Mind/Body Health : The Effects of Attitudes, Emotions and Relationships

by Karren, Keith J.; Hafen, Brent Q.; Frandsen, Kathryn J.; Smith, Lee

• ISBN13: 9780805378863
• ISBN10: 0805378863
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Mind/Body Health: The Effects of Attitudes, Emotions, and Relationships, Third Editiondetails the latest scientific findings regarding the relationship between the mind and body, and discusses how attitudes and emotions directly affect physical health and well-being. Written by an interdisciplinary team of authors, including a professional health educator who is deeply involved in Mind/Body research and an MD/Internist who specializes in Mind/Body practices, this text details current global findings on the relationship between the mind, body, and health. The authors show that negative emotions such as anger, depression, and anxiety can adversely affect physical health while positive emotions such as humor and optimism can serve to improve health and increase longevity. Relationships between physical health and spirituality, attitude, medicine, and various social factors are explored. The authors stress the importance of health choices and lifestyle factors on overall health and well-being, while laying groundwork for continued research in Mind/Body medicine in the 21st century. New to this edition is a chapter on the role nutrition plays in emotional, mental, and physical health.Psychoneuroimmunology - The Mind/Body Connection, The Impact of Stress on Health, The Disease - Prone Personality, Anger, Hostility, and Health, Worry, Fear, and Health, Depression, Despair, Anxiety, and Health, Insomnia and Sleep Deprivation: Health Effects and Treatment, The Disease - Resistant Personality, Social support, Relationships, and Health, Loneliness and Health, Marriage and Health, Families and Health, Grief, Bereavement, and Health, The Healing Power of Spirituality, Altruism and Health, The Healing Power of Hope and Optimism, Explanatory Style and Health, Locus of Control and Health, Self-Esteem and Health, The Healing Power of Humor and Laughter, Nutrition and Mind/Body Health, Behavior Medicine Treatment: Effects on Medical Outcomes and Costs, Methods of Intervention and the Principles of Stress ResilienceFor all readers interested in learning about the effects of attitudes, emotions, and relationships.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART I THE MIND/BODY CONNECTION	1	(84)
Chapter 1: Psychoneuroimmunology: The Connection Between the Mind and the Body	3	(39)
A Definition	4	(2)
A Brief History	6	(2)
The Mind-Body Connection Today	8	(1)
PNI: The Major Components	9	(5)
The Immune System	14	(2)
The Immune System in Action	16	(1)
Malfunctions	17	(1)
The Brain-Immune System Connection	18	(2)
The Immune System and Emotion	20	(3)
The Role of Religion	23	(1)
The Emotion-Immunity Connection in Heart Disease, Cancer, and Other Conditions	24	(10)
The Mind and Longevity	34	(2)
Criticisms of the Mind-Body Approach	36	(1)
The Challenge for the Twenty-first Century	37	(1)
Endnotes	38	(4)
Chapter 2: The Impact of Stress on Health	42	(43)
Definitions of Stress	42	(3)
The Stress Response	45	(3)
Costs and Outcomes of Stress	48	(1)
Factors Leading to Stress	49	(7)
Job Stress and Health	56	(8)
Factors That Influence How We Cope with Stress	64	(12)
Self-Perceptions of Stress	76	(1)
How to Protect Yourself from Stress	76	(2)
Keys for Handling Job Stress	78	(2)
Endnotes	80	(5)
PART II PERSONALITY STYLES AND HEALTH	85	(188)
Chapter 3: The Disease-Prone Personality	87	(52)
Definitions and Foundation	87	(3)
Disease and Personality: Exploring the Connection	90	(5)
Type A Personality: The Coronary Artery Disease-Prone Personality	95	(19)
Type D Personality	114	(1)
The Controversy	115	(1)
Type C Personality: The Cancer-Prone Personality	116	(7)
The Rheumatoid Arthritis-Prone Personality	123	(4)
The Ulcer-Prone Personality	127	(1)
An Asthma-Prone Personality	128	(1)
Reducing Your Risks	129	(2)
Endnotes	131	(8)
Chapter 4: Anger, Hostility, and Health	139	(33)
The Definitions of Anger and Hostility	140	(2)
Manifestations of Anger and Hostility	142	(2)
The Significance of Anger and Hostility	144	(1)
Causes of Hostility	145	(1)
The Need to Express Anger	146	(3)
How the Body Reacts: The Health Effects of Anger and Hostility	149	(7)
Anger: The Cancer Connection	156	(1)
An Angry/Hostile Heart, an Ill Heart	157	(5)
Hostility and Mortality	162	(3)
What to Do if Anger Is a Problem	165	(1)
Endnotes	166	(6)
Chapter 5: Worry, Anxiety, Fear, and Health	172	(20)
Definitions of Worry	173	(1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	174	(1)
Panic Disorder	175	(1)
Other Common Anxiety Disorders	175	(1)
Somaticizing	176	(2)
Effects on the Body	178	(1)
The Association of Anxiety with Common Medical Illnesses	179	(2)
Worry and the Circulatory System	181	(1)
Worry and Asthma	182	(1)
The Effects of Uncertainty	183	(1)
The Health Consequences of Fear	184	(3)
What to Do About Worry and Anxiety	187	(1)
Endnotes	188	(4)
Chapter 6: Depression, Despair, and Health	192	(36)
A Definition	192	(2)
Prevalence and Manifestations	194	(2)
Causes of Depression	196	(4)
Characteristics of Depression	200	(2)
Depression and Premenstrual Syndrome	202	(1)
Seasonal Affective Disorder	203	(2)
The Physiological Changes of Depression	205	(3)
Depression and Longevity	208	(2)
Depression and the Heart	210	(4)
Depression and the Immune System	214	(4)
Depression and Cancer	218	(1)
Feeling Sad, Feeling Bad	219	(1)
What to Do About Depression	220	(1)
Endnotes	221	(7)
Chapter 7: Insomnia and Sleep Deprivation: Health Effects and Treatment	228	(23)
Types and Causes of Insomnia	231	(1)
Factors in the Development of Chronic Insomnia	232	(2)
Why Do We Sleep?	234	(1)
Behavioral and Psychological Effects of Insomnia	235	(2)
Physiological Effects of Insomnia	237	(2)
Treatment of Insomnia	239	(1)
Specific Behavioral Strategies for Treating Insomnia	240	(4)
Using Medication to Treat Insomnia	244	(1)
Primary Medical Sleep Disorders	245	(1)
Conclusions	246	(1)
Endnotes	247	(4)
Chapter 8: The Disease-Resistant Personality	251	(22)
The Role of Stress in Health	252	(1)
The Mechanisms of Stress	253	(2)
Stress Buffers	255	(1)
Gender Differences	256	(2)
Personality Traits That Keep Us Well	258	(10)
Endnotes	268	(5)
PART III SOCIAL SUPPORT AND HEALTH	273	(142)
Chapter 9: Social Support, Relationships, and Health	275	(35)
Social Support Defined	277	(1)
Sources of Social Support	278	(2)
How Does Social Support Protect Health?	280	(4)
The Ties That Bind	284	(7)
Love Stronger, Live Longer	291	(4)
Social Connections and the Heart	295	(4)
The Best Health Bet-Good Social Ties	299	(4)
Touch: A Crucial Aspect of Social Support	303	(2)
Endnotes	305	(5)
Chapter 10: Loneliness and Health	310	(30)
What Is Loneliness?	311	(1)
Loneliness Versus Aloneness	312	(1)
Trends in Being Alone	313	(1)
Reasons for Loneliness	314	(1)
Causes of Loneliness	315	(2)
Risk Factors for Loneliness	317	(2)
The Health Consequences of Loneliness	319	(8)
The Importance of Good Friends	327	(4)
The Importance of Pets	331	(4)
Endnotes	335	(5)
Chapter 11: Marriage and Health	340	(22)
The Health Hazards of Divorce	340	(6)
The Divorced Versus the Unhappily Married	346	(3)
The Health Benefits of a Happy Marriage	349	(8)
Marriage and Life Expectancy	357	(1)
Endnotes	358	(4)
Chapter 12: Families and Health	362	(26)
What Is a Family?	362	(1)
The Early Influence of Parents	363	(6)
Traits of Weak or Stressed Families	369	(3)
Health Problems in Weak or Stressed Families	372	(4)
Traits of Strong Families	376	(4)
The Health Benefits of Strong Families	380	(4)
Family Reunions: More than a Good Time	384	(1)
Endnotes	385	(3)
Chapter 13: Grief, Bereavement, and Health	388	(27)
The Loss That Leads to Grief	389	(2)
Grief: The Natural Effect of Loss	391	(2)
The Health Consequences of Bereavement	393	(14)
General Mortality Rates	407	(2)
Cutting the Risk	409	(2)
Endnotes	411	(4)
PART IV SPIRITUALITY AND HEALTH	415	(106)
Chapter 14: The Healing Power of Spirituality	417	(35)
What Is Spirituality and Spiritual Health?	420	(5)
Influences on Health	425	(4)
Crisis as a Growth Experience	429	(2)
The Power of Prayer on Health	431	(3)
The Healing Power of Forgiveness	434	(3)
Church Affiliation and Health	437	(7)
The Essence of Spirituality and Spiritual Well-Being	444	(2)
Endnotes	446	(6)
Chapter 15: The Healing Power of Altruism	452	(19)
How Altruism Boosts Health	453	(4)
The Altruistic Personality	457	(3)
The Health Benefits of Volunteerism	460	(6)
Love: The Emotion Behind It	466	(3)
Endnotes	469	(2)
Chapter 16: The Healing Power of Faith and Religion	471	(31)
The Impact of Faith	475	(1)
The Influence of Spirituality, Religion, and Faith on Health	476	(4)
The Healing Power of Faith	480	(6)
Faith and the Placebo Effect	486	(12)
Endnotes	498	(4)
Chapter 17: The Healing Power of Optimism	502	(19)
Who Are Optimists?	502	(3)
How Optimism Influences Health	505	(5)
Optimism and Healing	510	(4)
Optimism: A Boost to Immunity	514	(1)
Optimism's Effect on Mental Health and Performance	515	(2)
Optimists and Longevity	517	(2)
Endnotes	519	(2)
PART V PERCEPTION AND HEALTH	521	(62)
Chapter 18: Explanatory Style and Health	523	(11)
What Is Explanatory Style?	523	(2)
How Permanent Is Explanatory Style?	525	(1)
What Are the Effects of Explanatory Style?	525	(1)
The Influence of Explanatory Style on Health	526	(5)
A Healthy Style, a Healthy Immune System	531	(1)
Endnotes	532	(2)
Chapter 19: Locus of Control and Health	534	(13)
What Does Locus of Control Mean?	534	(2)
A Brief History of Control	536	(1)
What is the Source of Control?	536	(1)
Hardiness and Control	537	(1)
The Influence of Control on Health	538	(4)
The Stress-Buffering Power of Control	542	(1)
The Influence of Control on Immunity and Healing	543	(2)
Endnotes	545	(2)
Chapter 20: Self-Esteem and Health	547	(12)
What Is Self-Esteem?	548	(2)
Where Does Self-Esteem Come From?	550	(1)
The Impact of Self-Esteem on the Body	551	(1)
Self-Efficacy: Believing in Yourself	552	(4)
Endnotes	556	(3)
Chapter 21: The Healing Power of Humor and Laughter	559	(24)
Professional Trends Toward Humor	561	(2)
The Impact of Humor on Health	563	(7)
Laughter: The Best Medicine	570	(3)
The Health Benefits of Laughter	573	(7)
Endnotes	580	(3)
PART VI THE INTERVENTION OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE	583	(83)
Chapter 22: The Importance of Nutrition to Mind and Body Health	585	(25)
The Basic Principles of Nutrition	586	(3)
The Typical American Diet	589	(1)
How Nutrition Affects the Brain	590	(5)
How Nutrition Affects Physical and Mental Health	595	(1)
Obesity	596	(1)
Insulin Resistance	597	(3)
The "Second Brain": The Gastrointestinal Tract	600	(4)
The Impact of Wheat Allergies on the Brain	604	(1)
Conclusion	604	(1)
Endnotes	605	(5)
Chapter 23: Behavioral Medicine Treatment: Effects on Medical and Health Outcomes and Costs	610	(32)
The Connection Between Mental Stress and Medical Symptoms	613	(2)
Outcome Data from Behavioral Medicine Interventions	615	(2)
High-Volume Users of Medical Care and Resources	617	(3)
Outcomes for Specific Medical Illnesses	620	(8)
Cost and Medical Care Utilization Issues	628	(7)
Endnotes	635	(7)
Chapter 24: Methods of Intervention and the Principles of Stress Resilience	642	(24)
Lessons from Cancer Studies	643	(2)
Four Core Principles Underlying Stress Resilience and Well-Being	645	(3)
A Sense of Empowerment and Personal Control	648	(3)
Cognitive Structuring and Therapy	651	(3)
Basic Elements of Behavior Change	654	(1)
Methods of Eliciting the Relaxation Response	654	(3)
Methods of Changing Behavior	657	(1)
Other Ways to Change Behavior	658	(2)
Mind-Body Treatment: Can It Change the Course of Disease?	660	(2)
The Spiritual Connection	662	(2)
Endnotes	664	(2)
Epilogue	666	(9)
Appendix A The Elements of Human Fulfillment	675	(3)
Appendix B The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People	678	(1)
Appendix C The Misunderstood Alternative: Effective Type B Characteristics That Can Protect from Heart Disease	679	(2)
Name Index	681	(7)
Subject Index	688