Microbiology of Well Biofouling

by Cullimore; D. Roy

• ISBN13: 9781566704007
• ISBN10: 1566704006
• eBook ISBN(s): 9781351431569
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-09-15
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The third book in the Sustainable Well Series, Microbiology of Well Biofouling, is the second edition of Practical Manual of Groundwater Microbiology. It is concerned with solving production problems in all types of wells.See what's new in the new edition:· Addresses deleterious events in all types of wells in greater detail· Discusses the generation of mass which interferes with the physical functioning of a well· Covers the major innovations in the field· Includes more field applicable material· Completely revised and updated The book is a useful reference guide for water well operators, hazardous waste site operators, consulting engineers, public health inspectors, microbiologists, and analytical chemists. It is written with a direct, straight forward approach based upon the advances in the technology over the last twenty years. With this guide, you understand the phenomena of biofouling, corrosivity, biodegradation, and shifts in hydraulic transmissivity that can be linked to microbial events. Practical approaches to the evaluation of these effects are introduced, including standard and novel methodologies.

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW	1	(20)
Challenge of Deep Subsurface Microbiology	2	(2)
The Ground Water Environment	4	(2)
Microbial Mechanisms of Colonization and Growth	6	(4)
Management of Microbial Activities	10	(11)
2. CONCEPTS	21	(8)
Microbial Dynamics of Biofilms	23	(1)
Biofilm Maturation	24	(2)
Bacteriology of Plugging	26	(3)
3. DIRECT EVIDENCE OF A BACTERIAL EVENT	29	(48)
Visible Manifestations	30	(4)
White or Clear slime	30	(1)
Grey slime	30	(1)
Black slime	31	(1)
Orange, Red, and Brown slimes	31	(1)
Tuberculous growths	32	(1)
Cloudiness	33	(1)
Coloration of the water	34	(1)
Odorous Signals	34	(2)
Rotten Egg smell	35	(1)
Fish smell	35	(1)
Earthy smell	35	(1)
Fecal (sewage) smell	36	(1)
Fresh vegetable smell	36	(1)
Chemical smell	36	(1)
Differentiation of Microbial Forms in Biofouling Events	36	(1)
Ribbon Formers, Gallionella	37	(1)
Tube Formers (Sheathed Bacteria)	38	(2)
Consortial Heterotrophic Incumbents	40	(7)
CHI Generic Groupings	47	(30)
Pseudomonads	50	(1)
Enteric Bacteria	51	(1)
Sulfur Bacteria, Sulfate-reducing Bacteria	52	(3)
Other Sulfur Bacteria	55	(1)
Archaeobacteria	56	(1)
Methanogenic archaeobacteria	56	(1)
Extreme halophilic archaeobacteria	57	(1)
Extreme thermophilic archaeobacteria	57	(1)
Gram-Positive Cocci	58	(1)
Endospore Forming Gram Positive Rods	59	(1)
Filamentous Actinomycetes	60	(1)
Fungi (molds)	61	(1)
Algae (micro-plants)	61	(16)
4. MONITORING METHODOLOGIES FOR BIOFOULING EVENTS	77	(60)
Introduction	77	(5)
Direct Inspection	82	(2)
Indirect Inspection	84	(2)
Variability in Cell Numbers in a CFU	86	(1)
Nutrient Concentrations in Agar Culture Media	87	(1)
Environmental Conditions for Incubation	87	(4)
Microbial Evaluation, A Conceptual Approach	91	(1)
Viable Units (vu)	92	(1)
Aggressivity	92	(1)
Simple Field Test Methods	93	(3)
Rodina Test	93	(1)
Cholodny Test	93	(1)
Grainge and Lund Test	94	(1)
GAQC Test	94	(1)
BART(TM) Test	94	(2)
Microscopic Investigation for Iron-Related Bacteria	96	(5)
Olanczuk-Neyman Method	96	(1)
Meyers Stain	97	(1)
Leuschow and Mackenthum Direct MF Technique	98	(1)
Negative Wet Mount Stain	99	(1)
Gram Stain	100	(1)
Spread-Plate Enumeration	101	(36)
Selection of the Appropriate Agar Medium	102	(2)
AA agar	104	(1)
Brain Heart Infusion Agar/4 (BHI/4)	104	(1)
Czapek-Dox agar (CD)	104	(1)
LES Endo agar	104	(1)
Lipovitellin-salt-mannitol agar	105	(1)
M-FCIC agar	105	(1)
M-HPC agar	105	(1)
Mn agar	105	(1)
M-PA agar	105	(1)
Pfizer selective enterococcus (PSE) agar	105	(1)
Plate count agar	105	(1)
Potato Dextrose agar (PD)	105	(1)
R2A agar	106	(1)
Starch-casein agar	106	(1)
Triple sugar iron agar(TSA)	106	(1)
Tryptone glucose extract agar	106	(1)
Wong's medium	106	(1)
WR agar	106	(1)
Choice of Culture Medium	107	(1)
Dispersion of Particulates (vortexing)	107	(1)
Serial (extinction) Dilution of the Water Sample	108	(1)
Dispensing of Diluant onto Agar Surface	109	(1)
Drying the Agar Surface	110	(1)
Selection of Incubation Conditions	110	(2)
Counting Colonies on a Spread-plate	112	(1)
Computing the cfu/ml or cfu/100ml	113	(1)
Streaked spread-plate (calculation formula)	114	(2)
Spread-plate Enumeration of Bacterial Loadings	116	(1)
Spread-plate Bacterial Population Relationships	117	(2)
Membrane Filter (calculation formula)	119	(1)
Coliform Testing	120	(1)
Multiple Tube Method	121	(1)
Membrane Filter (MF)	121	(1)
Presence/Absence Coliform Test	122	(1)
ONPG Test for Coliforms	123	(1)
MUG Test for Escherichia coli	123	(1)
Enumeration by Sequential Dilution Techniques	123	(14)
5. ABOUT THE BART(TM)	137	(144)
Methodologies	138	(2)
The Six W'S of the BART Testers	140	(141)
A. What Are BART Testers?	140	(2)
Reading the Results	142	(1)
Interpreting the Test Data	143	(1)
Recognizing Positive Reaction Patterns	144	(1)
B. Why Use BART Testers?	144	(3)
C. Who Should Use BART Testers?	147	(6)
D. Where To Use BART Testers?	153	(1)
E. When To Use BART Testers?	154	(3)
F. Which BART Testers To Use?	157	(1)
IRB-BART(TM)	157	(9)
SRB-BART(TM)	166	(5)
SLYM-BART(TM)	171	(5)
HAB-BART(TM)	176	(4)
FLOR-BART(TM)	180	(5)
DN-BART(TM)	185	(4)
N-BART(TM)	189	(2)
ALGE-BART(TM)	191	(5)
POOL-BART(TM)	196	(5)
AMD-BART(TM)	201	(2)
COLI-BART(TM)	203	(5)
BIOGAS-BARM(TM)	208	(1)
User Quality Control Procedures	209	(1)
Confirmation of the Sterility of the BART Biodetectors	209	(1)
Assurance of Status of Crystallized Medium by Visual Inspection	210	(1)
a) IRB-BART	211	(2)
b) SRB-BART	213	(3)
c) SLYM-BART	216	(2)
d) HAB-BART	218	(4)
e) FLOR-BART	222	(2)
f) DN-BART	224	(2)
g) N-BART	226	(4)
h) ALGE-BART	230	(2)
i) POOL-BART	232	(2)
EXPIRY DATE QC	234	(1)
Recording and Interpreting Data From BART	235	(5)
BART Reaction Codes Definitions	240	(2)
Multiple BART Enumeration of Bacterial Populaton	242	(1)
Extinction Dilution Techniques Application to BART Testers	243	(2)
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Treatment using BART Testers	245	(5)
Summary of the Use of BART(TM)	250	(1)
History of the BART Biodetectors	251	(1)
Theoretical	251	(2)
Practical Validation	253	(28)
6. WATER WELL BIOFOULING, DIAGNOSIS	281	(40)
Lost Production	281	(3)
Causes of Lost Production	281	(1)
Forms of Lost Production	281	(3)
Site Selection, Geological Environment	284	(1)
Site Selection, Geographic Environment	285	(1)
Well Development, Well Construction	286	(1)
Original Operations	286	(1)
Original Start Up to Present Time	287	(2)
Using the BART(TM) Tests to Determine Plugging/Biofouling	289	(3)
Theoretical Aspects, Water Well Biofouling	292	(5)
Outflow Pipe	292	(1)
Pumps	292	(1)
Static Zones of the Water Column	292	(2)
Active Water Zone in the Well	294	(1)
Well Column Entrance Biofouling	295	(1)
Active Turbulent Zone around the Well	296	(1)
Background Aquifer Microorganisms	297	(1)
Summation of Sites of Microbial Fouling	297	(3)
Recommended Sampling Procedures	300	(1)
Theoretical Considerations, Sampling for Bacterial Testing	300	(2)
Shock Procedures Applicable to Sampling	302	(3)
Sequential Sampling, Summary	305	(1)
Recommended Sequential Sampling Procedures	305	(4)
Microbiological Testing Procedures	309	(2)
Data Interpretation	311	(10)
7. BIOFOULING EVENTS IN WELLS, PRACTICAL EXAMPLES	321	(70)
Introduction	321	(8)
The Determination of Biofouling	329	(6)
Ground Water	330	(3)
Water Well Plugging	333	(2)
Examples, Well Plugging	335	(37)
City of North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada	335	(17)
Paper and Pulp Mill, Montana	352	(5)
Central and Southern Saskatchewan, Canada	357	(4)
Atlantic Region, Canada	361	(2)
Kneehill M.D., Alberta, Canada	363	(8)
Plugging mesocosms, Canada Agriculture, Regina	371	(1)
Comments on Biofouling in Other Environments	372	(19)
8. MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS IN WELL BIOFOULING	391	(10)
9. USING THE WELL FOULING INDEX (WFI)	401	(16)
APPENDIX	417	(4)
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY	421	(6)
INDEX	427