Medical Emergencies : Essentials for the Dental Professional

by Grimes, Ellen B.

• ISBN13: 9780131718777
• ISBN10: 0131718770
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-01-14
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Practical, understandable, and evidence-based, this book introduces the most common medical emergencies that dental professionals may encounter in clinical practice. Etiology, signs, symptoms, and treatment for each emergency are presented in a clear and logical format that promotes learning and allows for quick reference. Additionally, the book stresses emergency prevention and preparedness by highlighting the importance of the medical history, vital signs, and the development of a medical emergency kit. Special features that make this book an excellent tool for clinicians include: case scenarios, signs and symptoms tables, and treatment flow charts,

Author Biography

Dr. Ellen Grimes is the Dental Hygiene Program Director at the Vermont Technical College.  Prior to the transition of the program to Vermont Tech she taught in the Dental Hygiene Department at the University of Vermont since 1984.  Ellen’s areas of expertise are the Dental Sciences, Medical Emergencies, Clinical Dental Hygiene, Oral Pathology and the Administration of Local Anesthetics.  She was the recipient of the 2001 UVM Kroepsch Maurice Award for teaching excellence.

 

Ellen received her Baccalaureate Degree in Dental Hygiene Education from the University of Bridgeport, Fones School of Dental Hygiene.  She earned a Master's Degree in Educational Psychology from Montclair State University and a second Master's Degree in Public Administration from the University of Vermont.  She earned a Doctoral Degree in Educational Leadership and Policy Studies at UVM in 1999.

 

Ellen was the President of the Vermont Dental Hygienists' Association from 1993-1994 and has served that organization in numerous capacities over the past 20 years.  In 1998 she was honored with the VDHA Outstanding Dental Hygienist of the Year Award.  Presently, she is serving as the President-Elect of the Summa Chapter of the Sigma Phi Alpha Dental Hygiene Honor Society.  Ellen was appointed as an accreditation site visitor for the ADA Commission on Dental Accreditation in 1999 and served on the Dental Hygiene Review Committee for the commission form 2003 - 2007.  She is a consultant for the Northeast Regional Board of Dental Examiners and was serves on its examination committee.    In addition, she was recently appointed to the Dental Hygiene National Board Test Construction Committee.  

 

 

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Reviewers	p. xiv
Contributing Authors	p. xv
Emergency Preparation	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Medical History	p. 2
Vital Signs	p. 2
ASA Classification	p. 2
Preparation for Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office	p. 4
Medical Emergency Simulations	p. 4
Management of Medical Emergencies	p. 5
Continuing Education Courses	p. 5
The Emergency Kit	p. 7
Introduction	p. 8
Essential Drugs	p. 9
Supplemental Drugs	p. 13
Additional Items for the Emergency Kit	p. 15
Vital Signs and Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency	p. 19
Introduction	p. 20
Pulse	p. 20
Respiration	p. 22
Temperature	p. 25
Blood Pressure	p. 26
Hypertension	p. 29
Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies	p. 34
Signs and Symptoms of Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency	p. 35
Treatment of Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency	p. 35
Hypotension	p. 36
Other Patient Signs	p. 37
Oxygen Administration	p. 42
Oxygen Administration	p. 44
Oxygen Tank Operation	p. 43
Oxygen Delivery Devices	p. 44
Neurological Emergencies	p. 47
Syncope	p. 47
Introduction	p. 48
Types and Etiologies of Syncope	p. 49
Signs and Symptoms of Syncope	p. 51
Treatment of Syncope	p. 52
Shock	p. 59
Introduction	p. 60
Stages and Etiologies of Shock	p. 60
Types of Shock, Signs/Symptoms, and Treatment	p. 61
Hyperventilation	p. 68
Introduction	p. 69
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperventilation	p. 69
Treatment of Hyperventilation	p. 71
Seizure Disorders	p. 76
Introduction	p. 77
Etiology of Seizures	p. 78
Types of Seizures	p. 79
Diagnosis and Prognosis	p. 83
Oral Findings in Patients with Seizure Disorders	p. 84
Drug Therapy for Seizure Disorders	p. 84
Preventive Strategies for Known Seizure Patients	p. 85
Treatment of Seizures	p. 85
Cerebrovascular Accident	p. 93
Introduction	p. 94
Types of CVA	p. 95
Signs and Symptoms of Ischemic CVA	p. 96
Signs and Symptoms of Hemorrhagic CVA	p. 97
Stroke Scales	p. 97
Treatment of CVA	p. 99
Cardiac Emergencies	p. 105
Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction	p. 105
Introduction	p. 106
Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease	p. 106
Angina Pectoris	p. 109
Prevention of the Anginal Episode	p. 112
Signs and Symptoms of an Anginal Attack	p. 113
Treatment of an Anginal Episode	p. 114
Acute Myocardial Infarction	p. 115
Treatment of an Acute Myocardial Infarction	p. 117
Heart Failure and Acute Pulmonary Edema	p. 125
Introduction	p. 126
Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure	p. 126
Later Stages of Heart Failure	p. 130
Classification of Heart Failure	p. 130
Treatment of Heart Failure	p. 131
Management of the Patient with Heart Failure in the Dental Setting	p. 131
Acute Pulmonary Edema	p. 132
Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure and Acute Pulmonary Edema in the Dental Setting	p. 132
Cardiac Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Malfunction	p. 139
Introduction	p. 140
Pacemaker or ICD Malfunction	p. 141
Signs and Symptoms of Pacemaker or ICD Malfunction	p. 144
Treatment of Pacemaker or ICD Malfunction	p. 145
Respiratory Emergencies	p. 149
Asthma	p. 149
Introduction	p. 150
Signs and Symptoms of Asthma Attacks	p. 152
Treatment of an Asthma Attack	p. 152
Obstructed Airway or Aspiration of a Foreign Object	p. 158
Introduction	p. 159
Obstructed Airway	p. 159
Signs and Symptoms of an Obstructed Airway	p. 160
Treatment of Partially and Completely Obstructed Airway	p. 160
Treatment of an Aspirated Object	p. 161
Prevention of Aspiration of Dental Objects	p. 162
Allergic Reactions	p. 167
Introduction	p. 168
Signs and Symptoms of Allergic Reactions	p. 170
Treatment of Allergic Reactions	p. 172
Prevention of Allergic Reactions	p. 173
Endocrine Emergencies	p. 181
Diabetes-Related Emergencies	p. 181
Introduction	p. 182
Diabetic Testing	p. 183
Systemic Complications	p. 183
Medications/Treatments for Diabetics	p. 185
Role of the Dental Professional	p. 187
Medical Emergencies	p. 187
Treatment of Hypoglycemia	p. 189
Adrenal Insufficiency and Crisis	p. 197
Introduction	p. 198
Adrenal Crisis	p. 198
Signs and Symptoms of Adrenal Crisis	p. 200
Treatment of Adrenal Crisis	p. 200
Prevention of Adrenal Crisis	p. 201
Thyroid Emergencies	p. 205
Introduction	p. 206
Thyroid Emergencies	p. 208
Bleeding Emergencies	p. 219
Epistaxis	p. 219
Introduction	p. 220
Signs and Symptoms of Epistaxis	p. 221
Treatment of Epistaxis	p. 222
Prevention of Epistaxis	p. 222
Excessive Bleeding Following an Extraction	p. 226
Introduction	p. 227
Signs and Symptoms of Excessive Bleeding	p. 228
Treatment and Prevention of Excessive Bleeding	p. 228
Other Emergencies	p. 235
Intraocular Foreign Body	p. 235
Introduction	p. 236
Signs and Symptoms of Intraocular Foreign Body	p. 237
Treatment of Intraocular Foreign Body	p. 238
Prevention of Intraocular Foreign Body	p. 239
Broken Instrument Tip	p. 243
Introduction	p. 244
Signs and Symptoms of a Broken Instrument Tip	p. 245
Treatment of a Broken Instrument Tip	p. 245
Prevention of a Broken Instrument Tip	p. 246
Avulsion of Teeth	p. 249
Introduction	p. 250
Treatment of an Avulsed Tooth	p. 251
Outcomes of Tooth Reimplantation	p. 254
Drug Overdose and Toxicity	p. 258
Amphetamines	p. 259
Cocaine	p. 260
Opiates and Opioids	p. 262
Barbiturates	p. 263
Benzodiazepines	p. 264
Medical Emergencies at a Glance	p. 271
Index	p. 289
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