Microbiology : With Diseases by Taxonomy

by Bauman, Robert W.

• ISBN13: 9780805376784
• ISBN10: 080537678X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Filled with lively vignettes and cutting-edge research that highlight the intrinsic appeal of microbiology, Baumanrs"s Second Edition retains the bookrs"s groundbreaking art program, includes a handy new "Microbe-at-a-Glance" feature, offers new options for the Microbiology Place website/CD-Rom, and provides instructors with a new Media Manager presentation package with 30 multi-step animations. KEY TOPICS: A Brief History of Microbiology, The Chemistry of Microbiology, Cell Structure and Function, Microscopy, Staining and Classification, Microbial Metabolism, Microbial Nutrition and Growth, Microbial Genetics, Recombinant DNA Technology, Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment, Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs, Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes, Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes, Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions, Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology, Innate Immunity, Specific Defense: Adaptive Immunity, Immunization and Immune Testing, Hypersensitivities, Autoimmune Diseases, and Immune Deficiencies, Pathogenic Gram-Positive Cocci and Bacilli, Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli, Mycoplasmas, Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios, Pathogenic Fungi, Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors, Pathogenic DNA Viruses, Pathogenic RNA Viruses, Applied and Environmental Microbiology. KEY MARKET: For all readers interested in the study of microbiology.

Table of Contents

A Brief History of Microbiology	p. 1
The Early Years of Microbiology	p. 2
What Does Life Really Look Like?	p. 2
How Can Microbes Be Classified?	p. 3
The Golden Age of Microbiology	p. 7
Is Spontaneous Generation of Microbial Life Possible?	p. 7
What Causes Fermentation?	p. 10
What Causes Disease?	p. 10
How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?	p. 16
The Modern Age of Microbiology	p. 18
What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life?	p. 19
How Do Genes Work?	p. 19
What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment?	p. 21
How Do We Defend Against Disease?	p. 21
What Will the Future Hold?	p. 21
Chapter Summary	p. 22
Questions for Review	p. 23
The Chemistry of Microbiology	p. 25
Atoms	p. 26
Atomic Structure	p. 26
Isotopes	p. 26
Electron Configurations	p. 27
Chemical Bonds	p. 28
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds	p. 29
Polar Covalent Bonds	p. 31
Ionic Bonds	p. 32
Hydrogen Bonds	p. 33
Chemical Reactions	p. 34
Synthesis Reactions	p. 34
Decomposition Reactions	p. 34
Exchange Reactions	p. 35
Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts	p. 35
Water	p. 35
Acids and Bases	p. 37
Salts	p. 38
Organic Macromolecules	p. 38
Functional Groups and Monomers	p. 38
Lipids	p. 39
Carbohydrates	p. 42
Proteins	p. 46
Nucleic Acids	p. 49
Chapter Summary	p. 52
Questions for Review	p. 53
Cell Structure and Function	p. 55
Processes of Life	p. 56
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells: An Overview	p. 57
External Structures of Prokaryotic Cells	p. 60
Glycocalyces	p. 60
Flagella	p. 61
Fimbriae and Pili	p. 64
Prokaryotic Cell Walls	p. 65
Bacterial Cell Walls	p. 65
Archaeal Cell Walls	p. 67
Prokaryotic Cytoplasmic Membranes	p. 69
Structure	p. 69
Function	p. 70
Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes	p. 74
Cytosol	p. 74
Inclusions	p. 74
Endospores	p. 74
Nonmembranous Organelles	p. 76
External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells	p. 77
Glycocalyces	p. 77
Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes	p. 77
Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes	p. 80
Flagella	p. 80
Cilia	p. 81
Other nonmembranous Organelles	p. 81
Membranous Organelles	p. 82
Endosymbiotic Theory	p. 85
Chapter Summary	p. 88
Questions for Review	p. 90
Microscopy, Staining, and Classification	p. 93
Units of Measurement	p. 94
Microscopy	p. 94
General Principles of Microscopy	p. 94
Light Microscopy	p. 96
Electron Microscopy	p. 102
Probe Microscopy	p. 104
Staining	p. 105
Preparing Specimens for Staining	p. 105
Principles of Staining	p. 107
Simple Stains	p. 107
Differential Stains	p. 107
Special Stains	p. 110
Staining for Electron Microscopy	p. 112
Classification and Identification of Microorganisms	p. 112
Linnaeus, Whitaker, and Taxonomic Categories	p. 112
Domains	p. 115
Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics	p. 115
Taxonomic Keys	p. 119
Chapter Summary	p. 120
Questions for Review	p. 121
Microbial Metabolism	p. 123
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism	p. 124
Catabolism and Anabolism	p. 124
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions	p. 125
ATP Production and Energy Storage	p. 126
The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism	p. 126
Carbohydrate Catabolism	p. 133
Glycolysis	p. 134
Alternatives to Glycolysis	p. 137
Continuation of Cellular Respiration	p. 139
Fermentation	p. 146
Other Catabolic Pathways	p. 147
Lipid Catabolism	p. 147
Protein Catabolism	p. 149
Photosynthesis	p. 149
Chemicals and Structures	p. 150
Light-Dependent Reactions	p. 151
Light-Independent Reactions	p. 154
Other Anabolic Pathways	p. 154
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis	p. 155
Lipid Biosynthesis	p. 156
Amino Acid Biosynthesis	p. 156
Nucleotide Biosynthesis	p. 158
Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions	p. 158
Chapter Summary	p. 161
Questions for Review	p. 162
Microbial Nutrition and Growth	p. 165
Growth Requirements	p. 166
Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements	p. 166
Physical Requirements	p. 170
Ecological Associations	p. 174
Culturing Microorganisms	p. 174
Clinical Sampling	p. 175
Obtaining Pure Cultures	p. 176
Culture Media	p. 178
Special Culture Techniques	p. 182
Preserving Cultures	p. 184
Growth of Microbial Populations	p. 184
Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth	p. 185
Generation Time	p. 185
Phases of Microbial Growth	p. 186
Measuring Microbial Growth	p. 187
Chapter Summary	p. 192
Questions for Review	p. 194
Microbial Genetics	p. 196
The Structure and Replication of Genomes	p. 197
The Structure of Nucleic Acids	p. 197
The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes	p. 197
The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes	p. 200
DNA Replication	p. 201
Gene Function	p. 205
The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype	p. 205
The Transfer of Genetic Information	p. 206
The Events in Transcription	p. 206
Translation	p. 210
Regulation of Genetic Expression	p. 216
Mutations of Genes	p. 220
Types of Mutations	p. 220
Effects of Mutations	p. 220
Mutagens	p. 220
Frequency of Mutation	p. 223
DNA Repair	p. 223
Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens	p. 225
Genetic Recombination and Transfer	p. 227
Horizontal Gene Transfer Among Prokaryotes	p. 227
Transposons and Transposition	p. 232
Chapter Summary	p. 234
Questions for Review	p. 236
Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 239
The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology	p. 240
The Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 240
Mutagens	p. 240
The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize cDNA	p. 241
Synthetic Nucleic Acids	p. 241
Restriction Enzymes	p. 242
Vectors	p. 243
Gene libraries	p. 244
Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 245
Multiplying DNA in vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)	p. 245
Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells	p. 246
Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern Blot	p. 246
DNA Microarrays	p. 249
Inserting DNA into Cells	p. 250
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 250
Genome Mapping	p. 250
Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications	p. 253
Agricultural Applications	p. 256
The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 257
Chapter Summary	p. 258
Questions for Review	p. 259
Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment	p. 261
Basic Principles of Microbial Control	p. 262
Terminology of Microbial Control	p. 262
Microbial Death Rates	p. 263
Action of Antimicrobial Agents	p. 264
The Selection of Microbial Control Methods	p. 264
Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods	p. 264
Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics	p. 265
Physical Methods of Microbial Control	p. 267
Heat-Related Methods	p. 267
Refrigeration and Freezing	p. 270
Desiccation and Lyophilization	p. 271
Filtration	p. 271
Osmotic Pressure	p. 273
Radiation	p. 273
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control	p. 276
Phenol and Phenolics	p. 276
Alcohols	p. 277
Halogens	p. 277
Oxidizing Agents	p. 278
Surfactants	p. 278
Heavy Metals	p. 278
Aldehydes	p. 279
Gaseous Agents	p. 280
Antimicrobials	p. 281
Development of Resistant Microbes	p. 281
Chapter Summary	p. 282
Questions for Review	p. 283
Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs	p. 286
The History of Antimicrobial Agents	p. 287
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action	p. 288
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis	p. 289
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis	p. 291
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes	p. 292
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways	p. 293
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis	p. 294
Prevention of Virus Attachment	p. 296
Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs	p. 296
Spectrum of Action	p. 296
Efficacy	p. 297
Routes of Administration	p. 299
Safety and Side Effects	p. 300
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs	p. 301
The Development of Resistance in Populations	p. 301
Mechanisms of Resistance	p. 302
Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance	p. 303
Retarding Resistance	p. 303
Chapter Summary	p. 312
Questions for Review	p. 313
Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes	p. 315
General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms	p. 316
Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells	p. 316
Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells	p. 316
Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells	p. 317
Endospores	p. 318
Modern Prokaryotic Classification	p. 319
Survey of Archaea	p. 320
Extremophiles	p. 321
Methanogens	p. 323
Survey of Bacteria	p. 323
Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria	p. 323
Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria	p. 326
High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria	p. 330
Gram-Negative Proteobacteria	p. 331
Other Gram-Negative Bacteria	p. 338
Chapter Summary	p. 339
Questions for Review	p. 341
Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes	p. 343
General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms	p. 344
Reproduction in Eukaryotes	p. 344
The Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms	p. 348
Protozoa	p. 349
Distribution of Protozoa	p. 349
Morphology of Protozoa	p. 349
Nutrition of Protozoa	p. 350
Reproduction in Protozoa	p. 350
Classification of Protozoa	p. 352
Fungi	p. 357
The Significance of Fungi	p. 358
Morphology of Fungi	p. 359
Nutrition of Fungi	p. 360
Reproduction in Fungi	p. 360
Classification of Fungi	p. 362
Lichens	p. 367
Algae	p. 368
Distribution of Algae	p. 368
Morphology of Algae	p. 368
Reproduction in Algae	p. 368
Classification of Algae	p. 369
Water Molds	p. 373
Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors	p. 373
Chapter Summary	p. 373
Questions for Review	p. 375
Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions	p. 377
Characteristics of Viruses	p. 378
Genetic Material of Viruses	p. 379
Hosts of Viruses	p. 379
Sizes of Viruses	p. 380
Capsid Morphology	p. 380
Viral Shapes	p. 381
The Viral Envelope	p. 381
Classification of Viruses	p. 382
Viral Replication	p. 385
Lytic Replication of Bacteriohages	p. 385
Lysogeny	p. 388
Replication of Animal Viruses	p. 390
The Role of Viruses in Cancer	p. 394
Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory	p. 396
Culturing Viruses in Whole Organisms	p. 396
Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs	p. 396
Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture	p. 397
Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions	p. 398
Characteristics of Viroids	p. 398
Characteristics of Prions	p. 398
Are Viruses Alive?	p. 401
Chapter Summary	p. 401
Questions for Review	p. 402
Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology	p. 404
Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts	p. 405
Types of Symbiosis	p. 405
Normal Microbiota in Hosts	p. 406
How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens	p. 407
The Movement of Microbes into Hosts: Infection	p. 409
Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection	p. 409
Portals of Entry	p. 409
The Role of Adhesion in Infection	p. 410
The Nature of Infectious Disease	p. 411
Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes	p. 412
Causation of Disease: Etiology	p. 412
Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents	p. 415
The Stages of Infectious Diseases	p. 418
The Movement of Pathogens Out of Hosts: Portals of Exit	p. 419
Sources of Infectious Diseases in Humans	p. 419
Animal Reservoirs	p. 420
Human Carriers	p. 420
Nonliving Reservoirs	p. 420
Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission	p. 420
Contact Transmission	p. 422
Vehicle Transmission	p. 423
Vector Transmission	p. 423
Classification of Infectious Diseases	p. 423
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases	p. 424
Frequency of Disease	p. 425
Epidemiological Studies	p. 426
Hospital Epidemiology: Nosocomial Infections	p. 430
Epidemiology and Public Health	p. 432
Chapter Summary	p. 433
Questions for Review	p. 435
Innate Immunity	p. 437
An Overview of the Body's Defenses	p. 438
The Body's First Line of Defense	p. 438
The Role of Skin in Nonspecific Defense	p. 438
The Role of Mucous Membranes in Nonspecific Defense	p. 439
The Role of Normal Microbiota in Nonspecific Defense	p. 440
Other First-Line Defenses	p. 441
An Overview of the Body's Second Line of Defense	p. 442
Defense Components of Blood	p. 443
The Body's Second Line of Defense	p. 445
Phagocytosis	p. 445
Extracellular Killing by Leukocytes	p. 448
Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens	p. 449
Inflammation	p. 452
Fever	p. 456
Chapter Summary	p. 458
Questions for Review	p. 459
Specific Defense: Adaptive Immunity	p. 461
Elements of Adaptive Immunity (Specific)	p. 462
Antigens	p. 462
The Cells, Tissues, and Organs of the Lymphatic System	p. 464
B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies	p. 466
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)	p. 469
Immune System Cytokines	p. 471
The Body's Preparation for a Specific Adaptive Immune Response	p. 472
Lymphocyte Editing by Clonal Deletion	p. 472
The Roles of the Major Histocompatibility Complex	p. 473
Antigen Processing	p. 474
The Humoral Immune Response	p. 476
B Cell Activation and Clonal Selection	p. 476
Memory B Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Memory	p. 476
The Cell-Mediated Immune Response	p. 478
The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway	p. 479
The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway	p. 480
Memory T Cells	p. 480
T Cell Regulation	p. 480
Types of Acquired Immunity	p. 481
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity	p. 481
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity	p. 481
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity	p. 481
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity	p. 481
Chapter Summary	p. 482
Questions for Review	p. 483
Immunization and Immune Testing	p. 485
Immunization	p. 486
Brief History of Immunization	p. 486
Active Immunization	p. 487
Passive Immunization	p. 492
Immune Testing	p. 493
Precipitation Tests	p. 494
Agglutination Tests	p. 497
Neutralization Tests	p. 498
The Complement Fixation Test	p. 498
Labeled Antibody Tests	p. 499
Recent Developments in Immune Testing	p. 502
Chapter Summary	p. 504
Questions for Review	p. 505
Hypersensitivities, Autoimmune Diseases, and Immune Deficiencies	p. 507
Hypersensitivities	p. 508
(Immediate) Hypersensitivity	p. 508
(Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity	p. 512
(Immune-Complex Mediated) Hypersensitivity	p. 515
(Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity	p. 516
Autoimmune Diseases	p. 521
Causes of Autoimmune Diseases	p. 521
Single Tissue Autoimmune Diseases	p. 522
Systemic Autoimmune Diseases	p. 522
Immunodeficiency Diseases	p. 524
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases	p. 524
Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases	p. 525
Chapter Summary	p. 526
Questions for Review	p. 527
Pathogenic Gram-Positive Cocci and Bacilli	p. 529
Staphylococcus	p. 530
Structure and Physiology	p. 530
Pathogenicity	p. 531
Epidemiology	p. 531
Staphylococcal Diseases	p. 532
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention	p. 534
Streptococcus	p. 535
Group A Streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes	p. 535
Group B Streptococcus: Streptococcus agalactiae	p. 538
Other Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci	p. 538
Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group	p. 539
Streptococcus pneumoniae	p. 539
Enterococcus	p. 540
Structure and Physiology	p. 541
Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Diseases	p. 541
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention	p. 541
Bacillus	p. 542
Structure, Physiology, and Pathogenicity	p. 542
Epidemiology	p. 543
Disease	p. 543
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention	p. 544
Clostridium	p. 544
Clostridium perfringens	p. 544
Clostridium difficile	p. 545
Clostridium botulinum	p. 545
Clostridium tetani	p. 548
Listeria	p. 550
Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Disease	p. 550
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention	p. 550
Corynebacterium	p. 551
Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Disease	p. 552
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention	p. 552
Mycobacterium	p. 553
Tuberculosis	p. 553
Leprosy	p. 557
Other Mycobacterial Infections in AIDS Patients	p. 558
Propionibacterium	p. 558
Nocardia and Actinomyces	p. 558
Nocardia asteroides	p. 559
Actinomyces	p. 560
Chapter Summary	p. 560
Questions for Review	p. 562
Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and Bacilli	p. 564
Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci: Neisseria	p. 565
Structure and Physiology of Neisseria	p. 565
The Gonococcus: Neisseria gonorrhoeae	p. 566
The Meningococcus: Neisseria meningitidis	p. 567
Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Facultatively Anaerobic Bacilli	p. 569
The Enterobacteriaceae: An Overview	p. 569
Coliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae	p. 572
Noncoliform Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae	p. 575
Truly Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae	p. 576
The Pasteurellaceae	p. 580
Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Aerobic Bacilli	p. 582
Bartonella	p. 582
Brucella	p. 582
Bordetella	p. 583
Burkholderia	p. 585
Pseudomonads	p. 586
Francisella	p. 587
Legionella	p. 588
Coxiella	p. 589
Pathogenic, Gram-Negative, Anaerobic Bacilli	p. 590
Bacteroides	p. 590
Prevotella	p. 591
Chapter Summary	p. 591
Questions for Review	p. 592
Mycoplasmas, Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Vibrios	p. 594
Mycoplasmas	p. 595
Mycoplasma pneumoniae	p. 596
Other Mycoplasmas	p. 596
Rickettsias	p. 597
Rickettsia	p. 597
Orienta	p. 599
Ehrlichia	p. 600
Chlamydias	p. 601
Chlamydia trachomatis	p. 602
Chlamydia pneumoniae	p. 604
Chlamydia psittaci	p. 604
Spirochetes	p. 606
Treponema	p. 606
Borrelia	p. 609
Leptospira	p. 612
Pathogenic Gram-Negative Vibrios	p. 613
Vibrio	p. 613
Campylobacter jejuni	p. 615
Helicobacter pylori	p. 616
Chapter Summary	p. 618
Questions for Review	p. 619
Pathogenic Fungi	p. 622
An Overview of Medical Mycology	p. 623
The Epidemiology of Mycoses	p. 623
Categories of Fungal Agents: True Fungal Pathogens and Opportunistic Fungi	p. 623
Clinical Manifestations of Fungal Diseases	p. 625
The Diagnosis of Fungal Infections	p. 626
Antifungal Therapies	p. 626
Systemic Mycoses Caused by Pathogenic Fungi	p. 627
Blastomycosis	p. 627
Coccidioidomycosis	p. 628
Histoplasmosis	p. 629
Paracoccidioidomycosis	p. 629
Systemic Mycoses Caused by Opportunistic Fungi	p. 631
Aspergillosis	p. 631
Candidiasis	p. 632
Cryptococcosis	p. 634
Pneumocystis Pneumonia	p. 635
Zygomycoses	p. 636
The Emergence of Fungal Opportunists in Immunosuppressed Individuals	p. 636
Superficial, Cutaneous, and Subcutaneous Mycoses	p. 637
Superficial Mycoses	p. 637
Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses	p. 640
Fungal Intoxications and Allergies	p. 642
Mycotoxicoses	p. 642
Mycetismus: Mushroom Poisoning	p. 643
Allergies to Fungi	p. 643
Chapter Summary	p. 644
Questions for Review	p. 645
Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors	p. 648
Protozoan Parasites of Humans	p. 650
Ciliates	p. 650
Amoebae	p. 650
Flagellates	p. 652
Apicomplexans	p. 658
Helminthic Parasites of Humans	p. 663
Cestodes	p. 664
Trematodes	p. 666
Nematodes	p. 669
Arthropod Vectors	p. 672
Arachnids	p. 673
Insects	p. 673
Chapter Summary	p. 675
Questions for Review	p. 676
Pathogenic DNA Viruses	p. 679
Poxviridae	p. 680
Smallpox	p. 680
Molluscum Contagiosum	p. 682
Other Poxvirus Infections	p. 682
Herpesviridae	p. 682
Infections of Human Herpesviruses 1 and 2	p. 683
Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections	p. 687
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections	p. 689
Cytomegalovirus Infections	p. 691
Other Herpesvirus Infections	p. 692
Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae	p. 692
Papillomavirus Infections	p. 693
Polyomavirus Infections	p. 694
Adenoviridae	p. 695
Hepadnaviridae	p. 696
Hepatitis B Infections	p. 697
The Role of Hepatitis B Virus in Hepatic Cancer	p. 699
Parvoviridae	p. 699
Chapter Summary	p. 700
Questions for Review	p. 701
Pathogenic RNA Viruses	p. 703
Naked, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Astroviridae, and Hepeviridae	p. 704
Common Colds Caused by Rhinoviruses	p. 704
Diseases of Enteroviruses	p. 705
Hepatitis A	p. 708
Acute Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis E	p. 709
Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Coronaviridae	p. 710
Diseases of +RNA Arboviruses	p. 710
Other Diseases of Enveloped +ssRNA Viruses	p. 710
Rubella	p. 713
Hepatitis C	p. 714
Diseases of Coronaviruses	p. 715
Enveloped, Positive ssRNA Viruses with Reverse Transcriptase: Retroviridae	p. 715
Oncogenic Retroviruses	p. 717
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	p. 717
Enveloped, Unsegmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Filoviridae	p. 724
Measles	p. 724
Diseases of Parainfluenza Virus	p. 726
Mumps	p. 726
Disease of Respiratory Syncytial Virus	p. 727
Rabies	p. 728
Hemorrhagic Fevers	p. 730
Enveloped, Segmented, Negative ssRNA Viruses: Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Arenaviridae	p. 731
Influenza	p. 731
Diseases of Bunyaviruses	p. 735
Diseases of Arenaviruses	p. 735
Naked, Segmented dsRNA Viruses: Reoviridae	p. 736
Rotaviruses	p. 736
Coltiviruses	p. 737
Chapter Summary	p. 738
Questions for Review	p. 740
Applied and Environmental Microbiology	p. 742
Food Microbiology	p. 743
The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production	p. 743
The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage	p. 747
Food-Borne Illnesses	p. 750
Industrial Microbiology	p. 751
The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations	p. 751
Industrial Products of Microorganisms	p. 752
Water and Wastewater Treatment	p. 754
Bioremediation	p. 760
The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage	p. 761
Environmental Microbiology	p. 762
Microbial Ecology	p. 762
The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles	p. 764
Soil Microbiology	p. 767
Aquatic Microbiology	p. 768
Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism	p. 771
Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or Terror	p. 771
Known Microbial Threats	p. 772
Defense Against Bioterrorism	p. 772
The Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism	p. 774
Chapter Summary	p. 774
Questions for Review	p. 776
Metabolic Pathways	p. 1
Some Mathematical Considerations in Microbiology	p. 1
Classification of Bacteria According to Bergey's Manual	p. 1
Major Microbial Agents of Disease by Body System Affected	p. 1
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions	p. 1
Glossary	p. 1
Index	p. 1
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