Microprocessors and Microcomputers Hardware and Software

by Tocci, Ronald J.; Ambrosio, Frank J.

• ISBN13: 9780130609045
• ISBN10: 0130609048
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-02-22
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Using the popular, powerful, and easy-to-understand 68HC11 microprocessor as a representative example, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to the concepts, principles, and techniques of microprocessors and microprocessor based systems.Chapter topics include Number Systems and Codes, Digital Circuits, Memory Devices, Introduction to Computers, Microcomputer Structure and Operation, The Microprocessor: Heart of the Microcomputer, Programming the 68HC11 MPU, Input/Output Modes, and Input/Output Interfacing.For those interested in a career in electrical or computer engineering.

Table of Contents

Number Systems and Codes	1	(34)
Digital Number Systems	2	(9)
Codes	11	(4)
Binary Arithmetic	15	(4)
Addition Using Signed Numbers	19	(2)
Subtraction in the 2's-Complement System	21	(1)
Multiplication of Binary Numbers	22	(1)
Binary Division	23	(1)
Hexadecimal Arithmetic	23	(3)
Floating-Point Numbers	26	(4)
Motorola 68HC11 Floating-Point Format	30	(5)
Glossary	31	(1)
Questions and Problems	32	(3)
Digital Circuits	35	(46)
Parallel and Serial Transmission	36	(1)
Logic Gates	37	(2)
Tri-State (Three-State) Logic	39	(1)
Flip-Flops	40	(2)
Clock Signals	42	(1)
Clocked Flip-Flops	43	(2)
Synchronous and Asynchronous FF Inputs	45	(1)
Setup and Hold Times	46	(1)
FF Registers	47	(3)
IC Registers	50	(2)
Data Busing	52	(2)
Data Bus Operation	54	(8)
Decoders	62	(2)
Encoders	64	(1)
Multiplexers (Data Selectors)	65	(1)
Arithmetic Circuits	66	(1)
Troubleshooting Digital Systems	67	(1)
Internal Digital IC Faults	68	(2)
External Faults	70	(2)
Common Test Equipment Used in the Troubleshooting of Digital Systems	72	(9)
Glossary	75	(3)
Questions and Problems	78	(3)
Memory Devices	81	(58)
Memory Terminology	83	(3)
General Memory Operation	86	(1)
Read-Only Memories	87	(2)
ROM Architecture	89	(3)
ROM Timing	92	(1)
Types of ROM	93	(8)
Flash Memory	101	(4)
ROM Applications	105	(2)
Semiconductor RAMs	107	(1)
RAM Architecture	108	(3)
Static RAM	111	(4)
Dynamic RAM	115	(1)
Dynamic RAM Structure and Operation	115	(6)
DRAM Read/Write Cycles	121	(2)
DRAM Refreshing	123	(1)
Expanding Word Size and Capacity	124	(15)
Glossary	132	(2)
Questions and Problems	134	(5)
Introduction to Computers	139	(48)
What Can Computers Do?	140	(3)
How Do Computers Think?	143	(2)
How Many Kinds of Computers Are There?	145	(1)
Basic Computer Structure	146	(4)
Microprocessors	150	(1)
Computer Words	150	(1)
Binary Data Words	150	(2)
Coded Data Words	152	(1)
Instruction Words	153	(6)
The 68HC11 MPU-A Simplified Version	159	(3)
Executing a Program	162	(5)
Jump and Branch Instructions	167	(2)
Hardware, Software, and Firmware	169	(1)
Programming Languages-Machine Language	170	(1)
Assembly Language	171	(3)
High-Level Languages	174	(2)
Flowcharts	176	(11)
Glossary	178	(3)
Questions and Problems	181	(6)
Microcomputer Structure and Operation	187	(50)
Microcomputer Elements	188	(1)
Why μPs and μCs?	189	(2)
Microcomputer Architecture	191	(6)
Read and Write Timing	197	(5)
Bus Activity During Program Execution	202	(3)
MPU Address Space Allocation	205	(6)
Memory Modules	211	(1)
Address Decoding	211	(1)
Complete Microcomputer Decoding Example	212	(11)
Buffering the MPU Buses	223	(2)
Memory-Mapped and Isolated I/O	225	(1)
Troubleshooting Case Study	226	(11)
Glossary	229	(1)
Questions and Problems	230	(7)
The Microprocessor: Heart of the Microcomputer	237	(34)
68HC11 MPU-More Complete Version	238	(2)
Timing and Control Section	240	(3)
Register Section	243	(12)
Arithmetic/Logic Unit	255	(7)
Microprocessors-Categorized by ALU Size	262	(1)
Microprocessors-Two Directions	262	(9)
Glossary	264	(2)
Questions and Problems	266	(5)
Programming the 68HC11 MPU	271	(111)
68HC11 MPU Programming Model	272	(4)
68HC11 MPU Address Modes	276	(10)
The 68HC11 MPU Instruction Set	286	(3)
Instruction Descriptions	289	(2)
Program Listing Format	291	(1)
Instruction Classifications	292	(1)
CCR Instructions	293	(1)
Register-to-Memory Transfer Instructions	293	(2)
Register-to-Register Transfer Instructions	295	(2)
Arithmetic Instructions	297	(10)
Logical Instructions	307	(4)
Shift and Rotate Instructions	311	(5)
Data-Altering Instructions	316	(4)
Jump Instructions	320	(1)
Conditional Branching	321	(5)
68HC11 Conditional Branch Instructions	326	(6)
Compare Instructions	332	(4)
BIT and TST Instructions	336	(1)
Subroutines	337	(4)
Interrupt Handling Instructions	341	(1)
Applications Using Indexed Addressing	341	(6)
The No-Operation (NOP) and STOP Instructions	347	(1)
Program-Controlled Timing Intervals (Delays)	348	(6)
Time-Delay Subroutines	354	(3)
The Timer System of the 68HC11 MCU	357	(5)
The Software Development Process	362	(20)
Glossary	366	(1)
Questions and Problems	367	(15)
Input/Output Modes	382	(67)
Some Basic Terms	383	(1)
Some Examples of I/O	384	(1)
Input/Output Alternatives	385	(1)
MPU-Initiated-Unconditional I/O Transfer	386	(4)
MPU-Initiated-Conditional (Polled) I/O Transfer	390	(6)
The 68HC11 MCU Block Diagram	396	(1)
Port E of the 68HC11 MCU-A/D Converter	397	(6)
Device-Initiated I/O Transfer-Interrupts	403	(2)
Return Address	405	(2)
Disabling the Interrupt	407	(1)
Types of Interrupt Inputs	407	(5)
Address of an ISR-Interrupt Vectors	412	(1)
Interrupting an ISR	413	(2)
Multiple Interrupts	415	(5)
Port A of the 68HC11 MCU	420	(13)
Direct Memory Access (DMA) I/O Transfer	433	(4)
Troubleshooting Case Study	437	(12)
Glossary	439	(3)
Questions and Problems	442	(7)
Input/Output Interfacing	449	(76)
Practical Interface Considerations	450	(6)
Asynchronous Serial Data Communication	456	(4)
Parallel/Serial Interface-The UART	460	(4)
Motorola 6850 UART (ACIA)	464	(5)
Interfacing the 6850 to the 68HC11 MPU	469	(7)
Port D of the 68HC11 MCU-Serial Communications Interface (SCI)	476	(8)
Synchronous Serial Data Communication	484	(2)
EIA RS-232-C Standard	486	(2)
Introduction to Modems	488	(4)
Parallel I/O Interface Chips	492	(6)
Keyboard Input Devices	498	(8)
Video Display Terminals (VDTs)	506	(6)
Troubleshooting Case Study	512	(13)
Glossary	515	(2)
Questions and Problems	517	(8)
APPENDIX A COMPLETE 68HC11 MCU INSTRUCTION SET	525	(69)
Opcode vs. Instruction Cross Reference	584	(8)
Opcode Map Pages	592	(2)
APPENDIX B THE 68HC11 MCU BLOCK DIAGRAM	594	(2)
APPENDIX C THE 68HC11 MCU REGISTER AND CONTROL BIT ASSIGNMENTS	596	(3)
Answers to Selected Problems	599	(5)
Index	604

Excerpts

This book was written to provide a comprehensible introduction to microprocessors and microcomputers for a broad range of readers. It can serve as a textbook in electronic technology, computer technology, and computer science programs from the vocational school to four-year college level. It can also be used by computer hobbyists as well as practicing technicians and engineers. A significant portion of the text requires a basic knowledge of digital principles and circuits. For this reason, a comprehensive review of this material is presented in the first three chapters to help those readers who have only a minimal background or who have been away from the field for a while. It is, however, worth noting that in several sections of Chapter 8, the topic of A/D conversion is addressed. For a better understanding of the text in these sections, elementary knowledge of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) is required. The major philosophy that has been followed in this book is that the principles and techniques of microprocessors and microprocessor-based systems are the most important concepts to understand, and it is not necessary to survey the whole field of available microprocessors and microprocessor applications. We believe that the best pedagogical approach is to use a currently popular, powerful, yet easy-to-understand microprocessor chip as the vehicle for teaching these concepts. We also believe that since 8-bit microprocessors are simple and easy to understand, this makes them an appropriate choice for an introductory textbook. As such, we have chosen to use the 68HC11microprocessor as that vehicle. The 68HC11 is one of the most powerful and flexible 8-bit microprocessors in general use, and it contains all of the elements and features that need to be part of an introduction to microprocessors and microprocessor applications. Everything the reader learns and understands using this representative device can be readily transferred to other microprocessors and applications, including the more complex 16-bit and 32-bit devices. This sixth edition retains all of the valuable learning aids of the previous editions, including (1) extensive use of clearly explained illustrative examples to provide immediate reinforcement; (2) clear, uncluttered diagrams to enhance the understanding of the written material; (3) liberal use of flowcharts; (4) extensive coverage of material on troubleshooting digital systems, internal and external IC faults, and test equipment used to troubleshoot digital systems; (5) several Troubleshooting Case Studies covering 1/O interfacing circuits and RAM decoding logic in a 68HC 11-based circuit; (6) glossaries of important terms at the end of each chapter for easy review of chapter contents; (7) over 470 end-of-chapter questions and problems of varied complexity; (8) a comprehensive index with certain page numbers in boldface type to indicate end-of-chapter glossary definitions; and (9) an extensive appendix containing a detailed description of each of the 68HC 11''s available instructions as well as a complete Op-Code vs. Instruction Cross Reference. The major enhancements to this edition are the inclusion of material on floating point numbers and the use of additional pictures, illustrations, and exercises its the explanation of certain concepts. This includes the following: Chapter 1.Addition of material on floating-point numbers and Motorola 68HC11 Floating-Point Format. Chapters 7-9.Use of the industry standard of one instruction per line when writing assembly language programs. Chapter 7.Inclusion of illustrative aids and step-by-step analysis to explain several addressing modes of the 68HC 11 microcontroller. All Chapters.Significant increase in the number of end-of-chapter questions, problems, and troubleshooting exercises. Expansion of Appendix A to include the reference list and the Opcode Maps for all of the 68HC 11 MCU Instruction Types. In preparing this sixth edition, the very helpful comments and suggestions of several users and reviewers were considered and acted upon. The authors particularly wish to acknowledge Rickey McFadden, Paris Junior College, Paris, TX; Vincent Kassab, Erie Community College North Campus, Williamsville, NY; Fereydoun Jalali, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA; and Gabor Karsai, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, who assisted in this capacity. Ronald J. Tocci Frank J. Ambrosio Monroe Community College