Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, And Fuel Cell Vehicles

by Gary, Sebastien E.

• ISBN13: 9780849331541
• ISBN10: 0849331544
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-20
• Publisher: CRC

Summary

Air quality is deteriorating, the globe is warming, and petroleum resources are decreasing. The most promising solutions for the future involve the development of effective and efficient drive train technologies. This comprehensive volume meets this challenge and opportunity by integrating the wealth of disparate information found in scattered papers and research.Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles focuses on the fundamentals, theory, and design of conventional cars with internal combustion engines (ICE), electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and fuel cell vehicles (FCV). It presents vehicle performance, configuration, control strategy, design methodology, modeling, and simulation for different conventional and modern vehicles based on the mathematical equations.Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles is the most complete book available on these radical automobiles. Written in an easy-to-understand style with nearly 300 illustrations, the authors emphasize the overall drive train system as well as specific components and describe the design methodology step by step, with design examples and simulation results.This in-depth source and reference in modern automotive systems is ideal for engineers, practitioners, graduate and senior undergraduate students, researchers, managers who are working in the automotive industry, and government agencies.

Table of Contents

1. Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation	1	(20)
1.1 Air Pollution	2	(2)
1.1.1 Nitrogen Oxides	2	(1)
1.1.2 Carbon Monoxide	3	(1)
1.1.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons	3	(1)
1.1.4 Other Pollutants	3	(1)
1.2 Global Warming	4	(1)
1.3 Petroleum Resources	5	(2)
1.4 Induced Costs	7	(2)
1.5 Importance of Different Transportation Development Strategies to Future Oil Supply	9	(4)
1.6 History of Electric Vehicles	13	(2)
1.7 History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles	15	(2)
1.8 History of Fuel Cell Vehicles	17	(2)
References	19	(2)
2. Vehicle Fundamentals	21	(40)
2.1 General Description of Vehicle Movement	22	(1)
2.2 Vehicle Resistance	23	(4)
2.2.1 Rolling Resistance	23	(2)
2.2.2 Aerodynamic Drag	25	(1)
2.2.3 Grading Resistance	26	(1)
2.3 Dynamic Equation	27	(2)
2.4 Tire-Ground Adhesion and Maximum Tractive Effort	29	(2)
2.5 Power Train Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed	31	(2)
2.6 Vehicle Power Plant and Transmission Characteristics	33	(11)
2.6.1 Power Plant Characteristics	34	(2)
2.6.2 Transmission Characteristics	36	(8)
2.6.2.1 Gear Transmission	37	(2)
2.6.2.2 Hydrodynamic Transmission	39	(4)
2.6.2.3 Continuously Variable Transmission	43	(1)
2.7 Vehicle Performance	44	(5)
2.7.1 Maximum Speed of a Vehicle	45	(1)
2.7.2 Gradeability	46	(1)
2.7.3 Acceleration Performance	46	(3)
2.8 Operating Fuel Economy	49	(5)
2.8.1 Fuel Economy Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines	49	(1)
2.8.2 Calculation of Vehicle Fuel Economy	50	(2)
2.8.3 Basic Techniques to Improve Vehicle Fuel Economy	52	(2)
2.9 Braking Performance	54	(6)
2.9.1 Braking Force	54	(1)
2.9.2 Braking Distribution on Front and Rear Axles	55	(5)
References	60	(1)
3. Internal Combustion Engines	61	(38)
3.1 4S, Spark-Ignited IC Engines	62	(19)
3.1.1 Operating Principles	62	(2)
3.1.2 Operation Parameters	64	(5)
3.1.2.1 Rating Values of Engines	64	(1)
3.1.2.2 Indicated Work per Cycles and Mean Effective Pressure	64	(2)
3.1.2.3 Mechanical Efficiency	66	(1)
3.1.2.4 Specific Fuel Consumption and Efficiency	67	(1)
3.1.2.5 Specific Emissions	68	(1)
3.1.2.6 Fuel/Air and Air/Fuel Ratio	68	(1)
3.1.2.7 Volumetric Efficiency	69	(1)
3.1.3 Relationships between Operation and Performance Parameters	69	(1)
3.1.4 Engine Operation Characteristics	70	(4)
3.1.4.1 Engine Performance Parameters	70	(1)
3.1.4.2 Indicated and Brake Power and Torque	71	(1)
3.1.4.3 Fuel Consumption Characteristics	72	(2)
3.1.5 Operating Variables Affecting SI Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions Characteristics	74	(3)
3.1.5.1 Spark Timing	74	(1)
3.1.5.2 Fuel/Air Equivalent Ratio	74	(3)
3.1.6 Emission Control	77	(1)
3.1.7 Basic Technique to Improve Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Characteristics	78	(3)
3.2 4S, Compression-Ignition IC Engines	81	(1)
3.3 Two-Stroke Engines	82	(4)
3.4 Wankel Rotary Engines	86	(3)
3.5 Stirling Engines	89	(5)
3.6 Gas Turbine Engines	94	(3)
3.7 Quasi-Isothermal Brayton Cycle Engines	97	(1)
References	98	(1)
4. Electric Vehicles	99	(18)
4.1 Configurations of Electric Vehicles	99	(3)
4.2 Performance of Electric Vehicles	102	(7)
4.2.1 Traction Motor Characteristics	103	(1)
4.2.2 Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement	104	(1)
4.2.3 Vehicle Performance	105	(4)
4.3 Tractive Effort in Normal Driving	109	(5)
4.4 Energy Consumption	114	(2)
References	116	(1)
5. Hybrid Electric Vehicles	117	(20)
5.1 Concept of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains	118	(2)
5.2 Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains	120	(16)
5.2.1 Series Hybrid Electric Drive Trains	121	(2)
5.2.2 Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains	123	(19)
5.2.2.1 Torque-Coupling Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains	124	(6)
5.2.2.2 Speed-Coupling Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains	130	(3)
5.2.2.3 Torque-Coupling and Speed-Coupling Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains	133	(3)
References	136	(1)
6. Electric Propulsion Systems	137	(102)
6.1 DC Motor Drives	142	(13)
6.1.1 Principle of Operation and Performance	142	(4)
6.1.2 Combined Armature Voltage and Field Control	146	(1)
6.1.3 Chopper Control of DC Motors	146	(5)
6.1.4 Multiquadrant Control of Chopper-Fed DC Motor Drives	151	(4)
6.1.4.1 Two-Quadrant Control of Forward Motoring and Regenerative Braking	151	(3)
6.1.4.1.1 Single Chopper with a Reverse Switch	151	(1)
6.1.4.1.2 Class C Two-Quadrant Chopper	152	(2)
6.1.4.2 Four-Quadrant Operation	154	(1)
6.2 Induction Motor Drives	155	(32)
6.2.1 Basic Operation Principles of Induction Motors	156	(3)
6.2.2 Steady-State Performance	159	(3)
6.2.3 Constant Volt/Hertz Control	162	(1)
6.2.4 Power Electronic Control	163	(3)
6.2.5 Field Orientation Control	166	(14)
6.2.5.1 Field Orientation Principles	166	(7)
6.2.5.2 Control	173	(2)
6.2.5.3 Direction Rotor Flux Orientation Scheme	175	(3)
6.2.5.4 Indirect Rotor Flux Orientation Scheme	178	(2)
6.2.6 Voltage Source Inverter for FOC	180	(7)
6.2.6.1 Voltage Control in Voltage Source Inverter	182	(3)
6.2.6.2 Current Control in Voltage Source Inverter	185	(2)
6.3 Permanent Magnetic Brush-Less DC Motor Drives	187	(17)
6.3.1 Basic Principles of BLDC Motor Drives	190	(1)
6.3.2 BLDC Machine Construction and Classification	190	(3)
6.3.3 Properties of PM Materials	193	(3)
6.3.3.1 Alnico	194	(1)
6.3.3.2 Ferrites	195	(1)
6.3.3.3 Rare-Earth PMs	195	(1)
6.3.4 Performance Analysis and Control of BLDC Machines	196	(3)
6.3.4.1 Performance Analysis	196	(2)
6.3.4.2 Control of BLDC Motor Drives	198	(1)
6.3.5 Extension of Speed Technology	199	(1)
6.3.6 Sensorless Techniques	200	(4)
6.3.6.1 Methods Using Measurables and Math	201	(1)
6.3.6.2 Methods Using Observers	201	(1)
6.3.6.3 Methods Using Back EMF Sensing	202	(1)
6.3.6.4 Unique Sensorless Techniques	203	(1)
6.4 Switched Reluctance Motor Drives	204	(28)
6.4.1 Basic Magnetic Structure	204	(3)
6.4.2 Torque Production	207	(3)
6.4.3 SRM Drive Converter	210	(3)
6.4.4 Modes of Operation	213	(1)
6.4.5 Generating Mode of Operation (Regenerative Braking)	214	(2)
6.4.6 Sensorless Control	216	(6)
6.4.6.1 Phase Flux Linkage-Based Method	218	(1)
6.4.6.2 Phase Inductance-Based Method	218	(2)
6.4.6.2.1 Sensorless Control Based on Phase Bulk Inductance	218	(1)
6.4.6.2.2 Sensorless Control Based on Phase Incremental Inductance	219	(1)
6.4.6.3 Modulated Signal Injection Methods	220	(2)
6.4.6.3.1 Frequency Modulation Method	220	(1)
6.4.6.3.2 AM and PM Methods	221	(1)
6.4.6.3.3 Diagnostic Pulse-Based Method	221	(1)
6.4.6.4 Mutually Induced Voltage-Based Method	222	(1)
6.4.6.5 Observer-Based Methods	222	(1)
6.4.7 Self-Tuning Techniques of SRM Drives	222	(4)
6.4.7.1 Self-Tuning with the Arithmetic Method	223	(1)
6.4.7.1.1 Optimization with Balanced Inductance Profiles	223	(1)
6.4.7.1.2 Optimization in the Presence of Parameter Variations	224	(1)
6.4.7.2 Self-Tuning Using an Artificial Neural Network	224	(2)
6.4.8 Vibration and Acoustic Noise in SRM	226	(2)
6.4.9 SRM Design	228	(14)
6.4.9.1 Number of Stator and Rotor Poles	228	(1)
6.4.9.2 Stator Outer Diameter	229	(1)
6.4.9.3 Rotor Outer Diameter	230	(1)
6.4.9.4 Air gap	230	(1)
6.4.9.5 Stator Arc	231	(1)
6.4.9.6 Stator Back-Iron	231	(1)
6.4.9.7 Performance Prediction	231	(1)
References	232	(7)
7. Series Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design	239	(20)
7.1 Operation Patterns	240	(2)
7.2 Control Strategies	242	(4)
7.2.1 Max. SOC-of-PPS Control Strategy	243	(1)
7.2.2 Thermostat Control Strategy (Engine-On-Off)	244	(2)
7.3 Sizing of the Major Components	246	(5)
7.3.1 Power Rating Design of the Traction Motor	246	(1)
7.3.2 Power Rating Design of the Engine/Generator	247	(2)
7.3.3 Design of PPS	249	(2)
7.3.3.1 Power Capacity of PPS	249	(1)
7.3.3.2 Energy Capacity of PPS	250	(1)
7.4 Design Example	251	(6)
7.4.1 Design of Traction Motor Size	251	(1)
7.4.2 Design of the Gear Ratio	251	(1)
7.4.3 Verification of Acceleration Performance	252	(1)
7.4.4 Verification of Gradeability	253	(1)
7.4.5 Design of Engine/Generator Size	254	(1)
7.4.6 Design of the Power Capacity of PPS	255	(1)
7.4.7 Design of the Energy Capacity of PPS	255	(1)
7.4.8 Fuel Consumption	256	(1)
References	257	(2)
8. Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design	259	(18)
8.1 Control Strategies of Parallel Hybrid Drive Train	261	(5)
8.1.1 Maximum State-of-Charge of Peaking Power Source (Max. SOC-of-PPS) Control Strategy	262	(3)
8.1.2 Engine Turn-On and Turn-Off (Engine-On-Off) Control Strategy	265	(1)
8.2 Design of Drive Train Parameters	266	(8)
8.2.1 Design of Engine Power Capacity	266	(2)
8.2.2 Design of Electric Motor Drive Power Capacity	268	(3)
8.2.3 Transmission Design	271	(1)
8.2.4 Energy Storage Design	272	(2)
8.3 Simulations	274	(2)
References	276	(1)
9. Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design	277	(22)
9.1 Energy Consumed in Braking and Transmission	278	(2)
9.2 Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train	280	(7)
9.2.1 Configuration	280	(1)
9.2.2 Operating Modes and Control Strategy	281	(2)
9.2.3 Drive Train Design	283	(2)
9.2.4 Performance	285	(2)
9.3 Series-Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train	287	(11)
9.3.1 Configuration of the Drive Train with a Planetary Gear Unit	287	(4)
9.3.2 Operating Modes and Control	291	(4)
9.3.2.1 Speed-Coupling Operating Mode	291	(2)
9.3.2.2 Torque-Coupling Operating Mode	293	(1)
9.3.2.3 Engine-Alone Traction Mode	294	(1)
9.3.2.4 Regenerative Braking Mode	294	(1)
9.3.2.5 Engine Starting	295	(1)
9.3.3 Control Strategy	295	(1)
9.3.4 Drive Train with Floating-Stator Motor	296	(2)
References	298	(1)
10. Energy Storages	299	(1)
10.1 Electrochemical Batteries	300	(14)
10.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions	302	(2)
10.1.2 Thermodynamic Voltage	304	(1)
10.1.3 Specific Energy	304	(2)
10.1.4 Specific Power	306	(3)
10.1.5 Energy Efficiency	309	(1)
10.1.6 Battery Technologies	309	(5)
10.1.6.1 Lead-Acid Batteries	310	(1)
10.1.6.2 Nickel-based Batteries	311	(2)
10.1.6.2.1 Nickel /Iron System	311	(1)
10.1.6.2.2 Nickel/Cadmium System	311	(1)
10.1.6.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery	312	(1)
10.1.6.3 Lithium-Based Batteries	313	(51)
10.1.6.3.1 Lithium-Polymer (Li-P) Battery	313	(1)
10.1.6.3.2 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery	313	(1)
10.2 Ultracapacitors	314	(8)
10.2.1 Features of Ultracapacitors	315	(1)
10.2.2 Basic Principles of Ultracapacitors	315	(2)
10.2.3 Performance of Ultracapacitors	317	(3)
10.2.4 Ultracapacitor Technologies	320	(2)
10.3 Ultrahigh-Speed Flywheels	322	(6)
10.3.1 Operation Principles of Flywheels	322	(2)
10.3.2 Power Capacity of Flywheel Systems	324	(2)
10.3.3 Flywheel Technologies	326	(2)
10.4 Hybridization of Energy Storages	328	(4)
References	332	(1)
11. Fundamentals of Regenerative Braking	333	(1)
11.1 Energy Consumption in Braking	334	(1)
11.2 Braking Power and Energy on Front and Rear Wheels	334	(4)
11.3 Brake System of EVs and HEVs	338	(5)
11.3.1 Series Brake - Optimal Feel	338	(1)
11.3.2 Series Brake - Optimal Energy Recovery	339	(2)
11.3.3 Parallel Brake	341	(2)
11.4 Antilock Brake System (ABS)	343	(2)
References	345	(2)
12. Fuel Cell Vehicles	347	(1)
12.1 Operating Principles of Fuel Cells	348	(2)
12.2 Electrode Potential and Current-Voltage Curve	350	(4)
12.3 Fuel and Oxidant Consumption	354	(1)
12.4 Fuel Cell System Characteristics	355	(2)
12.5 Fuel Cell Technologies	357	(7)
12.5.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells	357	(2)
12.5.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells	359	(2)
12.5.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cellsl	361	(1)
12.5.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells	361	(1)
12.5.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells	362	(1)
12.5.6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells	363	(1)
12.6 Fuel Supply	364	(7)
12.6.1 Hydrogen Storage	364	(4)
12.6.1.1 Compressed Hydrogen	364	(2)
12.6.1.2 Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen	366	(1)
12.6.1.3 Metal Hydrides	367	(1)
12.6.2 Hydrogen Production	368	(3)
12.6.2.1 Steam Reforming	369	(1)
12.6.2.2 POX Reforming	370	(1)
12.6.2.3 Autothermal Reforming	370	(1)
12.6.3 Ammonia as Hydrogen Carrier	371	(1)
12.7 Nonhydrogen Fuel Cells	371	(1)
References	372	(3)
13. Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design	375	(1)
13.1 Configuration	376	(1)
13.2 Control Strategy	377	(2)
13.3 Parametric Design	379	(4)
13.3.1 Motor Power Design	379	(2)
13.3.2 Power Design of the Fuel Cell System	381	(1)
13.3.3 Design of the Power and Energy Capacity of the PPS	381	(2)
13.3.3.1 Power Capacity of the PPS	381	(1)
13.3.3.2 Energy Capacity of the PPS	381	(2)
13.4 Design Example	383	(2)
References	385	(2)
Index	387