Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers

by Thornton, Stephen T.; Rex, Andrew

• ISBN13: 9780534417819
• ISBN10: 0534417817
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-25
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

In addition to featuring the latest discoveries, MODERN PHYSICS presents a contemporary and comprehensive approach to physics with a strong emphasis on applications. The authors discuss the experiments that led to key discoveries in order to illustrate the process behind scientific advances and to give you a historical perspective. A sound theoretical foundation in quantum theory is included to help you succeed in upper division courses.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
The Birth of Modern Physics	1	(19)
Classical Physics of the 1890s	2	(3)
Mechanics	3	(1)
Electromagnetism	4	(1)
Thermodynamics	5	(1)
The Kinetic Theory of Gases	5	(3)
Waves and Particles	8	(2)
Conservation Laws and Fundamental Forces	10	(4)
Fundamental Forces	11	(3)
The Atomic Theory of Matter	14	(2)
Unresolved Questions of 1895 and New Horizons	16	(4)
On the Horizon	18	(1)
Summary	19	(1)
Special Theory of Relativity	20	(65)
The Need for Ether	21	(1)
The Michelson-Morley Experiment	22	(5)
Einstein's Postulates	27	(3)
The Lorentz Transformation	30	(2)
Time Dilation and Length Contraction	32	(7)
Time Dilation	32	(4)
Length Contraction	36	(3)
Addition of Velocities	39	(4)
Experimental Verification	43	(5)
Muon Decay	43	(2)
Atomic Clock Measurement	45	(2)
Velocity Addition	47	(1)
Testing Lorentz Symmetry	47	(1)
Twin Paradox	48	(1)
Spacetime	49	(4)
Doppler Effect	53	(6)
Special Topic: Applications of the Doppler Effect	56	(3)
Relativistic Momentum	59	(4)
Relativistic Energy	63	(7)
Total Energy and Rest Energy	66	(1)
Equivalence of Mass and Energy	66	(2)
Relationship of Energy and Momentum	68	(1)
Massless Particles	69	(1)
Computations in Modern Physics	70	(5)
Binding Energy	72	(3)
Electromagnetism and Relativity	75	(10)
Summary	77	(8)
The Experimental Basis of Quantum Theory	85	(42)
Discovery of the X Ray and the Electron	85	(4)
Determination of Electron Charge	89	(3)
Line Spectra	92	(4)
Special Topic: The Discovery of Helium	94	(2)
Quantization	96	(1)
Blackbody Radiation	97	(6)
Photoelectric Effect	103	(8)
Experimental Results of Photoelectric Effect	104	(2)
Classical Interpretation	106	(2)
Einstein's Theory	108	(1)
Quantum Interpretation	109	(2)
X-Ray Production	111	(3)
Compton Effect	114	(4)
Pair Production and Annihilation	118	(9)
Summary	122	(5)
Structure of the Atom	127	(34)
The Atomic Models of Thomson and Rutherford	128	(3)
Rutherford Scattering	131	(8)
Special Topic: Lord Rutherford of Nelson	134	(5)
The Classical Atomic Model	139	(2)
The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom	141	(6)
The Correspondence Principle	146	(1)
Successes and Failures of the Bohr Model	147	(3)
Reduced Mass Correction	148	(1)
Other Limitations	149	(1)
Characteristic X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number	150	(4)
Atomic Excitation by Electrons	154	(7)
Summary	156	(5)
Wave Properties of Matter and Quantum Mechanics I	161	(39)
X-Ray Scattering	162	(5)
De Broglie Waves	167	(4)
Special Topic: Cavendish Laboratory	168	(2)
Bohr's Quantization Condition	170	(1)
Electron Scattering	171	(3)
Wave Motion	174	(7)
Waves or Particles?	181	(4)
Uncertainty Principle	185	(5)
Probability, Wave Functions, and the Copenhagen Interpretation	190	(3)
The Copenhagen Interpretation	191	(2)
Particle in a Box	193	(7)
Summary	195	(5)
Quantum Mechanics II	200	(39)
The Schrodinger Wave Equation	201	(7)
Normalization and Probability	203	(2)
Properties of Valid Wave Functions	205	(1)
Time-Independent Schrodinger Wave Equation	205	(3)
Expectation Values	208	(3)
Infinite Square-Well Potential	211	(4)
Finite Square-Well Potential	215	(2)
Three-Dimensional Infinite-Potential Well	217	(2)
Simple Harmonic Oscillator	219	(6)
Barriers and Tunneling	225	(14)
Potential Barrier with E > V0	225	(1)
Potential Barrier with E < V0	226	(4)
Potential Well	230	(1)
Alpha-Particle Decay	230	(2)
Special Topic: Scanning Probe Microscopes	232	(2)
Summary	234	(5)
The Hydrogen Atom	239	(29)
Application of the Schrodinger Equation to the Hydrogen Atom	239	(1)
Solution of the Schrodinger Equation for Hydrogen	240	(6)
Separation of Variables	241	(1)
Solution of the Radial Equation	242	(2)
Solution of the Angular and Azimuthal Equations	244	(2)
Quantum Numbers	246	(5)
Principal Quantum Number n	247	(1)
Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum Number l	248	(1)
Magnetic Quantum Number ml	249	(2)
Magnetic Effects on Atomic Spectra---The Normal Zeeman Effect	251	(5)
Intrinsic Spin	256	(2)
Special Topic: Hydrogen and the 21-cm Line Transition	258	(1)
Energy Levels and Electron Probabilities	258	(10)
Selection Rules	260	(1)
Probability Distribution Functions	261	(4)
Summary	265	(3)
Atomic Physics	268	(26)
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table	268	(9)
Inert Gases	272	(1)
Alkalis	273	(1)
Alkaline Earths	274	(1)
Halogens	275	(1)
Transition Metals	275	(1)
Lanthanides	275	(1)
Actinides	275	(1)
Special Topic: Rydberg Atoms	276	(1)
Total Angular Momentum	277	(11)
Single-Electron Atoms	277	(4)
Many-Electron Atoms	281	(1)
LS Coupling	282	(3)
jj Coupling	285	(3)
Anomalous Zeeman Effect	288	(6)
Summary	291	(3)
Statistical Physics	294	(40)
Historical Overview	295	(2)
Maxwell Velocity Distribution	297	(2)
Equipartition Theorem	299	(4)
Maxwell Speed Distribution	303	(4)
Classical and Quantum Statistics	307	(4)
Classical Distributions	308	(1)
Quantum Distributions	309	(2)
Fermi-Dirac Statistics	311	(9)
Introduction to Fermi-Dirac Theory	311	(2)
Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction	313	(1)
Quantum Theory of Electrical Conduction	314	(6)
Bose-Einstein Statistics	320	(14)
Blackbody Radiation	320	(2)
Liquid Helium	322	(2)
Special Topic: Superfluid 3He	324	(4)
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Gases	328	(1)
Summary	329	(5)
Molecules and Solids	334	(53)
Molecular Bonding and Spectra	334	(8)
Molecular Bonds	335	(1)
Rotational States	336	(1)
Vibrational States	337	(2)
Vibration and Rotation Combined	339	(3)
Stimulated Emission and Lasers	342	(9)
Scientific Applications of Lasers	347	(1)
Holography	348	(1)
Quantum Entanglement, Teleportation, and Information	349	(1)
Other Laser Applications	350	(1)
Structural Properties of Solids	351	(3)
Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids	354	(8)
Thermal Expansion	354	(2)
Thermal Conductivity	356	(2)
Magnetic Properties	358	(1)
Diamagnetism	358	(2)
Paramagnetism	360	(1)
Ferromagnetism	361	(1)
Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism	362	(1)
Superconductivity	362	(15)
The Search for a Higher Tc	369	(5)
Special Topic: Low-Temperature Methods	374	(2)
Superconducting Fullerenes	376	(1)
Applications of Superconductivity	377	(10)
Josephson Junctions	377	(1)
Maglev	378	(1)
Generation and Transmission of Electricity	379	(1)
Other Scientific and Medical Applications	380	(2)
Summary	382	(5)
Semiconductor Theory and Devices	387	(37)
Band Theory of Solids	387	(5)
Kronig-Penney Model	390	(2)
Band Theory and Conductivity	392	(1)
Semiconductor Theory	392	(9)
Special Topic: The Quantum Hall Effect	396	(3)
Thermoelectric Effect	399	(2)
Semiconductor Devices	401	(14)
Diodes	401	(2)
Bridge Rectifiers	403	(1)
Zener Diodes	403	(1)
Light-Emitting Diodes	403	(1)
Photovoltaic Cells	404	(3)
Transistors	407	(3)
Field Effect Transistors	410	(1)
Schottky Barriers	411	(1)
Semiconductor Lasers	412	(1)
Integrated Circuits	413	(2)
Nanotechnology	415	(9)
Carbon Nanotubes	416	(1)
Nanoscale Electronics	417	(1)
Nanotechnology and the Life Sciences	418	(1)
Information Science	419	(1)
Summary	420	(4)
The Atomic Nucleus	424	(42)
Discovery of the Neutron	424	(3)
Nuclear Properties	427	(4)
Sizes and Shapes of Nuclei	428	(2)
Intrinsic Spin	430	(1)
Intrinsic Magnetic Moment	430	(1)
The Deuteron	431	(2)
Nuclear Forces	433	(1)
Nuclear Stability	434	(7)
Nuclear Models	439	(2)
Radioactive Decay	441	(3)
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay	444	(11)
Alpha Decay	445	(2)
Beta Decay	447	(3)
Special Topic: Neutrino Detection	450	(4)
Gamma Decay	454	(1)
Radioactive Nuclides	455	(11)
Time Dating Using Lead Isotopes	457	(2)
Radioactive Carbon Dating	459	(1)
Special Topic: The Formation and Age of the Earth	460	(2)
Summary	462	(4)
Nuclear Interactions and Applications	466	(42)
Nuclear Reactions	466	(5)
Cross Sections	469	(2)
Reaction Kinematics	471	(2)
Reaction Mechanisms	473	(4)
The Compound Nucleus	474	(3)
Direct Reactions	477	(1)
Fission	477	(4)
Induced Fission	478	(1)
Thermal Neutron Fission	479	(1)
Chain Reactions	480	(1)
Fission Reactors	481	(7)
Nuclear Reactor Problems	484	(1)
Breeder Reactors	485	(1)
Special Topic: Early Fission Reactors	486	(2)
Fusion	488	(6)
Formation of Elements	488	(2)
Nuclear Fusion on Earth	490	(1)
Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions	491	(3)
Special Applications	494	(9)
Medicine	495	(1)
Archaeology	496	(1)
Art	496	(1)
Crime Detection	497	(1)
Mining and Oil	497	(1)
Materials	498	(1)
Small Power Systems	499	(1)
Special Topic: The Search for New Elements	500	(1)
New Elements	501	(2)
Summary	503	(5)
Elementary Particles	508	(36)
Early Discoveries	509	(3)
The Positron	509	(1)
Yukawa's Meson	510	(2)
The Fundamental Interactions	512	(3)
Classification of Elementary Particles	515	(6)
Leptons	516	(1)
Hadrons	517	(1)
Particles and Lifetimes	518	(3)
Conservation Laws and Symmetries	521	(4)
Baryon Conservation	521	(1)
Lepton Conservation	522	(1)
Strangeness	523	(1)
Symmetries	524	(1)
Quarks	525	(5)
Quark Description of Particles	526	(2)
Color	528	(1)
Confinement	528	(2)
The Families of Matter	530	(1)
Beyond the Standard Model	530	(3)
Neutrino Oscillations	531	(1)
Matter-Antimatter	531	(1)
Grand Unifying Theories	532	(1)
Accelerators	533	(11)
Special Topic: Experimental Ingenuity	534	(2)
Synchrotrons	536	(1)
Linear Accelerators	536	(1)
Fixed-Target Accelerators	537	(1)
Colliders	538	(2)
Summary	540	(4)
General Relativity	544	(21)
Tenets of General Relativity	544	(5)
Principle of Equivalence	545	(2)
Spacetime Curvature	547	(2)
Tests of General Relativity	549	(4)
Bending of Light	549	(1)
Gravitational Redshift	550	(1)
Perihelion Shift of Mercury	551	(1)
Light Retardation	552	(1)
Gravitational Waves	553	(2)
Black Holes	555	(5)
Frame Dragging	560	(5)
Special Topic: Gravity Probe B	561	(1)
Summary	562	(3)
Cosmology---The Beginning and the End	565
Evidence of the Big Bang	566	(6)
Hubble's Measurements	566	(3)
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation	569	(1)
Nucleosynthesis	569	(3)
The Big Bang	572	(4)
Stellar Evolution	576	(5)
The Ultimate Fate of Stars	577	(2)
Special Topic: Planck's Time, Length, and Mass	579	(2)
Astronomical Objects	581	(7)
Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars	581	(2)
Gamma Ray Astrophysics	583	(1)
Novae and Supernovae	584	(4)
Problems with the Big Bang	588	(4)
The Inflationary Universe	588	(1)
The Lingering Problems	589	(3)
The Age of the Universe	592	(5)
Age of Chemical Elements	593	(1)
Age of Astronomical Objects	593	(1)
Cosmological Determinations	594	(3)
Universe Age Conclusion	597	(1)
The Future	597
The Demise of the Sun	597	(1)
Where Is the Missing Mass?	597	(1)
Special Topic: Future of Space Telescopes	598	(3)
The Future of the Universe	601	(1)
Are Other Earths Out There?	601	(1)
Summary	601
Appendix 1 Fundamental Constants	1	(1)
Appendix 2 Conversion Factors	2	(2)
Appendix 3 Mathematical Relations	4	(1)
Appendix 4 Periodic Table of Elements	5	(1)
Appendix 5 Mean Values and Distributions	6	(2)
Appendix 6 Probability Integrals In = ∫∞o xn exp(-ax2) dx A-8	8	(2)
Appendix 7 Integrals of the Type ∫∞o xn-1 dx/ex - 1 A-10	10	(2)
Appendix 8 Atomic Mass Table	12	(24)
Appendix 9 Nobel Laureates in Physics	36	(7)
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems	43
Index	1