Marine Mammals

by Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Folkens, Perter Arend; Adam, Peter J.

• ISBN13: 9780120932252
• ISBN10: 0120932253
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-01
• Publisher: Academic Pr

Summary

This book, by two leading marine mammalogists, is a succinct yet comprehensive text devoted to the systematics, evolution, morphology, ecology, physiology, and behavior of marine mammals. With chapters on the evolutionary history of the principle lineages, major organ systems, diving physiology, diet, sound production and echolocation, reproductive behavior, and conservation biology, this book will be required reading for all marine biologists concerned with marine mammals.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi	(2)
Acknowledgments	xiii
1. Introduction	1	(10)
1.1. Marine Mammals--"What Are They?"	1	(1)
1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life	1	(1)
1.3. Scope and Use of This Book	2	(1)
1.4. Time Scale	2	(1)
1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals	3	(4)
1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science	7	(2)
1.7. Further Reading and Resources	9	(1)
References	9	(2)
PART I: EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY	11	(119)
2. Systematics and Classification	11	(13)
2.1. Introduction: Systematics--What Is It and Why Do It?	11	(1)
2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts	12	(4)
2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics?	16	(1)
2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses	17	(2)
2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework	19	(1)
2.6. Taxonomy and Classification	20	(1)
2.7. Summary and Conclusions	21	(1)
2.8. Further Reading	21	(1)
References	21	(3)
3. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics	24	(25)
3.1. Introduction	24	(1)
3.2. Origin and Evolution	24	(21)
3.3. Summary and Conclusions	45	(1)
3.4. Further Reading	46	(1)
References	46	(3)
4. Cetacean Evolution and Systematics	49	(37)
4.1. Introduction	49	(1)
4.2. Origin and Evolution	49	(30)
4.3. Summary and Conclusions	79	(1)
4.4. Further Reading	80	(1)
References	80	(6)
5. Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics	86	(22)
5.1. Introduction	86	(1)
5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians	87	(8)
5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives--Desmostylia	95	(3)
5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos	98	(1)
5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, Thalassocnus natans	99	(1)
5.6. The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris	99	(4)
5.7. The Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus	103	(2)
5.8. Summary and Conclusions	105	(1)
5.9. Further Reading	105	(1)
References	105	(3)
6. Evolutionary Biogeography	108	(22)
6.1. Introduction--What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important?	108	(1)
6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals	108	(8)
6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution	116	(1)
6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns	117	(2)
6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution	119	(7)
6.6. Summary and Conclusions	126	(1)
6.7. Further Reading	127	(1)
References	127	(3)
PART II: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR	130	(323)
7. Integumentary, Sensory, and Urinary Systems	130	(43)
7.1. Introduction	130	(1)
7.2. Integumentary System	130	(22)
7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs	152	(9)
7.4. Urinary System	161	(3)
7.5. Summary and Conclusions	164	(1)
7.6. Further Reading	165	(1)
References	165	(8)
8. Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion	173	(50)
8.1. Introduction	173	(1)
8.2. Pinnipeds	173	(11)
8.3. Cetaceans	184	(22)
8.4. Sirenians	206	(5)
8.5. Sea Otter	211	(2)
8.6. Polar Bear	213	(2)
8.7. Summary and Conclusions	215	(1)
8.8. Further Reading	215	(1)
References	216	(7)
9. Respiration, Diving, and Breath-Hold Physiology	223	(32)
9.1. Introduction	223	(1)
9.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders	223	(2)
9.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving	225	(12)
9.4. Diving Biochemistry and Metabolism	237	(1)
9.5. Do Marine Mammals Have High Metabolic Rates?	238	(1)
9.6. Metabolism and Physiological Responses to Breath Holding in Seals	238	(7)
9.7. Functions of Diving Behavior	245	(1)
9.8. Phylogenetic Implications of Diving Patterns in Pinnipeds	245	(1)
9.9. Diving and Breath-Holding Patterns in Whales	246	(2)
9.10. Summary and Conclusions	248	(1)
9.11. Further Reading	249	(1)
References	250	(5)
10. Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture	255	(35)
10.1. Introduction	255	(4)
10.2. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Reception	259	(2)
10.3. Functions of Sound for Marine Mammals	261	(22)
10.4. ATOC and Related Programs	283	(1)
10.5. Summary and Conclusions	284	(1)
10.6. Further Reading	285	(1)
References	285	(5)
11. Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies	290	(45)
11.1. Introduction	290	(1)
11.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance	291	(1)
11.3. General Diet, Mechanisms, and Strategies for Prey Capture	291	(1)
11.4. Feeding Specializations of Pinnipeds	292	(9)
11.5. Diet, Mechanisms, and Strategies for Prey Capture in Whales	301	(18)
11.6. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians	319	(6)
11.7. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals	325	(3)
11.8. Summary and Conclusions	328	(1)
11.9. Further Reading	329	(1)
References	329	(6)
12. Mating, Breeding, and Social Organization	335	(25)
12.1. Introduction	335	(1)
12.2. Pinniped Mating Systems	336	(10)
12.3. Cetacean Mating Systems	346	(6)
12.4. Sirenian Mating Systems	352	(1)
12.5. Other Marine Mammals	352	(3)
12.6. Summary and Conclusions	355	(1)
12.7. Further Reading	355	(1)
References	356	(4)
13. Reproductive Structures, Patterns, and Strategies	360	(31)
13.1. Introduction	360	(1)
13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System	361	(13)
13.3. Reproductive Patterns	374	(11)
13.4. Summary and Conclusions	385	(1)
13.5. Further Reading	385	(1)
References	386	(5)
14. Population Structure and Population Dynamics	391	(29)
14.1. Introduction: Some Population Parameters and Life History Characteristics	391	(12)
14.2. Techniques for Monitoring Populations	403	(11)
14.3. Summary and Conclusions	414	(1)
14.4. Further Reading	414	(1)
References	414	(6)
15. Exploitation and Conservation	420	(33)
15.1. Introduction	420	(1)
15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals	420	(4)
15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection	424	(6)
15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals	430	(5)
15.5. Environmental Contaminants	435	(3)
15.6. Strandings	438	(5)
15.7. Ecotourism	443	(2)
15.8. Progress and the Future	445	(2)
15.9. Summary and Conclusions	447	(1)
15.10. Further Reading	447	(1)
References	448	(5)
Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals	453	(20)
Glossary	473	(8)
Index	481