Modern Hydronic Heating for Residential and Light Commercial Buildings

by Siegenthaler, John

• ISBN13: 9780766816374
• ISBN10: 0766816370
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-10-17
• Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning

Summary

From simple applications to multi-load/multi-temperature systems, you can now learn how to use the newest and most sophisticated hydronic heating materials and methods without compromising between comfort and energy. Heavily illustrated with product shots from top manufacturers, plus more than 300 diagrams of system piping/control schematics, this one-of-a-kind introduction to today's hydronic heating systems concentrates engineering-level design information into tools that can be used by technical students and professional contractors alike. Thoroughly updated, Modern Hydronic Heating, 2nd Edition now features the latest information on state-of-the-art techniques for use in residential and light commercial buildings, such as: radiant panel heating, injection mixing, primary and secondary piping, use of buffer tanks to improve system stability, and advanced control methods. Ideal for anyone involved in the heating trades, from basic installers to design engineers, this preeminent resource of the North American hydronic heating industry is as well suited for use in a formal education course or for self-study as it is on the job.

Author Biography

John Siegenthaler, P.E.; Mohawk Valley Community College Utica, New York

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Fundamental Concepts
Objectives	p. 1
What Is A Hydronic Heating System?	p. 1
Advantages of Hydronic Heating	p. 1
Heat and Heat Transfer	p. 5
Four Basic Hydronic Subsystems	p. 8
The Importance of System Design	p. 13
Summary	p. 14
Key Terms	p. 14
Chapter 1 Questions and Exercises	p. 15
Heating Load Estimates
Objectives	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Definition of Design Heating Load	p. 17
Conduction Heat Losses	p. 18
Foundation Heat Loss	p. 22
Infiltration Heat Losses	p. 25
Putting It All Together	p. 27
Example of A Complete Heating Load Estimate	p. 27
Computer-Aided Heating Load Calculations	p. 33
Estimating Annual Heating Energy Usage	p. 34
Summary	p. 37
Key Terms	p. 38
Chapter 2 Questions and Exercises	p. 38
Hydronic Heat Sources
Objectives	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Classification of Hydronic Heat Sources	p. 41
Gas- and Oil-Fired Boiler Designs	p. 42
Conventional Versus Condensing Boilers	p. 47
Domestic Hot Water Tanks As Hydronic Heat Sources	p. 50
Power Venting Exhaust Systems	p. 52
Combustion Air Requirements	p. 54
Boiler Heating Capacity	p. 55
Efficiency of Gas and Oil-Fired Boilers	p. 57
Multiple Boiler Systems	p. 60
Electric Boilers	p. 63
Electric Thermal Storage(ETS) Systems	p. 64
Hydronic Heat Pumps	p. 66
System Design Considerations for Hydronic Heat Pumps	p. 71
Renewable Energy Heat Sources	p. 72
Active Solar Energy Systems	p. 73
Wood-Fired Boilers	p. 76
Summary	p. 81
Key Terms	p. 81
Chapter 3 Questions and Exercises	p. 82
For Further Reading	p. 82
Properties of Water
Objectives	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Specific Heat and Heat Capacity	p. 83
Sensible Heat Versus Latent Heat	p. 84
Density	p. 84
Sensible Heat Quantity Equation	p. 85
Sensible Heat Rate Equation	p. 86
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point	p. 87
Viscosity	p. 88
Dissolved Air In Water	p. 89
Incompressibility	p. 90
Summary	p. 90
Key Terms	p. 90
Chapter 4 Questions and Exercises	p. 90
Piping, Fittings, and Valves
Objectives	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Piping Materials	p. 93
Common Pipe Fittings	p. 104
Specialized Fittings	p. 107
Thermal Expansion of Piping	p. 110
Common Valves	p. 110
Specialty Valves for Hydronic Applications	p. 116
Schematic Symbols for Piping Components	p. 135
Tips On Piping Installation	p. 136
Summary	p. 138
Key Terms	p. 138
Chapter 5 Questions and Exercises	p. 139
Fluid Flow in Piping
Objectives	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Basic Concepts of Fluid Mechanics	p. 141
Analyzing Fluid Flow In Smooth Pipes	p. 150
Hydraulic Resistance of Fittings, Valves, and Other Devices	p. 156
The System Resistance Curve	p. 157
Piping Components Represented As Series Resistors	p. 158
Parallel Hydraulic Resistances	p. 163
Reducing Complex Piping Systems	p. 167
Software-Based Circuit Analysis	p. 170
Pipe Sizing Considerations	p. 170
Summary	p. 173
Key Terms	p. 173
Chapter 6 Questions and Exercises	p. 174
Circulating Pumps
Objectives	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Pumps for Hydronic Systems	p. 177
Placement of The Circulator Within The System	p. 182
Pump Performance	p. 185
Analytical Methods for Pump Performance	p. 192
Circulator Efficiency	p. 195
Pump Cavitation	p. 198
Variable Speed Circulators	p. 202
Specialty Circulators	p. 206
Selecting A Circulator	p. 207
Summary	p. 209
Key Terms	p. 209
Chapter 7 Questions and Exercises	p. 210
Heat Emitters
Objectives	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Classification of Heat Emitters	p. 213
Finned-Tube Baseboard Convectors	p. 213
Thermal Ratings and Performance of Finned-Tube Baseboard	p. 218
Sizing Finned-Tube Baseboard	p. 220
Hydronic Fan-Coils	p. 224
Thermal Performance of Fan-Coils	p. 228
Panel Radiators	p. 232
Radiant Baseboard	p. 239
Head Loss of Heat Emitters	p. 241
Heat Loss From Copper Tubing	p. 242
System Operating Temperature	p. 244
Summary	p. 245
Key Terms	p. 246
Chapter 8 Questions and Exercises	p. 246
Control Strategies, Components, and Systems
Objectives	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Closed-Loop Control System Fundamentals	p. 248
Controlling the Output of Heat Sources	p. 253
Controlling the Output of Heat Emitters	p. 257
Switches, Relays, and Ladder Diagrams	p. 268
Basic Hydronic System Control Hardware	p. 278
Basic Boiler Control Hardware	p. 289
Mixing Strategies and Hardware	p. 295
Control System Design Principles	p. 313
Example of a Modern Control System	p. 314
Future of Hydronic Heating Controls	p. 317
Key Terms	p. 319
Chapter 9 Questions and Exercises	p. 321
Hydronic Radiant Panel Heating
Objectives	p. 323
Introduction	p. 323
What Is Radiant Heating?	p. 323
What Is A Hydronic Radiant Panel?	p. 324
The History of Radiant Panel Heating	p. 324
Benefits of Radiant Panel Heating	p. 325
Physiology of Radiant Panel Heating	p. 326
Methods of Hydronic Radiant Panel Heating	p. 328
Slab-on-Grade Radiant Floors	p. 329
Concrete Thin-Slab Radiant Floors	p. 336
Poured Gypsum Thin-Slab Radiant Floors	p. 340
Above-Floor Tube and Plate Systems	p. 344
Below-Floor Tube and Plate Systems	p. 348
Suspended Tube Systems	p. 351
Plateless Staple-Up Systems	p. 354
Prefab Subfloor/Underlayment Panels	p. 355
Radiant Wall Panels	p. 357
Radiant Ceiling Panels	p. 361
Tube Placement Considerations (Floor Panels)	p. 364
Radiant Panel Circuit Sizing Procedure	p. 373
System Piping and Temperature Control Options	p. 381
Summary	p. 401
Key Terms	p. 401
Chapter 10 Questions and Exercises	p. 405
Distribution Piping Systems
Objectives	p. 407
Introduction	p. 407
Zoning Considerations	p. 407
System Equilibrium	p. 409
The Concept of Iterative Design	p. 411
Single Series Circuits	p. 412
Single Circuit/Multizone (One-Pipe) Systems	p. 414
Multizone/Multicirculator Systems	p. 418
Multizone Systems Using Zone Valves	p. 424
Parallel Direct-Return Systems	p. 429
Parallel Reverse-Return Systems	p. 433
Home Run Distribution Systems	p. 436
Primary/Secondary Systems	p. 439
Hybrid Distribution Systems	p. 450
Summary	p. 455
Key Terms	p. 455
Chapter 11 Questions and Exercises	p. 455
Expansion Tanks
Objectives	p. 459
Introduction	p. 459
Standard Expansion Tanks	p. 459
Diaphragm-Type Expansion Tanks	p. 462
The Expansion Tank Sizer Software Module	p. 468
Point of No Pressure Change	p. 468
Summary	p. 472
Key Terms	p. 472
Chapter 12 Questions and Exercises	p. 472
Air Removal, Filling, and Purging
Objectives	p. 475
Introduction	p. 475
Problems Created by Entrapped Air	p. 475
Types of Entrapped Air	p. 476
Air Removal Devices	p. 478
Correcting Chronic Air Problems	p. 482
Filling and Purging a System	p. 483
Make-Up Water Systems	p. 489
Summary	p. 491
Key Terms	p. 491
Chapter 13 Questions and Exercises	p. 491
Auxiliary Loads and Specialized Applications
Objectives	p. 493
Introduction	p. 493
Heat Exchangers	p. 493
Domestic Water Heating	p. 497
Intermittent Garage Heating	p. 504
Spa and Hot Tub Heating	p. 506
Pool Heating	p. 508
Hydronic Snowmelting	p. 510
Buffer Tanks	p. 522
Minitube Distribution Systems	p. 526
Summary	p. 530
Key Terms	p. 530
Chapter 14 Questions and Exercises	p. 531
Appendices
Schematic Symbols	p. 533
R-Values of Common Building Materials	p. 535
Useful Conversion Factors and Data	p. 537
Glossary	p. 539
Index	p. 559
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