Medical Dosage Calculations

by Olsen, June L.; Giangrasso, Anthony P.; Shrimpton, Dolores; Dillon, Patricia

• ISBN13: 9780131134799
• ISBN10: 0131134795
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback w/CD
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The Eight Edition of Medical Dosage Calculations continues to be a user-friendly drug calculation text and workbook. Utilizing a dimensional analysis approach, this comprehensive resource begins with simple arithmetic and progresses to the most complex drug calculation problem. Completely revised and updated to include the latest practices and medications, an updated comprehensive review section, and a new companion website, it provides all of the details for a complete understanding of these most critical calculation skills. NEW-Companion Website- www.prenhall.com/olsen -with critical thinking questions and more. Revised and updated to include the latest practices and medications. Updated questions, critical thinking case studies, practice problem sets, and self-tests. Over 1000 problems throughout. Exercises complete with solutions for a complete look at the step-by-step process. A comprehensive review section is ideal for reference and self-testing. An arithmetic review (Chapter 1) provides a foundation for the calculations that follow throughout the text. Actual drug labels are real-life examples of what is used in health care settings. The most frequently used drugs organized by both generic and trade names.

Author Biography

June Looby Olsen, RN, MS: Professor of Nursing (Emeritus) The College of Staten Island Staten Island, New York Anthony Patrick Giangrasso, PhD: Professor of Mathematics La Guardia Community College Long Island City, New York Dolores M. Shrimpton, RN, MA: Associate Professor Chairperson, Department of Nursing Kingsborough Community College Brooklyn, New York

Table of Contents

Basic Calculation and Administration Skills	p. 1
Review of Arithmetic for Medical Dosage Calculations	p. 2
Objectives	p. 2
Diagnostic Test of Arithmetic	p. 3
Changing Decimal Numbers and Whole Numbers to Fractions	p. 4
Changing Fractions to Decimal Numbers	p. 5
Rounding Decimal Numbers	p. 7
Multiplying and Dividing Decimal Numbers	p. 7
Multiplying and Dividing Fractions	p. 10
Complex Fractions	p. 12
Percentages	p. 13
Practice Sets	p. 14
Drug Administration	p. 17
Objectives	p. 17
Who Administers Drugs?	p. 18
The Drug Administration Process	p. 18
The Right Drug	p. 18
The Right Dose	p. 20
The Right Route	p. 20
The Right Time	p. 21
The Right Patient	p. 21
Drug Orders	p. 22
Drug Labels	p. 24
Drug Package Inserts	p. 28
Medication Administration Records	p. 34
Practice Sets	p. 39
Dimensional Analysis	p. 49
Objectives	p. 49
Getting Started	p. 50
Practice Sets	p. 55
Systems of Measurement for Dosage Calculations	p. 57
The Apothecary, Household, and Metric Systems	p. 59
Objectives	p. 59
The Apothecary System	p. 60
Liquid Volume in the Apothecary System	p. 60
Weight in the Apothecary System	p. 61
Roman Numerals	p. 61
The Household System	p. 62
Liquid Volume in the Household System	p. 62
Weight in the Household System	p. 63
The Metric System	p. 64
Liquid Volume in the Metric System	p. 64
Weight in the Metric System	p. 65
Practice Sets	p. 68
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 74
Converting from One System of Measurement to Another	p. 75
Objectives	p. 75
Equivalents of Common Units of Measurement	p. 76
Metric-to-Apothecary Conversions	p. 78
Apothecary-to-Metric Conversions	p. 81
Household-to-Apothecary or Household-to-Metric Conversions	p. 83
Practice Sets	p. 86
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 94
Common Medication Preparations	p. 97
Calculating Oral Medication Doses	p. 99
Objectives	p. 99
One-Step Conversions	p. 100
Dosage by Body Weight	p. 104
Calculating Dosage by Body Surface Area	p. 105
Nomogram	p. 106
Multistep Conversions	p. 110
Practice Reading Labels	p. 116
Case Study 6.1	p. 133
Practice Sets	p. 136
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 141
Syringes	p. 143
Objectives	p. 143
Common Types of Syringes	p. 144
Other Types of Syringes	p. 148
Case Study 7.1	p. 153
Practice Sets	p. 157
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 166
Preparation of Solutions	p. 169
Objectives	p. 169
Strength of Solutions	p. 170
Pure Drugs in Liquid Form	p. 170
Pure Drugs in Dry Form	p. 171
Preparing Solutions from Pure Drugs	p. 172
Diluting Stock Solutions	p. 175
Case Study 8.1	p. 178
Practice Sets	p. 180
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 187
Parenteral Medications	p. 189
Objectives	p. 189
Parenteral Medications Supplied as Liquids	p. 190
Heparin	p. 196
Parenteral Medications Supplied in Powdered Form	p. 198
Case Study 9.1	p. 201
Practice Sets	p. 203
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 210
Specialized Medication Preparations	p. 213
Calculating Flow Rates for Enteral Solutions and Intravenous Infusions	p. 215
Objectives	p. 215
Introduction to Intravenous and Enteral Solutions	p. 216
Enteral Solutions	p. 216
Intravenous Fluids	p. 216
Intravenous Solutions	p. 217
Equipment for IV Infusions	p. 220
Calculating the Flow Rate of Infusions	p. 224
Calculating the Flow Rate of Enteral Solutions	p. 229
Case Study 10.1	p. 230
Practice Sets	p. 232
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 236
Calculating Flow Rates for Intravenous Medications and Duration of Flow	p. 239
Objectives	p. 239
Intravenous Piggyback Infusions	p. 240
Intravenous Piggyback Medications	p. 241
Calculating Flow Rates Based on Body Weight	p. 246
Calculating Flow Rates Based on Body Surface Area	p. 247
Calculating the Duration of Flow for IV and Enteral Solutions	p. 248
Case Study 11.1	p. 252
Practice Sets	p. 253
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 262
Calculating Pediatric Dosages	p. 263
Objectives	p. 263
Calculating Drug Dosages by Body Weight	p. 264
Calculating Drug Dosages by Body Surface Area	p. 270
BSA Pediatric Nomogram	p. 271
Pediatric Intravenous Dosages	p. 274
Case Study 12.1	p. 275
Practice Sets	p. 277
Cumulative Review Exercises	p. 284
Comprehensive Self-Tests	p. 287
Appendices	p. 317
Answers Section	p. 318
Common Abbreviations on Medication Orders	p. 365
Units of Measurement in Metric, Household, and Apothecary Systems	p. 367
Dosage Preparation Forms and Packaging	p. 368
Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Conversions	p. 369
Tables of Weight Conversions	p. 371
Nomograms	p. 373
Ratio and Proportion Method for Dosage Calculation	p. 375
Index	p. 379
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

In a growing range of health-care settings, nursing and allied health professionals are assuming increasing responsibilities in every aspect of drug administration. The first step in assuming this responsibility is learning to calculate drug dosages accurately. Dosage calculation is not just about math skills, it is an introduction to theprofessional contextof drug administration. Calculation skills and the reason for their application-this is whatMedical Dosage Calculationshas taught thousands of students with unmatched success through seven editions. Medical Dosage Calculationsis a combined text and workbook designed for the student of dosage calculations. Its consistent focus on safety, accuracy, and professionalism make it a valuable part of a dosage calculation course for nursing or allied health-care programs. It is also highly effective for independent study and may be used as a refresher to dosage calculation skills or as a professional reference. Topics introduced and developed inMedical Dosage Calculationsinclude: basic arithmetic skills systems of measurement dosage calculations for all common forms of drug preparations IV and specialized calculations In addition to these topics, this edition includes substantially more information about basic drug administration. Readers will learn how to interpret actual drug labels, package inserts, and various forms of medication orders, as well as how to recognize a wide variety of syringes. Key Features ofMedical Dosage Calculations We have built on the strengths of the previous editions by continuing to provide the thoroughness of a textbook with the practicality and convenience of a workbook. Here are the important features that have madeMedical Dosage Calculationsan effective and popular book through seven editions. Dimensional Analysis Calculation Method.Dimensional analysis is a technique in which the units on the drug package are systematically converted to the units on the drug order. Conversion factors have traditionally been used to simplify complex calculations in physics and chemistry. However, before the first edition of this textbook in 1972, these methods had not been applied to drug calculations. Dosage calculation methods were limited to either theratio-and-proportionmethod or the use ofmemorized formulas.Our innovation in dosage calculation has come to be imitated in many textbooks and accepted by an ever-increasing number of medical professionals over the three decades since we coined the phraseDimensional Analysis. Learn by Example.Each chapter unfolds basic concepts and skills through the use of examples. Case Studies.Realistic case scenarios allow the student to apply concepts and techniques presented in the text to a clinical setting. Problem Sets.This text/workbook offers learners more than 1000 practice opportunities. Answers to all but the Additional Exercises can be found in the book. Answers to the Additional Exercises are in the Instructor's Guide, and on the companion Website. Each chapter's practice opportunities are grouped into four problem sets: Try These for Practice Exercises Additional Exercises Cumulative Review Exercises Comprehensive Self-Tests.Upon completion of this text/workbook, these Self-Tests quiz the students' comprehensive knowledge. Answers to the Self-Tests can be found in the book. Organization.The skills mastered inMedical Dosage Calculationsare arranged into four basic learning units: Unit 1: Basic Calculation and Administration Skills After a review of basic number skills, this section introduces the essentials of drug administration. A separate chapter introduces dimensional analysis using a friendly, commonsense approach.<