
Global Culture and Society in the New Millennium	1211	(9)
Redefining the West: The Impact of Global Migration	1211	(3)
Global Networks and the Economy	1214	(2)
The Global Diffusion of Culture	1216	(4)
Conclusion: The Making of the West Continues	1220	(2)
Suggested References	1222	(2)
Chapter Review	1224
Appendix: Useful Facts and Figures	1	(1)
Glossary of Key Terms	1	(1)
Index	1