Marine Fisheries Ecology

by Jennings, Simon; Kaiser, Michel; Reynolds, John D.

• ISBN13: 9780632050987
• ISBN10: 0632050985
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-03-30
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This topical and exciting textbook describes fisheries exploitation, biology, conservation and management, and reflects many recent and important changes in fisheries science. These include growing concerns about the environmental impacts of fisheries, the role of ecological interactions in determining population dynamics, and the incorporation of uncertainty and precautionary principles into management advice. The book draws upon examples from tropical, temperate and polar environments, and provides readers with a broad understanding of the biological, economic and social aspects of fisheries ecology and the interplay between them. As well as covering 'classical' fisheries science, the book focuses on contemporary issues such as industrial fishing, poverty and conflict in fishing communities, marine reserves, the effects of fishing on coral reefs and by-catches of mammals, seabirds and reptiles. The book is primarily written for students of fisheries science and marine ecology, but should also appeal to practising fisheries scientists and those interested in conservation and the impacts of humans on the marine environment.

Author Biography

Simon Jennings and Michel Kaiser are the authors of Marine Fisheries Ecology, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgements	xii
Marine fisheries ecology: an introduction	1	(20)
Introduction	1	(1)
Fisheries of the world	1	(8)
History of fisheries	1	(5)
Fishery science	6	(1)
Diversity of fisheries	7	(2)
Patterns of exploitation	9	(5)
Boom and bust	9	(5)
Conservation and ecosystem concerns	14	(1)
Why manage fisheries?	14	(1)
Objectives of management	15	(2)
Range of objectives	15	(1)
Balancing objectives	16	(1)
From objective to action	17	(1)
Meeting management objectives	17	(1)
Structure of this book	18	(3)
Summary	20	(1)
Marine ecology and production processes	21	(18)
Introduction	21	(1)
Primary production: sources and magnitude	21	(1)
Phytoplanktonic production	22	(6)
Links between production and physical processes	22	(2)
Upwellings and fronts	24	(1)
Rates of phytoplanktonic production	25	(3)
Non-phytoplanktonic production	28	(3)
Macroalgae	28	(1)
Mangroves	29	(1)
Coral reef algae	29	(1)
Seagrasses and marsh plants	30	(1)
Microphytobenthos	31	(1)
Heterotrophic production	31	(8)
The fate of primary production	31	(1)
Transfer along the food chain	32	(2)
Production of fished species	34	(3)
Linking primary production and landings	37	(1)
Summary	38	(1)
Fished species, life histories and distribution	39	(31)
Introduction	39	(1)
Fishes	39	(2)
Invertebrates	41	(14)
Life histories	55	(7)
Sex, sex reversal and sex ratios	55	(1)
Growth, maturity and longevity	56	(3)
Egg size, fecundity and reproduction	59	(3)
Distribution in space and time	62	(8)
Geographical ranges and stock structures	62	(1)
Migration	62	(3)
Larval transport, retention and dispersal	65	(3)
Metapopulations	68	(1)
Summary	69	(1)
Population structure in space and time	70	(20)
Introduction	70	(1)
Recruitment	70	(16)
Spanwner and recruit relationships	71	(7)
Mortality during the early life history	78	(5)
Depensation	83	(2)
Regulation in fish populations	85	(1)
Density-dependent habitat use	86	(4)
Summary	88	(2)
Fishing gears and techniques	90	(22)
Introduction	90	(1)
From shoreline gathering to satellites	90	(4)
Modern commercial fishing gears	94	(12)
Towed fishing gear	95	(8)
Static fishing gear	103	(3)
Other fishing techniques	106	(2)
Conservation methods	108	(4)
Summary	111	(1)
Fishers: socioeconomics and human ecology	112	(15)
Introduction	112	(1)
Motivations for fishing	112	(3)
Food	112	(1)
Income	113	(2)
Modifications to fishing behaviour	115	(3)
Social	115	(2)
Religion	117	(1)
Conflicts and conflict resolution	118	(9)
Competing for fish	118	(3)
Fish wars	121	(1)
Fishers in the political process	122	(1)
Traditional management systems	123	(1)
Customary marine tenure	124	(1)
Co-management	125	(1)
Summary	126	(1)
Single-species stock assessment	127	(32)
Introduction	127	(1)
Balancing birth and death	127	(1)
Surplus production models	128	(7)
Stability	128	(2)
Models of population growth	130	(1)
Fitting models to data	130	(2)
Surplus production models in action	132	(3)
Delay--difference models	135	(3)
Delay--difference models in action	137	(1)
Virtual population analysis	138	(6)
Age-based cohort analysis	140	(3)
Length-based cohort analysis	143	(1)
Statistical catch-at-age methods	144	(1)
Yield-per-recruit models	145	(4)
Yield-per-recruit models in action	146	(3)
Incorporating recruitment	149	(3)
Replacement lines	149	(1)
Replacement lines in action	150	(2)
Confronting risk and uncertainty	152	(3)
Bayesian analysis	153	(1)
Resampling methods	154	(1)
Biological reference points	155	(4)
Summary	157	(2)
Multispecies assessment and ecosystem modelling	159	(19)
Introduction	159	(1)
Multispecies surplus production	159	(3)
Multispecies surplus production in action	160	(2)
Multispecies yield per recruit	162	(1)
Multispecies yield per recruit in action	162	(1)
Multispecies virtual population analysis	162	(7)
Multispecies VPA in action	164	(5)
Applying MSVPA data to single-species model	169	(1)
Predators, prey and competitors	169	(2)
Predator-prey dynamics	169	(1)
Competition, an unexpected result	170	(1)
Management implications	171	(1)
Size spectra	171	(2)
Ecosystem models	173	(5)
Ecosystem models in action	174	(3)
Summary	177	(1)
Getting the data: stock identity and dynamics	178	(27)
Introduction	178	(1)
Stock identification	178	(6)
The stock concept	178	(1)
Methods of stock identification	178	(6)
Stock dynamics	184	(19)
Sampling	184	(5)
Length, weight and age	189	(6)
Growth	195	(4)
Maturity	199	(1)
Fecundity	199	(2)
Mortality	201	(2)
The impact of errors	203	(2)
Summary	204	(1)
Getting the data: abundance, catch and effort	205	(18)
Introduction	205	(1)
Abundance	205	(14)
Survey design	205	(1)
Visual census methods	206	(3)
Acoustic methods	209	(1)
Trawl surveys	210	(3)
Depletion methods	213	(1)
Mark-recapture methods	214	(1)
Egg production methods	214	(5)
The fishery	219	(4)
Summary	221	(2)
Bioeconomics	223	(16)
Introduction	223	(1)
The value of fisheries	223	(2)
Trade in fished species	223	(1)
Catch values and employment	224	(1)
Bioeconomic models	225	(12)
Descriptive bioeconomics	226	(4)
Optimal fishing strategies	230	(5)
Bayesian methods	235	(2)
Economic vs. social management objectives	237	(2)
Subsidies	237	(1)
The case for economic efficiency	237	(1)
Summary	238	(1)
Fishing effects on populations and communities	239	(19)
Introduction	239	(1)
Vulnerability to fishing	239	(3)
Behaviour	239	(2)
Life histories	241	(1)
Intraspecific effects	242	(3)
Age and size structure	242	(1)
Reproduction	243	(1)
Genetic structure	244	(1)
Community effects	245	(13)
Diversity	245	(5)
Community structure	250	(1)
Size structure	251	(1)
Competition and trophic interactions	252	(4)
Summary	256	(2)
Bycatches and discards	258	(14)
Introduction	258	(1)
Catches, discards and bycatches	258	(2)
Definitions	258	(1)
Reasons for discarding	258	(2)
Alternatives to discarding	260	(1)
Fisheries and bycatches	260	(2)
Incidental captures	262	(5)
Seabirds	262	(2)
Sea turtles	264	(1)
Sea snakes	265	(1)
Marine mammals	265	(2)
Methods to reduce bycatches	267	(1)
Ghost fishing	267	(3)
Sociocultural differences	270	(2)
Summary	271	(1)
Impacts on benthic communities, habitats and coral reefs	272	(22)
Introduction	272	(1)
Fishing disturbance	272	(4)
Fishing vs. natural disturbance	272	(1)
Distribution of fishing disturbance	273	(3)
Direct effects of fishing gear on the seabed	276	(8)
Towed fishing gear	276	(1)
Direct effects on the substratum	277	(1)
Effects on infauna	277	(4)
Effects on epifauna	281	(3)
Meta-analysis	284	(1)
Effects of static fishing gears	284	(1)
Long-term effects	285	(3)
Fishing as a source of energy subsidies	288	(2)
have population changes occurred?	290	(1)
Indirect effects on habitats	290	(4)
Loose seabeds	290	(1)
Coral reefs	291	(2)
Summary	293	(1)
Fishery interactions with birds and mammals	294	(16)
Introduction	294	(1)
Birds	294	(9)
Competition between birds and fisheries	296	(4)
Benefits of discarding	300	(1)
Waders and shellfish	301	(2)
Mammals	303	(7)
Competition between mammals and fisheries	304	(3)
Prey release	307	(2)
Summary	309	(1)
A role for aquaculture?	310	(17)
Introduction	310	(1)
Aquaculture past and present	310	(2)
What is cultivated?	312	(1)
Production systems	313	(1)
Feeding constraints	314	(1)
Prospects for expansion	314	(5)
Cage cultivation	316	(2)
Stock enhancement and ranching	318	(1)
Case studies	319	(8)
Shrimp farming	319	(3)
Bivalve mariculture	322	(4)
Summary	326	(1)
Management and conservation options	327	(21)
Introduction	327	(1)
Management objectives, strategies and actions	327	(8)
From objective to action	327	(1)
Catch control	328	(3)
Effort control	331	(1)
Technical measures	331	(1)
Management in action	332	(3)
Improving management	335	(6)
Enforcement and compliance	335	(2)
Co-management	337	(1)
Ownership of resources and harvesting rights	338	(1)
Uncertainty and the precautionary approach	338	(1)
Role of science	339	(2)
Multispecies and ecosystem-based management	341	(1)
What are the objectives?	341	(1)
What can be achieved?	341	(1)
Managing fisheries for conservation	342	(4)
Endangered species	342	(1)
Habitats	343	(1)
Protected areas and no-take zones	344	(2)
Future trends	346	(2)
Fisheries science	346	(1)
Fisheries management	346	(1)
Summary	347	(1)
References	348	(45)
Appendices
1 List of symbols	380	(5)
2 Fisheries websites	385	(4)
3 Geographic index	389	(4)
Index	393