Medical Mycology: A Self-Instructional Text

by Kern, Martha E.; Blevins, Kathleen S.

• ISBN13: 9780803600362
• ISBN10: 0803600364
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-02-24
• Publisher: F.A. Davis Company

Summary

• Each of the seven modules includes prerequisites, content outline, objectives, follow-up activities, references, and self-study examinations
• Teaches proper laboratory practice and presents the biology and physiology of fungi, describing the epidemiology of fungal infections, defining fungal disease states, and emphasizing laboratory identification of fungi based on body sites
• Test protocols and reagent recipes are highlighted in each module
• Information about AIDS and immunocompromised patients has been added to the pertinent disease descriptions, following the discussion of causative organisms
• Module 2 includes common techniques for fungal culture preservation, DNA testing for rapid identification, and antifungal therapeutics

Table of Contents

List of Techniques and Procedures	xv
List of Charts	xvi
List of Color Plates	xviii
Introduction: How to Use This Text	xxi
Basics of Mycology	1	(26)
Prerequisites	3	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	3	(1)
Content Outline	4	(1)
Follow-up Activities	4	(1)
References	4	(1)
Introduction	4	(1)
Microscopic Morphology	5	(4)
General Information	5	(1)
Hyphae	5	(1)
Aseptate hyphae	5	(1)
Septate hyphae	5	(1)
Vegetative versus aerial hyphae	6	(1)
Nonreproductive vegetative hyphae	6	(1)
Favic chandeliers	6	(1)
Nodular organs	7	(1)
Racquet hyphae	7	(1)
Spiral hyphae	8	(1)
Yeasts	8	(1)
Dimorphism	8	(1)
Study Questions	9	(8)
Reproduction	10	(1)
Asexual Reproduction	10	(1)
Conidia	10	(2)
Blastoconidia (Blastospores)	12	(1)
Poroconidia	12	(1)
Phialoconidia	13	(1)
Annelloconidia	13	(1)
Macroconidia	14	(1)
Chlamydoconidia	14	(1)
Arthroconidia (Arthrospores)	15	(1)
Sporangiospores	16	(1)
Study Questions	17	(3)
Sexual Reproduction	18	(1)
Ascospores	18	(1)
Basidiospores	19	(1)
Zygospores	20	(1)
Colonial Morphology	20	(4)
Texture	20	(1)
Cottony or Woolly Texture	21	(1)
Velvety Texture	21	(1)
Granular or Powdery Texture	21	(1)
Glabrous Texture	21	(1)
Topography	21	(1)
Rugose Topography	21	(1)
Umbonate Topography	21	(1)
Verrucose Topography	21	(1)
Color	21	(1)
Taxonomy	21	(3)
Types of Mycoses Based on Body Site	24	(1)
Final Exam	24	(3)
Laboratory Procedures for Fungal Culture and Isolation	27	(46)
Prerequisites	29	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	29	(1)
Content Outline	30	(1)
Follow-up Activities	30	(1)
References	31	(1)
Introduction	32	(1)
Obtaining and Processing the Specimen	32	(1)
General Considerations	32	(4)
Specific Fungal Specimen Sources	33	(1)
Blood and Bone Marrow	33	(1)
Cerebrospinal Fluid	34	(1)
Cutaneous: Hair, Nails, and Skin	34	(1)
Respiratory: Bronchial Washings, Sputa, Throats, Transtracheal Aspirates	34	(1)
Tissue, Biopsies	35	(1)
Urine	35	(1)
Vaginal, Uterine Cervix	36	(1)
Wounds, Subcutaneous Lesions, Mucocutaneous Lesions	36	(1)
Study Questions	36	(1)
Direct Examination of the Specimen	37	(12)
Saline Wet Mount	37	(1)
Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) Wet Mount	38	(6)
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Preparation	44	(1)
Gram Stain	45	(1)
Acid-Fast Stain	46	(1)
India Ink Preparation	47	(1)
Calcoflour White Stain	47	(1)
Other Stains	48	(1)
Study Questions	49	(1)
Culturing the Specimen	49	(8)
Primary Fungal Media	49	(3)
Nonselective Media	52	(1)
Sabouraud Brain Heart Infusion Agar (SABHI)	52	(1)
Brain Heart Infusion Agar with Blood (BHIB)	52	(2)
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)	54	(1)
Selective Media with Antibiotics	54	(1)
Inhibitory Mold Agar (IMA)	54	(1)
Brain Heart Infusion Agar with Blood, Gentamicin, and Chloramphenicol	54	(1)
Brain Heart Infusion Agar with Blood, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, and Cycloheximide	54	(1)
Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM)	54	(1)
Special Considerations	55	(1)
Incubation Temperature	55	(1)
Incubation Time	55	(1)
Subculture Media	55	(1)
Neutral Sabouraud Dextrose Agar	55	(1)
Potato Dextrose Agar	56	(1)
Study Questions	57	(1)
Examining the Culture	57	(9)
Tease Mount Method	57	(1)
Cellophane Tape Method	58	(1)
Slide Culture Method	59	(4)
Modified Slide Culture Method	63	(1)
Coverslip Sandwich Technique	63	(3)
Proceeding to Specific Modules	66	(1)
Final Exam	66	(1)
Supplemental Rationale	67	(4)
Skin Tests	67	(1)
Seromycology	67	(1)
DNA Testing	68	(1)
Culture Preservation	69	(1)
Therapy for Mycoses	69	(1)
Agents	69	(2)
Study Questions	71	(2)
Common Fungal Opportunists	73	(42)
Prerequisites	75	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	75	(1)
Content Outline	76	(1)
Follow-up Activities	76	(1)
References	77	(1)
Introduction	77	(1)
Common Properties of Fungal Opportunists	78	(1)
Rapid-Growing	78	(1)
Saprobic and Airborne	78	(1)
Normally Inhaled	78	(1)
Opportunistic Pathogens	78	(1)
Laboratory Diagnosis	78	(1)
Aseptate Opportunists	78	(9)
Terminal Vesicle Absent	78	(1)
Absidia Species	78	(1)
Apophysomyces Species	78	(4)
Mucor Species	82	(1)
Rhizopus Species	83	(1)
Saksenaea Species	84	(1)
Terminal Vesicle Present	85	(1)
Cunninghamella Species	85	(1)
Syncephalastrum Species	86	(1)
Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis, Phycomycosis)	87	(1)
Study Questions	87
Septate Opportunists	78	(18)
Dematiaceous Opportunists	88	(1)
Alternaria Species	88	(2)
Aureobasidium Species	90	(1)
Bipolaris Species	90	(1)
Cladosporium (Hormodendrum) Species	91	(1)
Curvularia Species	91	(1)
Exserohilum Species	92	(1)
Epicoccum Species	93	(2)
Nigrospora Species	95	(1)
Study Questions	96	(9)
Hyaline Opportunists	97	(1)
Acremonium (Cephalosporium) Species	97	(1)
Aspergillus Species	98	(2)
Chrysosporium Species	100	(1)
Fusarium Species	101	(1)
Gliocladium Species	102	(1)
Paecilomyces Species	102	(1)
Penicillium Species	103	(1)
Penicillium marneffei	103	(1)
Scopulariopsis Species	104	(1)
Sepedonium Species	104	(1)
Study Questions	105	(5)
Opportunistic Mycoses	105	(1)
Aspergillosis	105	(2)
Penicilliosis	107	(1)
Keratomycosis	108	(1)
Otomycosis	109	(1)
Sinusitis	109	(1)
Final Exam	110	(5)
Superficial and Dermatophytic Fungi	115	(28)
Prerequisites	115	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	115	(1)
Content Outline	116	(1)
Follow-up Activities	116	(1)
References	116	(1)
Introduction	117	(1)
Superficial Organisms	117	(5)
Exophiala (Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, Cladosporium werneckii)	118	(1)
Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum ovale, Pityrosporum orbiculare)	119	(1)
Piedraia hortai	120	(1)
Trichosporon beigelii (cutaneum)	121	(1)
Study Questions	122	(1)
Dermatophytes	122	(5)
General Differential Characteristics	124	(1)
Location of the Dermatophytosis	124	(1)
Hair Fluorescence	125	(1)
Growth Rate	126	(1)
Microscopic Characteristics of Each Dermatophyte Genus	126	(1)
Physiologic Tests	127	(1)
Study Questions	127	(9)
Dermatophytes Pathogenic to Humans	127	(1)
Microsporum Species	127	(1)
Microsporum audouinii	127	(4)
Microsporum canis	131	(1)
Microsporum gypseum	132	(1)
Epidermophyton Species	132	(1)
Epidermophyton floccosum	133	(1)
Trichophyton Species	133	(1)
Ecothrix hair invasion	133	(1)
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	133	(1)
Trichophyton rubrum	134	(1)
Trichophyton verrucosum	135	(1)
Study Questions	136	(2)
Endothrix hair invasion	137	(1)
Trichophyton schoenleinii	137	(1)
Trichophyton tonsurans	137	(1)
Trichophyton violaceum	138	(1)
Dermatophytosis (Tinea, Ringworm)	138	(1)
Final Exam	139	(4)
Yeasts	143	(22)
Prerequisites	143	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	143	(1)
Content Outline	143	(1)
Follow-up Activities	144	(1)
References	144	(1)
Introduction	144	(1)
Laboratory Procedures	145	(8)
Direct Examination and Cultural Isolation	145	(1)
Yeast Identification Methods	145	(1)
Germ Tube Production	145	(1)
Microscopic Morphology on Corn Meal-Tween 80 Agar	146	(7)
Birdseed Agar	153	(1)
Study Questions	153	(4)
Biochemical Identification	154	(1)
Other Tests	154	(3)
Study Questions	157	(1)
Yeast Diseases	158	(4)
Candidiasis	158	(2)
Cryptococcosis	160	(1)
Diseases Caused by Geotrichum candidum	161	(1)
Diseases Caused by Torulopsis glabrata	161	(1)
Final Exam	162	(3)
Organisms Causing Subcutaneous Mycoses	165	(28)
Prerequisites	165	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	165	(1)
Content Outline	166	(1)
Follow-Up Activities	166	(1)
References	166	(1)
Introduction	167	(3)
Molds	170	(10)
Dematiaceous Molds	170	(1)
Branching Chains of Conidia	171
Cladosporium carrionii	170	(1)
Cladosporium trichoides	171	(1)
Multiple Arrangements of Conidia	172	(1)
Fonsecaea compacta	172	(1)
Fonsecaea pedrosoi	173	(1)
Balls of Conidia	174	(1)
Phialophora verrucosa	174	(1)
Exophiala (Phialophora) jeanselmei	174	(1)
Wangiella (Phialophora, Exophiala) dermatitidis	175	(1)
Chromoblastomycosis	176	(1)
Phaeohyphomycosis (Chromoblastomycosis in part, Cladosporiosis)	176	(1)
Hyaline Molds	177	(1)
Scedosporium (Monosporium) apiospermum	177	(1)
Scedosporium prolificans (Inflatum)	178	(1)
Sporothrix schenckii	179	(1)
Sporotrichosis	180	(1)
Study Questions	180	(2)
Funguslike Bacteria	182	(4)
Aerobic Actinomycetes	182	(1)
Actiomadura Species	182	(1)
Nocardia Species	183	(1)
Nocardiopsis Species	183	(1)
Streptomyces Species	184	(1)
Tests for Aerobic Actinomycetes	184	(1)
Nocardiosis	185	(1)
Mycetoma (Maduromycosis, Madura foot)	185	(1)
Mycobacteria	186	(1)
Anaerobic Actinomycetes	186	(3)
Actinomycosis	187	(2)
Final Exam	189	(4)
Organisms Causing Systemic Mycoses	193	(14)
Prerequisites	193	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	193	(1)
Content Outline	193	(1)
Follow-Up Activities	194	(1)
References	194	(1)
Introduction	194	(2)
Organisms and Diseases	196	(7)
Blastomyces dermatitidis	196	(1)
Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis, Gilchrist's Disease)	197	(1)
Coccidioides immitis	198	(1)
Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Fever)	199	(1)
Histoplasma capsulatum	200	(1)
Histoplasmosis (Darling's Disease)	201	(1)
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis	202	(1)
Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)	202	(1)
Final Exam	203	(4)
Appendix A Answers for Study Questions and Final Exams	207	(8)
Appendix B Common Synonyms	215
Appendix C Glossary	207	(26)
Appendix D List of Manufacturers	233	(2)
Color Plates (See List of Color Plates)	xviii
Index	235