Preface | p. viii |
Acknowledgments | p. xii |
Introduction | p. xiii |
Medical Science Finally Advances | p. 1 |
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Major Advances in Medicine | p. 3 |
Pasteur and the Microbiologist Robert Koch Work on Anthrax | p. 5 |
Pasteur Extends Work on Immunization | p. 8 |
Koch's Postulates | p. 9 |
Anthrax: Modern Weapon in Bioterrorism | p. 10 |
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865): Identifies the Cause of Hospital Infections | p. 13 |
Rudolf Virchow's Cellular Discoveries | p. 16 |
Conclusion | p. 18 |
Women and Modern Medicine | p. 20 |
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910): First Woman Doctor in Modern Times | p. 21 |
The Profession of Nursing | p. 24 |
Nightingale and Seacole: The Women behind the Movement | p. 25 |
Clara Barton (1821-1912): Founder of the American Red Cross | p. 29 |
Linda Richards (1841-1930): First Professional Nurse in the United States | p. 30 |
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887): Social Reformer and Advocate for the Insane | p. 33 |
Alice Hamilton (1869-1970): Studied Field of Industrial Toxicology | p. 35 |
Conclusion | p. 37 |
Science Moves Forward in Diagnosis and Treatment | p. 38 |
The Early Use of Anesthesia | p. 40 |
The Development of X-rays | p. 44 |
Marie Curie (1867-1934): Pioneer in the Field of Radioactivity | p. 48 |
The Application of Radiology | p. 50 |
The Discovery of Viruses | p. 53 |
Vaccines Precede Effective Treatment | p. 55 |
New Methods of Treatment | p. 56 |
Conclusion | p. 57 |
Advances In Medications | p. 58 |
Aspirin: Simple and Effective | p. 59 |
How Aspirin Works | p. 64 |
The Discovery of Penicillin Changes Medicine | p. 66 |
The Creation of Other Antibiotics | p. 70 |
The Search for a Magic Bullet | p. 71 |
Superbugs and Resistance to Antibiotics | p. 72 |
The Oral Contraceptive Pill | p. 74 |
Conclusion | p. 79 |
An Answer to Polio and Other Changes in Medicine | p. 80 |
Polio Outbreaks Create Great Fear | p. 82 |
Polio Presents in Various Forms | p. 82 |
Salk and Sabin | p. 84 |
A New Method for Medical Decision Making | p. 88 |
Archie Cochrane (1908-1988): Advocate for Evidence-Based Medicine | p. 90 |
How Medical Schools Present Evidence-Based Medicine | p. 93 |
The Importance of Clinical Trials | p. 94 |
Conclusion | p. 97 |
More Changes Brought About By War | p. 99 |
Advances in Prosthetics | p. 102 |
The Use of Vaccines | p. 106 |
Pioneers in Helping the Handicapped | p. 107 |
The Better Management of Blood | p. 109 |
Mash Units and Even More Advances in Triage | p. 110 |
Improvements in Pain Management | p. 111 |
John Wiegenstein (1930-2004): Father of Emergency Medicine | p. 112 |
Conclusion | p. 114 |
The Science of the Heart | p. 115 |
Early Knowledge of the Blood | p. 116 |
The Importance of Blood Types | p. 117 |
The Establishment of Blood Banks | p. 121 |
Cardiac Surgery Advances | p. 123 |
Artificial Hearts and Transplants | p. 127 |
Michael DeBakey, Doctor and Patient | p. 131 |
Plasma Therapy: A Possible New Sports Treatment | p. 133 |
Current Thinking on Heart Health | p. 134 |
Conclusion | p. 135 |
DNA Changes The Medical Knowledge Base | p. 136 |
The Basics of DNA and How Genetics Were Viewed in the Past | p. 137 |
Scientists and Serendipity | p. 139 |
DNA and the Criminal Justice System | p. 142 |
The Human Genome Project | p. 143 |
DNA and the Future | p. 145 |
Ethical Issues Require Solutions | p. 148 |
National Institutes of Health: Undiagnosed Cases | p. 149 |
Conclusion | p. 149 |
Chronology | p. 150 |
Glossary | p. 153 |
Further Resources | p. 156 |
Index | p. 161 |
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Excerpted from Medicine Becomes a Science, 1840-1999 by Kate Kelly
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