Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers

by Taylor, John; Zafiratos, Chris; Dubson, Michael A.

• ISBN13: 9780138057152
• ISBN10: 013805715X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-05-30
• Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Summary

Refreshingly contemporary, this beginning-level introduction to modern physics covers all the important topics of relativity, quantum mechanics, systems with two or more atoms, and subatomic physics--but does so in a manner that won't overwhelm readers who are new to the subject. Explanations of concepts are exceptionally readable (often enlivened with humor), and an abundance of high-quality worked examples and practice problems give readers the hands-on practice necessary to master applications. The Space and Time of Relativity. Relativistic Mechanics. Atoms. Quantization of Light. Quantization of Atomic Energy Levels. Matter Waves. The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension. The Three-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation. Electron Spin. Multielectron Atoms; the Pauli Principle and the Periodic Table. Atomic Transitions and Radiation. Molecules. Solids--Theory. Solids--Applications. Statistical Mechanics. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions. Elementary Particles. For anyone needing an introduction to, or refresher of, modern physics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
To the Student	xv
PART 1 Relativity
The Space and Time of Relativity	2	(44)
Relativity	2	(1)
The Relativity of Orientation and Origin	3	(1)
Moving Reference Frames	4	(3)
Classical Relativity and the Speed of Light	7	(3)
The Michelson--Morley Experiment	10	(2)
The Postulates of Relativity	12	(2)
Measurement of Time	14	(1)
The Relativity of Time; Time Dilation	15	(4)
Evidence for Time Dilation	19	(2)
Length Contraction	21	(4)
The Lorentz Transformation	25	(3)
Applications of the Lorentz Transformation	28	(4)
The Velocity--Addition Formula	32	(2)
The Doppler Effect	34	(12)
Checklist for Chapter 1	39	(1)
Problems for Chapter 1	40	(6)
Relativistic Mechanics	46	(40)
Introduction	46	(1)
Mass in Relativity	46	(1)
Relativistic Momentum	47	(4)
Relativistic Energy	51	(5)
Two Useful Relations	56	(3)
Conversion of Mass to Energy	59	(5)
Force in Relativity	64	(3)
Massless Particles	67	(3)
When Is Nonrelativistic Mechanics Good Enough?	70	(1)
General Relativity	71	(7)
The Global Positioning System: An Application of Relativity	78	(8)
Checklist for Chapter 2	79	(1)
Problems for Chapter 2	80	(6)
PART 2 Quantum Mechanics
Atoms	86	(39)
Introduction	86	(1)
Elements, Atoms, and Molecules	86	(3)
Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons	89	(1)
Some Atomic Parameters	90	(4)
The Atomic Mass Unit	94	(2)
Avogadro's Number and the Mole	96	(1)
Kinetic Theory	97	(3)
The Mean Free Path and Diffusion	100	(4)
Brownian Motion	104	(2)
Thomson's Discovery of the Electron	106	(2)
Millikan's Oil-Drop Experiment	108	(2)
Rutherford and the Nuclear Atom	110	(6)
Derivation of Rutherford's Formula	116	(9)
Checklist for Chapter 3	118	(1)
Problems for Chapter 3	119	(6)
Quantization of Light	125	(19)
Quantization	125	(1)
Planck and Blackbody Radiation	126	(1)
The Photoelectric Effect	127	(4)
X-rays and Bragg Diffraction	131	(3)
X-ray Spectra	134	(2)
The Compton Effect	136	(3)
Particle--Wave Duality	139	(5)
Checklist for Chapter 4	140	(1)
Problems for Chapter 4	141	(3)
Quantization of Atomic Energy Levels	144	(24)
Introduction	144	(1)
Atomic Spectra	145	(2)
The Balmer--Rydberg Formula	147	(2)
The Problem of Atomic Stability	149	(1)
Bohr's Explanation of Atomic Spectra	149	(2)
The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom	151	(3)
Properties of the Bohr Atom	154	(3)
Hydrogen-like Ions	157	(3)
X-ray Spectra	160	(2)
Other Evidence for Atomic Energy Levels	162	(6)
Checklist for Chapter 5	165	(1)
Problems for Chapter 5	165	(3)
Matter Waves	168	(35)
Introduction	168	(1)
De Broglie's Hypothesis	169	(1)
Experimental Verification	170	(3)
The Quantum Wave Function	173	(5)
Which Slit Does the Electron Go Through?	178	(1)
Sinusoidal Waves	179	(2)
Wave Packets and Fourier Analysis	181	(7)
The Uncertainty Relation for Position and Momentum	188	(4)
The Uncertainty Relation for Time and Energy	192	(2)
Velocity of a Wave Packet	194	(9)
Checklist for Chapter 6	197	(1)
Problems for Chapter 6	198	(5)
The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension	203	(45)
Introduction	203	(1)
Classical Standing Waves	204	(2)
Standing Waves in Quantum Mechanics; Stationary States	206	(2)
The Particle in a Rigid Box	208	(3)
The Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation	211	(3)
The Rigid Box Again	214	(8)
The Free Particle	222	(2)
The Nonrigid Box	224	(6)
The Simple Harmonic Oscillator	230	(4)
Tunneling	234	(3)
The Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation	237	(11)
Checklist for Chapter 7	242	(1)
Problems for Chapter 7	243	(5)
The Three-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation	248	(39)
Introduction	248	(1)
The Three-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation and Partial Derivatives	249	(2)
The Two-Dimensional Square Box	251	(8)
The Two-Dimensional Central-Force Problem	259	(4)
The Three-Dimensional Central-Force Problem	263	(2)
Quantization of Angular Momentum	265	(5)
The Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom	270	(3)
Hydrogenic Wave Functions	273	(6)
Shells	279	(1)
Hydrogen-Like Ions	280	(7)
Checklist for Chapter 8	282	(1)
Problems for Chapter 8	283	(4)
Electron Spin	287	(20)
Introduction	287	(1)
Spin Angular Momentum	287	(3)
Magnetic Moments	290	(2)
The Zeeman Effect	292	(4)
Spin Magnetic Moments	296	(1)
The Anomalous Zeeman Effect	297	(2)
Fine Structure	299	(2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	301	(6)
Checklist for Chapter 9	304	(1)
Problems for Chapter 9	304	(3)
Multielectron Atoms; the Pauli Principle and Periodic Table	307	(27)
Introduction	307	(1)
The Independent-Particle Approximation	308	(2)
The IPA Energy Levels	310	(2)
The Pauli Exclusion Principle	312	(2)
Fermions and Bosons; the Origin of the Pauli Principle	314	(2)
Ground States of the First Few Elements	316	(4)
The Remaining Elements	320	(4)
The Periodic Table	324	(3)
Excited States of Atoms	327	(7)
Checklist for Chapter 10	330	(1)
Problems for Chapter 10	331	(3)
Atomic Transitions and Radiation	334	(34)
Introduction	334	(1)
Radiation by Classical Charges	334	(3)
Stationary States and Transitions	337	(1)
More Quantum Formalism	338	(5)
Transitions; Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory	343	(6)
A Brief Review	349	(1)
Spontaneous Emission	349	(1)
Atomic Selection Rules	350	(2)
Lasers	352	(5)
Further Properties of Lasers	357	(11)
Checklist for Chapter 11	362	(1)
Problems for Chapter 11	363	(5)
PART 3 Systems with Two or More Atoms
Molecules	368	(41)
Introduction	368	(2)
Overview of Molecular Properties	370	(5)
The Ionic Bond	375	(4)
The Covalent Bond	379	(8)
Directional Properties of Covalent Bonds	387	(2)
Excited States of Molecules	389	(8)
Molecular Spectra	397	(12)
Checklist for Chapter 12	403	(1)
Problems for Chapter 12	403	(6)
Solids -- Theory	409	(45)
Introduction	409	(2)
Bonding of Solids	411	(4)
Crystals and Noncrystals	415	(5)
Energy Levels of Electrons in a Solid; Bands	420	(2)
Conductors and Insulators --- A Qualitative View	422	(3)
The Drude Model of Conductivity	425	(4)
Electron Collisions in Metals	429	(3)
The Fermi Speed	432	(4)
Degeneracy Pressure	436	(2)
White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes	438	(2)
Classical and Quantum Gases	440	(5)
Bose--Einstein Condensation	445	(9)
Checklist for Chapter 13	448	(1)
Problems for Chapter 13	449	(5)
Solids -- Applications	454	(41)
Introduction	454	(1)
Semiconductors	455	(5)
The pn Junction Diode	460	(3)
The Transistor	463	(3)
Further Semiconductor Applications	466	(4)
Integrated Circuits	470	(3)
The Scanning Tunneling Microscope	473	(6)
Superconductivity	479	(6)
The Digital Information Age	485	(10)
Checklist for Chapter 14	489	(1)
Problems for Chapter 14	489	(6)
Statistical Mechanics	495	(39)
Introduction	495	(1)
Temperature	496	(3)
The Boltzmann Factor	499	(4)
Counting Microstates: The Equal-Probability Hypothesis	503	(5)
The Origin of the Boltzmann Relation	508	(3)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	511	(2)
The Quantum Ideal Gas --- A Many-Particle System	513	(3)
Energy and Speed Distributions in an Ideal Gas	516	(5)
Heat Capacities	521	(13)
Checklist for Chapter 15	526	(1)
Problems for Chapter 15	527	(7)
PART 4 Subatomic Physics
The Structure of Atomic Nuclei	534	(34)
Introduction	534	(1)
Nuclear Properties	535	(4)
The Nuclear Force	539	(2)
Electrons versus Neutrons as Nuclear Constituents	541	(3)
The IPA Potential Energy for Nucleons	544	(2)
The Pauli Principle and the Symmetry Effect	546	(2)
The Semiempirical Binding-Energy Formula	548	(5)
The Shell Model	553	(7)
Mass Spectrometers	560	(8)
Checklist for Chapter 16	562	(1)
Problems for Chapter 16	563	(5)
Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions	568	(60)
Introduction	568	(1)
Radioactivity	569	(1)
The Exponential Decay Law	570	(6)
Beta Decay and the Neutrino	576	(5)
The Natural Radioactive Series	581	(4)
Nuclear Reactions	585	(6)
Nuclear Fission	591	(5)
Nuclear Fusion	596	(3)
Nuclear Weapons	599	(2)
The Theory of Alpha Decay	601	(7)
Accelerators	608	(5)
Particle Detectors	613	(5)
Units of Radiation	618	(10)
Checklist for Chapter 17	620	(1)
Problems for Chapter 17	621	(7)
Elementary Particles	628	(50)
Elementary Particles: The Story So Far	628	(2)
Antiparticles	630	(5)
Pions and Muons	635	(5)
The Four Fundamental Forces	640	(2)
Leptons	642	(2)
Discovery of More Hadrons	644	(5)
The Quark Model of Hadrons	649	(8)
The Strong Force and QCD	657	(3)
Electroweak Interactions: The W and Z Particles	660	(3)
Summary and Outlook	663	(3)
High-Energy Accelerators	666	(12)
Checklist for Chapter 18	669	(1)
Problems for Chapter 18	670	(8)
Appendix A Physical Constants	678	(3)
Appendix B Useful Mathematical Relations	681	(3)
Appendix C Alphabetical Lists of the Elements	684	(2)
Appendix D Atomic and Nuclear Data	686	(11)
Suggestions for Further Reading	697	(2)
Picture Credits and References	699	(1)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems	700	(10)
Index	710