Maritime Terrorism Risk and Liability

by Greenberg, Michael D.; Chalk, Peter; Willis, Henry H.; Khilko, Ivan; Ortiz, David S.

• ISBN13: 9780833040305
• ISBN10: 0833040308
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2/27/2007
• Publisher: RAND CORPORATION

Summary

Though the historical occurrence of maritime terrorist attacks has been limited, maritime vessels and facilities may nevertheless be vulnerable to attack, with the potential for very significant consequences in the form of mass casualties, severe property damage, and disruption of commerce. This book explores maritime terrorism threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences, as well as the application of civil liability.

Table of Contents

The RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy	p. iii
CTRMP Advisory Board	p. v
Preface	p. vii
Figures	p. xiii
Tables	p. xv
Summary	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxv
Abbreviations	p. xxvii
Introduction	p. 1
Analyzing Maritime Terrorism: Threat, Vulnerability, Consequences, and Liability	p. 2
Focus on the Problem: Exploring Attacks Against Passenger and Container Shipping	p. 6
The Contemporary Threat of Maritime Terrorism	p. 9
Factors Underscoring the Contemporary Perceived Threat of Maritime Terrorism: Vulnerability, Capability, and Intent	p. 10
Vulnerability of Maritime Targets	p. 12
Capability of Terrorist Groups	p. 13
Intent of Terrorist Groups	p. 15
Contemporary Maritime-Capable Terrorist Groups	p. 19
Scenarios of Potential Maritime Terrorist Activity in the Future	p. 27
Consequences of Maritime Terrorism	p. 29
Parties Affected by Maritime Terrorism	p. 30
Connecting Consequences to Terrorist Events	p. 31
Types of Consequences of Maritime Terrorism	p. 33
Human Consequences of Terrorism	p. 33
Economic and Intangible Consequences of Property Damage	p. 35
Economic and Intangible Consequences of Responding to Terrorism	p. 36
Methods of Estimating Consequences of Maritime Terrorism	p. 37
Civil Liability and Maritime Terrorism	p. 39
Bounding the Scope of Civil Liability: U.S. Territory Versus International Waters	p. 43
Civil Liability Analysis Always Begins by Identifying Who Is Hurt	p. 46
U.S. Admiralty Law and Its Application to Maritime Terrorist Attacks	p. 51
Defendants and Negligence Tort Claims in Maritime Terrorism	p. 59
Maritime Security Regulations: A Source of Duty for Potential Tortfeasors	p. 63
Maritime Terrorism, Supply Chain Disruption, and Contractual Liability	p. 65
Discussion: Liability, Insurance, and Policy	p. 68
Risks of Maritime Terrorism Attacks Against Cruise Ships	p. 73
Attractiveness of Cruise Ships as Targets of Terrorism	p. 75
Vulnerability of Cruise Ships to Terrorist Attacks	p. 76
Potential Consequences of Terrorist Attacks on Cruise Ships	p. 79
Human Consequences	p. 80
Economic Consequences	p. 81
Compensation for Injuries and Loss of Life	p. 82
Increased Security Costs	p. 82
Declines in Demand for Cruise Vacations	p. 83
Other Economic Consequences	p. 84
Intangible Consequences	p. 85
Risks of Terrorist Attacks on Cruise Ships	p. 85
Risks of Maritime Terrorism Attacks Against Passenger Ferries	p. 93
Attractiveness of Ferries as Targets of Terrorism	p. 95
Vulnerabilities of Ferries to Terrorist Attack	p. 95
Potential Consequences of Terrorist Attacks on Ferries	p. 99
Human Consequences	p. 99
Economic Consequences	p. 101
Compensation for Injuries and Loss of Life	p. 101
Increased Security Costs	p. 101
Other Economic Consequences	p. 102
Intangible Consequences	p. 102
Risks of Terrorist Attacks on Passenger Ferries	p. 104
Risks of Maritime Terrorism Attacks Against Container Shipping	p. 111
Attractiveness of Container Shipping as a Target of Terrorism	p. 113
Vulnerabilities of the Container Shipping System to Terrorism	p. 114
Potential Consequences of Terrorist Attacks on the Container Shipping System	p. 118
Human Consequences	p. 118
Economic Consequences	p. 120
Intangible Consequences	p. 124
Summary of Consequences	p. 125
Risks of Terrorist Attacks on Container Shipping	p. 125
Discussion	p. 133
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 139
Qualitatively Assessing the Relative Risks of Maritime Terrorism	p. 143
Bibliography	p. 153
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