Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organizations

by Denhardt, Robert; Denhardt, Janet Vinzant; Aristigueta, Maria

• ISBN13: 9780761924746
• ISBN10: 0761924744
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc

Summary

"At last! A textbook on organizational behavior written for students of public administration and nonprofit management. The authors provide a comprehensive presentation of the major topics in organizational behavior from the perspective of life in public organizations. It is filled with useful learning instruments, exercises, cases, and realistic public sector examples that will provide students with a profound understanding of their own behavior and the behavior of others. This will surely enhance their careers in the public service." a??Dr. Jay D. White, University of Nebraska at Omaha "This book is a valuable addition to the literature on public administration and management. It will serve as an excellent text for both current and aspiring public servants. It provides a creative interweaving of the theoretical and practical dimensions of public sector organizational behaviour. Especially notable is the combination of succinct summaries of theoretical material with cases, simulations and other techniques that will make organizational behaviour come alive in the classroom." -Kenneth Kernaghan, Brock University, Editor - International Review of Administrative Sciences, Co-author - Public Administration in Canada "This is the organization behavior textbook that public sector employers wish we would use in our MPA classes! Focusing on getting students to reflect on their current skill levels, it helps them build competency by combining a splendidly clear presentation of the best contemporary theory with a variety of engaging self-tests and activities. Students will enjoy this text because every chapter helps them build skills they can use right away. Professors will value it because they'll never again be asked, a??What's the point of reading this?a??" -Linda deLeon, University of Colorado at Denver "Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organizations is an intellectually superior and illuminating contribution to current literature on effective public management. Students, middle managers, and chief executive officers will all find its accumulated knowledge and practical suggestions both stimulating and beneficial." -Naomi B. Lynn, Chancellor Emeritus University of Illinois at Springfield Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organizations is the first core textbook specifically written for the management and organizational behavior course taught in undergraduate and graduate programs in public administration, particularly in Masters in Public Administration (MPA) programs. Designed to help students develop the skills and understanding they need in order to become effective and responsible public managers, the book covers all of the essential topics in management and organizational behavior from the perspective of public and non-profit management. It focuses on the importance of understanding the behavior, motivations, and actions of individuals in the public service and the distinctiveness of management and leadership in public organizations. Action-oriented, the book is filled with cases, self-assessment exercises, simulations, and evaluative instruments.

Author Biography

Robert B. Denhardt is Professor in the School of Public Affairs at Arizona State University and Visiting Scholar at the University of Delaware Janet Vinzant Denhardt is Professor in the School of Public Affairs at Arizona State University Maria P. Aristigueta is Assistant Professor and Associate Policy Scientist in the School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Delaware Kimberly Yee (B.A., Pepperdine University), is Legislative Analyst for the Senate Committee on Education for the Arizona state legislature. She has been an Executive Fellow of the State of California Executive Fellowship Program and worked for the State Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Department of Education. She was a Governor Wilson appointee on the California State Board of Education. A freelance artist and designer, Ms. Yee worked in the contemporary art field at the Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art in Malibu, California

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Organizational Behavior as a Way of Thinking and Acting	1	(18)
The Roots of Organizational Behavior	9	(4)
Some Early History	10	(3)
Values and Assumptions of Organizational Behavior	13	(2)
Themes and Purposes of This Book	15	(4)
Knowing and Managing Yourself	19	(38)
Where Do We Begin?	20	(2)
Life Experiences	20	(1)
Your Lifeline	21	(1)
Ways of Thinking	22	(9)
Improving Your Sense of Self	24	(1)
The Power of Vision	24	(1)
Assessing Yourself	25	(6)
Ways of Acting	31	(2)
Thinking In Action	33	(24)
Increasing Self-Knowledge	33	(1)
A Vision Statement	33	(1)
Laura's Dilemma	34	(23)
Fostering Creativity	57	(32)
Where Do We Begin?	58	(1)
Ways of Thinking	59	(20)
Characteristics of Creative Individuals	60	(1)
Conceptual Skills and Abilities	61	(1)
Creativity as Behavior	61	(1)
Creativity as a Process	62	(1)
An Intergrated Perspective on Creativity	62	(1)
Why Do We Need Creativity in Public Organizations?	63	(1)
The Creative Process	64	(2)
Roles in the Creative Process	66	(2)
Impediments to Creativity	68	(1)
Defining the Problem Incorrectly	68	(1)
Judging Ideas too Quickly	69	(1)
Stopping at the First Acceptable Idea	69	(1)
Lack of Support	69	(1)
Other Ways of Thwarting Creativity	70	(1)
Fostering Creativity in Organizations	70	(1)
Challenging Work	71	(1)
Supportive Supervision	72	(1)
Organizational and Work Group Culture	72	(1)
Workload Pressures and Resources	73	(1)
Fostering Creativity---Putting It All Together	74	(1)
Techniques for Improving Creativity	74	(1)
The Idea Box or Matrix Analysis	74	(1)
Synectics	75	(2)
Mindmapping	77	(1)
Enhancing Your Personal Creativity	77	(2)
Ways of Acting	79	(3)
Thinking in Action	82	(7)
Mindmapping Exercise	82	(1)
Using Analogies	83	(1)
A Creativity Challenge	83	(6)
Managing Stress	89	(32)
Where Do We Begin?	91	(5)
Symptoms of Stress	91	(1)
Stress Inventory	92	(2)
Sources of Stress	94	(1)
Coping With Stress	95	(1)
Ways of Thinking	96	(16)
The Consequences and Costs of Stress	98	(1)
Stress: Good, Bad, and Ugly	99	(1)
Sources of Stress on the Job	100	(1)
Interpersonal Relationships	101	(1)
Role Ambiguity and Conflict	101	(1)
Workload	102	(1)
Intrinsic Nature of the Work	102	(1)
Working Conditions	103	(1)
Organizational Environment	103	(1)
Home to Work and Back	103	(1)
Coping With and Managing Stress	104	(1)
Lifestyle Adjustments	105	(1)
Attitude Adjustment	106	(1)
Social Support	107	(1)
Taking Control of Your Time	108	(1)
Job Redesign	109	(1)
Other Organizational Factors	110	(2)
Ways of Acting	112	(2)
Thinking in Action	114	(7)
Distress at DES	114	(2)
Life Balance Exercise	116	(5)
Decision Making	121	(30)
Where Do We Begin?	124	(2)
Generating Alternatives	124	(1)
The Horse Grooming Case	124	(2)
Ways of Thinking	126	(18)
Models of Decision Making	126	(1)
The Rational Model	127	(3)
The Organizational Process Model	130	(2)
The Governmental Politics Model	132	(3)
Who Should Be Involved?	135	(2)
What Techniques Are Available to Assist You?	137	(1)
Focus Groups	137	(2)
Brainstorming	139	(1)
Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis	140	(1)
Nominal Group Technique	141	(1)
Logic Models	142	(1)
Summary	142	(2)
Ways of Acting	144	(1)
Thinking in Action	145	(6)
A Decision-Making Framework	145	(1)
Community Health Needs	146	(1)
Using the Decision Tree for Levels of Participation	147	(4)
Motivating Yourself and Others	151	(30)
Where Do We Begin?	155	(1)
What Motivates You Now?	155	(1)
What Will Motivate You in the Future?	156	(1)
Ways of Thinking	156	(14)
What Is Motivation?	156	(2)
Changing Perspectives on Motivation	158	(1)
Need Theories	158	(4)
Expectancy Theories	162	(2)
Goal-Setting Theories	164	(1)
Equity Theories	165	(1)
Reinforcement, Reward, and Punishment	166	(1)
Participation as a Motivator	167	(1)
Motivation and Life Stages	167	(1)
Public Service Motivation	168	(1)
``Anti-Motivation'' Theories	169	(1)
Ways of Acting	170	(4)
Thinking in Action	174	(7)
SOS in DHS: A Problem of Motivation	174	(1)
Staying Motivated	175	(6)
Leadership in Public Organizations	181	(40)
Where Do We Begin?	183	(3)
What Makes a Good Leader?	184	(1)
What Is Your Leadership Style?	185	(1)
Ways of Thinking	186	(25)
Traditional Approaches to Leadership	187	(1)
The Trait Approach	187	(1)
Leadership Styles	188	(2)
The Context of Leadership	190	(5)
Contemporary Approaches to Leadership	195	(1)
From Traits, to Skills, to Strategies	195	(4)
The Transformational Approach	199	(3)
Transforming Organizations	202	(3)
Values-Based Leadership	205	(1)
Leadership in the Public Service	206	(1)
Leadership in the Policy Process	207	(2)
Leadership in Public Agencies	209	(1)
Some Concluding Notes	210	(1)
Ways of Acting	211	(2)
Thinking in Action	213	(8)
Developing a Leadership Autobiography	213	(1)
A Debate Topic	213	(1)
Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership	214	(1)
Assessing Your Leadership Style	215	(6)
Power and Organizational Politics	221	(34)
Where Do We Begin?	222	(2)
Ways of Thinking	224	(22)
Early Voices	224	(3)
Changing Perspectives on Workers and Organizations	227	(1)
Questioning Power and Authority	228	(2)
Sources of Power	230	(1)
Legitimate Power	231	(1)
Reward Power	231	(1)
Coercive Power	232	(1)
Referent Power	232	(1)
Expert Power	233	(1)
Recognizing Power and Organizational Politics	234	(2)
Balancing Power	236	(2)
Structural Aspects of Power	238	(1)
Is Power a Positive Force or a Destructive Force?	239	(2)
Managing Power and Organizational Politics	241	(2)
Empowerment: More Than Delegation	243	(2)
Power and the Public Service	245	(1)
Ways of Acting	246	(3)
Thinking in Action	249	(6)
Politics and MBO: A Case Study	250	(1)
Observing Organizational Politics	251	(4)
Communicating Effectively with Others	255	(40)
Where Do We Begin?	261	(1)
Ways of Thinking	262	(23)
Improving Interpersonal Communication	262	(1)
Barriers to Effective Communication	262	(4)
Supportive Communication	266	(3)
Speaking	269	(1)
Persuasive Communication	270	(1)
Active Listening	271	(4)
Nonverbal Communication	275	(2)
Electronic Communication	277	(2)
Specialized Forms of Communication	279	(1)
Personal Counseling	279	(1)
Conducting Effective Meetings	280	(2)
Writing Memors, Reports, and Proposals	282	(3)
Ways of Acting	285	(2)
Thinking in Action	287	(8)
An Exercise in Supportive Communication	287	(1)
Turmoil in the Community Development Department	288	(1)
One-Way Communication Versus Two-Way Communication	289	(2)
Trends in Electronic Communication	291	(4)
Working in Groups and Teams	295	(32)
Where Do We Begin?	298	(5)
Assessing Team Performance	298	(1)
Getting to Know Your Team	299	(3)
Team Agreements	302	(1)
Ways of Thinking	303	(16)
Types of Teams	305	(2)
Imlementing Teams	307	(2)
Team Effectiveness	309	(3)
Measuring Team Effectiveness	312	(3)
Individual Styles and Team Development	315	(1)
The Forming Stage	316	(1)
The Conforming Stage	317	(1)
The Storming Stage	317	(2)
The Performing Stage	319	(1)
Ways of Acting	319	(2)
Thinking in Action	321	(6)
A Team-Building Exercise	321	(1)
The Case of Guard Uniforms	322	(1)
Relocating a State Reformatory School	323	(4)
Managing Conflict	327	(26)
Where Do We Begin?	330	(1)
How Do You Behave During Conflict?	330	(1)
How Do Relationships Affect Conflict?	331	(1)
Ways of Thinking	331	(14)
Theories of Conflict	333	(1)
Systems Theory	333	(1)
Attribution Theory	334	(1)
Social Exchane Theory	334	(1)
Sources of Conflict	335	(1)
Stages of Conflict	336	(3)
Strategies for Negotiation and Conflict Management	339	(4)
Conflict and the Public Sector	343	(2)
Ways of Acting	345	(2)
Thinking in Action	347	(6)
Asking Questions	347	(1)
Individual Needs	348	(1)
Budget Surplus Case Study	348	(1)
Parks and Recreation Case Study	349	(4)
Organizational Change	353	(38)
Where Do We Begin?	356	(2)
To Change or Not to Change?	356	(1)
Your Orientation Toward Change	357	(1)
Discussing Your Experiences With Change	358	(1)
Ways of Thinking	358	(23)
Approaches to Understanding Change	358	(1)
Classic Approaches	358	(2)
Organizational Culture	360	(3)
Open Systems and Organizational Learning	363	(5)
Approaches to Bringing About Change	368	(1)
Change Through Management Action or Reorganization	368	(3)
Organization Development	371	(4)
The Management of Change	375	(1)
Steps in Organizational Transformations	376	(1)
Change and Innovation in Public Organizations	377	(3)
A Final Note on Personal Change	380	(1)
Ways of Acting	381	(2)
Thinking in Action	383	(8)
Reasoning Processes in Organizational Change	383	(2)
Leading Change in Local Government	385	(6)
Representing the Organization ``On the Outside''	391	(32)
Where Do We Begin?	393	(2)
Networks and Relationships	393	(1)
Working With the Media	394	(1)
Ways of Thinking	395	(21)
The Traditional Skills of External Relations	396	(1)
Developing Effective Relations With the Legislature	396	(3)
Working With the Media	399	(4)
Making Effective Presentations	403	(2)
The New Skills of External Relations	405	(1)
Listening to Citizens, Clients, and ``Customers''	405	(5)
Involving Citizens in the Work of Government	410	(3)
Collaborating With Others	413	(3)
Ways of Acting	416	(1)
Thinking in Action	417	(6)
Improving Relationships With the Legislature	417	(1)
Improving Service Quality	418	(1)
Community Involvement in Changing Priorities	418	(5)
Managing Behavior in the Public Interest	423	(20)
Exploring Diversity and Multiculturalism	424	(5)
Learning Cultural Awareness	426	(1)
Increasing Cultural Competence	426	(3)
The Ethics of Managing Change	429	(5)
The New Public Service	434	(6)
Conclusion	440	(3)
Index	443	(12)
About the Authors	455