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9780314238313

Mass Communications Law

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780314238313

  • ISBN10:

    031423831X

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2000-09-01
  • Publisher: West Group
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List Price: $27.00

Summary

A convenient reference for students and lawyers containing an exposition of mass communication law. Dicusses the law with concern to the media, including newspapers and television, and legal issues such as defamation and privacy. Softcover.

Table of Contents

Preface v
Table of Cases
xxvii
PART ONE. THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND MASS COMMUNICATIONS
The First Amendment in Perspective
1(44)
Introduction
1(2)
Background, Theories and Direction of the First Amendment
3(23)
Background
3(2)
Theories and Tests of the First Amendment
5(3)
Absolutism
8(3)
The ``Clear and Present Danger'' Test
11(3)
Ad Hoc Balancing of Interests
14(4)
Definitional Balancing
18(1)
Present Direction of the Supreme Court
19(7)
The Dichotomy Between Prior Restraint and Subsequent Punishment of Expression
26(4)
Information as Property
30(15)
Conflict Between Economic Interests and Information Flow
30(1)
Copyright and the First Amendment
31(14)
Defamation and Mass Communication
45(74)
Interests in Conflict
45(1)
Common Law Defamation
46(20)
Definition and Elements
46(1)
The Defamatory Statement
47(4)
Publication
51(3)
Identification
54(2)
Economic Loss
56(1)
The Contrast Between Libel and Slander
56(2)
The Special Cases of Slander
58(1)
Libel Per Se and Per Quod
59(2)
Theories of Liability
61(1)
Remedies
62(1)
Damages
62(4)
The Common Law Defenses
66(15)
Truth or ``Justification''
67(1)
Privilege
68(1)
Absolute Privilege
68(2)
Qualified Privilege
70(2)
Limitations on the Scope of the Privilege
72(2)
General Requirements of the Privilege
74(1)
Fair Comment
75(1)
Incomplete Defenses
76(5)
The New Constitutional Law of Defamation
81(38)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
81(3)
Effects of the New York Times Case
84(2)
The New York Times Progeny
86(5)
The Basic Public Figure-Private Person Distinction of Gertz v. Welch
91(3)
The Broad Meaning of Gertz
94(1)
The Public Figure---Private Person Distinction
95(1)
Narrowing of the Public Figure Classification
95(5)
The Effect of Time Passage on Public Figure Status
100(1)
The Fact-Opinion Dichotomy
101(3)
Specific Problems for the Media Created by Gertz
104(2)
Questions Raised by Gertz
106(2)
An Attempt to ``Get Around'' New York Times and Its Reaffirmation a Generation Later
108(3)
Non-Media Defendants and Matters of Public Concern
111(2)
Miscellaneous Constitutional Privileges Claimed by Journalists in Defamation Cases
113(1)
Nondisclosure of the Editorial Decision Making Process
113(2)
Neutral Reportage
115(4)
Privacy and The Mass Media
119(61)
Introduction
119(1)
History and Development of the Common Law
120(1)
The Common Law Today
121(54)
Appropriation
122(1)
Right of Publicity
123(7)
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to Appropriation Cases
130(2)
Intrusion
132(1)
Common Law
132(4)
Federal Legislation
136(6)
Possession of Stolen Material and Intrusion by Journalists on Private Property
142(10)
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to Intrusion
152(1)
False Light
152(1)
Nature and Limitations
152(4)
Relationship to Defamation
156(1)
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to False Light Cases
156(3)
Public Disclosure of Private Facts
159(1)
Nature and Limitations
159(1)
The Newsworthiness Privilege
160(6)
Applicability of First Amendment Theory to Public Disclosure of Private Facts
166(7)
Common Characteristics of the Four Types of Invasion of Privacy
173(2)
Legislation Designed to Protect Personal Privacy
175(5)
Privacy Act of 1974
175(1)
Driver's Privacy Protection Act
175(2)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
177(3)
Restraint of Obscene Expression
180(41)
General Theory
180(23)
The Definitional Problem
180(1)
Background
181(1)
Modern Doctrinal Development
182(2)
The Last Word on Obscenity: Miller v. California
184(5)
Effects of Miller, Paris Adult Theatre and Jenkins
189(2)
Difficulties With the New Approach
191(1)
Variable Obscenity Standards
192(2)
Child Pornography
194(5)
Recent Cases Involving Child Pornography
199(1)
Feminist Proposals for Statutory Civil Actions to Counter Pornographic Depictions of Women
200(3)
Important Special Areas of Restraint of Sexual Expression
203(14)
Mail and Customs Censorship
203(2)
Motion Pictures
205(1)
Background and Modern Doctrine
205(1)
Procedural Safeguards for Film
206(3)
Dial-a-Porn
209(1)
Military Bases and Prisons
210(2)
Sexually Explicit Music Lyrics and Graphic Art
212(4)
Nude Dancing
216(1)
Subsequent Criminal Sanctions
217(4)
Restraint of The Press for Purposes of National Security
221(19)
The Conflict
221(1)
Legal Background
222(1)
New York Times Co. v. United States
223(7)
Other Inhibitions on Publication
230(10)
Withholding Passports
230(1)
Legislative Prohibitions
230(1)
Contractual Prohibitions
231(3)
News Blackouts
234(3)
Criminal Prosecutions and Threats Thereof
237(3)
The Free Press-Fair Trial Conflict
240(25)
The Problem
240(8)
Introduction
240(1)
A Case Study: Sheppard v. Maxwell
241(7)
Approaches to the Problem
248(17)
Resort to Judicial Procedural Devices
248(2)
Limiting Access of the Media to Information About Pending Legal Maters
250(1)
Institutional Reactions Favoring Restrictions on News Flow to the Media
250(1)
Exclusion of Camera Operators and Equipment From the Courtroom and Environs
251(2)
Sealing Arrest and Other Public Records
253(1)
Closing the Courtroom
254(1)
Prior Restraint of the News Media
255(1)
Problems Engendered
255(3)
Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart
258(5)
Subsequent Criminal Punishment of the News Media
263(2)
Freedom to Gather News and Information
265(64)
Introduction
265(2)
The Federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
267(26)
Historical Background
267(1)
Operation of the Original Act
267(1)
In the Courts
267(1)
At the Administrative Level
268(1)
Early Amendments to FOIA
268(1)
The Electronic Freedom of Information Act
269(1)
Litigation Involving the FOIA's Nine Exemptions
270(21)
Assessment of FOIA
291(2)
Legislation Limiting Access in the Name of Personal Privacy
293(3)
Open Meetings-Open Records Legislation
296(4)
The Federal Government in the ``Sunshine''
296(1)
State Open Meetings and Open Records Laws
297(3)
Media Access to Governmentally Restricted Places and Institutions
300(5)
Access to Prisons
300(2)
Access to Accident Sites
302(3)
Media Access to Courts and Judicial Records
305(24)
Access to Trial Proceedings
305(7)
Access to Trial Proceedings in the United States Senate
312(1)
Access to Pretrial Proceedings
313(4)
Access to Grand Jury Proceedings
317(2)
Access to Jurors' Identities
319(1)
Access to Judicial Documents and Discovery Materials
320(2)
Access to Sealed Documents
322(4)
Access to Videotapes, Audiotapes or Still Photographs
326(3)
Newspersons' Privilege, Subpoenas, Contempt Citations and Searches and Seizures
329(40)
Subpoenas vs. Claims of Privilege
329(21)
The Contemporary Problem
329(3)
Legal Background
332(1)
Common Law Privilege
332(1)
Newspersons' Shield Statutes
332(1)
Claims of Privilege Under the First Amendment
333(2)
The Branzburg-Pappas-Caldwell Trilogy
335(1)
What the Supreme Court Decided
335(2)
The Legal Situation After Branzburg
337(1)
Civil and Criminal Cases and Grand Jury Proceedings
337(7)
Cases Involving Non-Confidential Information
344(2)
In Summary
346(2)
The Practical Effect of Branzburg on Newsgatherers
348(1)
Confrontations With Congress
349(1)
Newspersons' Shield Laws
350(5)
State Shield Laws
351(1)
Statutory Analysis
351(2)
Judicial Treatment
353(1)
Administrative Protection for the Newsperson: Department of Justice Guidelines
354(1)
Lawsuits by News Sources
355(4)
Contempt for Unprivileged Refusal to Testify
359(5)
The Real Importance of the Privilege
359(1)
Types of Contempt
359(1)
The Impact of Contempt on Newspersons
360(1)
Alternatives to Contempt Citations and Jailing of Newspersons
361(3)
The Effect on Newsgathering of Searches and Seizures in the Newsroom
364(5)
Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
364(2)
Federal Legislation in the Wake of Zurcher
366(3)
Regulation of Commercial Speech
369(34)
Constitutional History
369(4)
The Four-Part Commercial Speech Analysis of Central Hudson
373(8)
Attempts to Ban Advertising of Legal Products
381(2)
The Special Problem of Professional Advertising
383(8)
Advertising by Lawyers: A Case Study
384(6)
The Effect of the Lawyer Advertising Cases on the Other Professions
390(1)
Access of the Public to the Private Advertising Media
391(2)
State Statutory Regulation
393(1)
Federal Statutory and Administrative Regulation
394(9)
The Federal Trade Commission
394(1)
Nature and Jurisdiction
394(1)
Organization and Enforcement
395(3)
The Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act of 1974
398(1)
Constitutional Limitations on the Federal Trade Commission's Power to Impose Sanctions
399(2)
The Federal Communications Commission
401(2)
PART TWO. REGULATION OF THE ELECTRONIC MASS MEDIA
Regulation of Broadcasting
403(116)
The Federal Communications Commission
403(16)
Scope of the Commission's Power
406(4)
Structural Organization of the Commission
410(3)
Juridical Basis for Commission Regulation of Broadcasting
413(6)
Structural Regulation
419(48)
Allocation of Frequencies
419(1)
AM Allocation
420(4)
FM Allocation
424(1)
Television Allocation
425(1)
Digital Television (DTV)
426(4)
Broadcast Licensing
430(2)
The Showing an Applicant Must Make---Basic Qualifications
432(1)
Citizenship
433(1)
Character
434(3)
Financial Qualifications
437(1)
Technical Showing
438(2)
Programming
440(1)
Processing the Application
441(1)
Participation by Non-applicants in the Processing of Applications
442(1)
Participation by Other Broadcast Stations
442(1)
Participation by the Public
443(2)
Comparative Qualifications---The Need for Choice
445(1)
The Non-renewal Situation
446(3)
The Renewal Situation
449(3)
Diversity of Media Ownership
452(11)
The Network Rules
463(4)
FCC Control of Broadcast Content
467(52)
Political Broadcasting
468(1)
``Use''
469(2)
Legally Qualified Candidates
471(2)
Exemptions From Equal Time Requirement
473(3)
Necessity for Timely Demand
476(1)
Reasonable Access (Section 312(a)(7))
477(5)
Lowest Unit Charge
482(5)
Censorship
487(3)
The ``Zapple Doctrine''
490(1)
The ``Fairness Doctrine''
491(3)
Political Editorializing
494(1)
Personal Attack Rule
494(3)
Obscenity, and Indecency
497(5)
Children's Programming
502(5)
Lotteries
507(3)
Contests
510(1)
Sponsorship Identification Rules: ``Anti-payola'' and ``Anti-plugola'' Requirements
511(2)
Public Broadcasting
513(6)
Cable and New Technologies
519(55)
Television by Cable
519(42)
Jurisdiction
521(1)
History
521(4)
The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
525(1)
The Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
526(1)
Cable System Ownership
526(1)
Franchising
527(3)
Concentration Rules
530(3)
Rate Regulation
533(4)
Copyright Problems
537(1)
The Compulsory License For Retransmission of Broadcast Signals
538(1)
Retransmission Consent
539(2)
Signal Carriage Rules
541(1)
The ``Must-Carry'' Rules
542(13)
The ``May-Carry'' Rules
555(2)
Content Regulation
557(4)
Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS)
561(3)
Satellite Master Antenna Television (SMATV)
564(1)
Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS)
565(4)
Home Satellite Dishes (TVRO)
569(3)
Electronic Publishing (Teletext)
572(2)
Internet Law
574(29)
Introduction
574(2)
Indecency
576(5)
Safety and Violence
581(1)
Defamation
582(3)
Privacy
585(4)
Encryption
589(2)
Access and Spam
591(2)
Copyright & Trademark
593(2)
Domain Names
595(4)
Open Access
599(1)
Convergence and The Future
600(3)
Index 603

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