Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

by Althouse, Andrew D.; Turnquist, Carl H.; Bracciano, Alfred F.

• ISBN13: 9781566377249
• ISBN10: 1566377242
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-06-01
• Publisher: Goodheart-Willcox Pub

Summary

Textbook introducing the principles of air conditioning and refrigeration. Contains all of the most recent technology and EPA rules, with a standard coding scheme and maximized readability. Provides a base of information for students in this field and serves as a guide and reference for experienced technicians. Previous edition: c1996. DLC: Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery.

Table of Contents

Fundamentals of Refrigeration	25	(36)
History and Fundamentals of Refrigeration Module	25	(3)
Development of Refrigeration	25	(1)
How a Mechanical Refrigerator Operates	26	(1)
Color Coding System in This Text	26	(1)
Heat	27	(1)
Cold	28	(1)
Temperature, Pressure, And Measurements Module	28	(22)
Temperature and Temperature Measurement	28	(2)
Basic Arithmetic	30	(2)
Temperature Conversion	32	(1)
Temperature Difference Calculations	33	(1)
Dimensions	33	(4)
Pressure	37	(2)
The Three Physical States	39	(2)
Density	41	(1)
Force	41	(1)
Work	42	(1)
Energy	42	(1)
Power	42	(1)
Unit of Heat	43	(3)
Effect of Pressure on Evaporating Temperatures	46	(1)
Effect of Pressure on Freezing Temperature of Water	47	(1)
Refrigerating Effect of Ice	47	(2)
Ambient Temperature	49	(1)
Heat of Compression	49	(1)
Energy Units	50	(1)
Refrigeration Systems And Terms Module	50	(11)
Refrigerant	50	(1)
Heat Transfer	50	(1)
Brine and Sweet Water	51	(1)
Dry Ice	51	(1)
Critical Temperature	52	(1)
Critical Pressure	52	(1)
Enthalpy	52	(1)
Cryogenics	52	(1)
Perfect Gas Equation	53	(1)
Dalton's Law	54	(1)
Evaporator	54	(1)
Vapor---Gas	54	(1)
Humidity---Relative Humidity	54	(1)
Elementary Refrigerator	54	(2)
Mechanical Refrigerating System	56	(1)
Review of Abbreviations and Symbols	57	(1)
Review of Safety	57	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	58	(3)
Refrigeration Tools And Materials	61	(42)
Tubing And Fittings Module	61	(16)
Tubing	61	(3)
Cutting and Bending Tools	64	(2)
Connecting Tubing	66	(3)
Soldered or Brazed Tubing Fittings	69	(6)
Tube Couplings	75	(1)
Swaging Copper Tubing	75	(1)
Tube Constrictor	76	(1)
Pipe Fittings and Sizes	76	(1)
Refrigeration Tools Module	77	(11)
Hand Tools	77	(11)
Instruments And Gauges Module	88	(6)
Instruments and Gauges	88	(4)
Measuring Tools	92	(2)
Supplies And Use Module	94	(9)
Fastening Devices	94	(2)
Refrigeration Supplies	96	(2)
Service Valves	98	(1)
Purging	99	(1)
Evacuating	99	(1)
Review of Safety	99	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	100	(3)
Basic Refrigeration Systems	103	(28)
Ice Refrigeration	103	(1)
Evaporative Refrigeration (Desert Bag)	104	(1)
Evaporative Refrigeration (Snow Making)	104	(1)
Compression System Using Low-Side Float Refrigerant Control	105	(1)
External-Drive (Open) Refrigerating System	106	(1)
Compression System Using High-Side Float Refrigerant Control	107	(1)
Compression System Using Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) Refrigerant Control	108	(1)
Compression System Using Thermostatically Controlled Expansion Valve (TEV)	108	(1)
Compression System Using Capillary Tube Refrigerant Control	109	(1)
Multiple Evaporator System	110	(1)
Compound Refrigerating Systems	111	(2)
Cascade Refrigerating Systems	113	(1)
Modulating Refrigeration Cycle	114	(1)
Ice Maker	115	(1)
Drinking Water Cooler	116	(1)
Expendable Refrigerant Refrigeration System	117	(1)
Thermoelectric Refrigeration	118	(1)
Dry Ice Refrigeration	118	(2)
Intermittent Absorption System	120	(2)
Continuous-Cycle Absorption System	122	(2)
Solid Absorbent Refrigeration	124	(1)
Sophisticated Commercial Systems	125	(1)
Hot-Gas Defrost	125	(3)
Electric Defrost	128	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	129	(2)
Compression Systems And Compressors	131	(46)
Compression Systems Module	131	(15)
Laws of Refrigeration	131	(1)
Compression Cycle	131	(3)
Evaporator	134	(1)
Accumulator	134	(1)
Suction Line	134	(1)
Compressor	135	(1)
Oil Separator	136	(1)
Condenser	137	(2)
Liquid Receiver	139	(1)
Liquid Line	139	(1)
Types of Refrigerant Flow Control	140	(5)
Motor Control	145	(1)
Compressors Module	146	(31)
External-Drive Compressors	146	(1)
Hermetic Compressors	147	(1)
Types of Compressors	147	(21)
Motors	168	(1)
Service Valves	168	(1)
Mufflers	169	(1)
Compressor Cooling	169	(1)
Lubrication	170	(1)
Compressor Volumetric Efficiency	170	(2)
Compression Ratio	172	(1)
Check Valves	172	(1)
Unloader	172	(1)
Gaskets	172	(1)
O-Rings	172	(1)
Crankcase Heater	173	(1)
Review of Safety	173	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	174	(3)
Refrigerant Controls	177	(30)
Compression System Refrigerant Controls	177	(25)
Comparing Refrigerant Controls	202	(1)
Check Valve	202	(1)
Suction Pressure Valves	202	(1)
Review of Safety	203	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	204	(3)
Electrical-Magnetic Fundamentals	207	(50)
Electrical Fundamentals Module	207	(27)
Generating Electricity	207	(1)
Types of Electricity	208	(2)
Circuit Fundamentals	210	(12)
Electrical Materials	222	(2)
Magnetism	224	(10)
Applied Electronics And Electricity Module	234	(23)
Electronics	234	(8)
Electrical Power	242	(8)
Electrical Codes	250	(1)
Circuit Protection	250	(3)
Review of Safety	253	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	254	(3)
Electric Motors	257	(38)
Electric Motors Module	257	(25)
Electric Motor Applications	257	(1)
The Motor Structure	257	(1)
Types of Electric Motors	258	(3)
Motor Speeds	261	(1)
Starting and Running Windings	262	(1)
Starting Current	263	(1)
Motor Connections	264	(1)
Hermetic System Motors	265	(7)
Direct Current and Universal Motors	272	(1)
Motor Horsepower and Motor Characteristics	273	(1)
Electric Motor Grounding	273	(1)
Motor Protection	274	(3)
Motor Temperature	277	(1)
Standard Motor Data	278	(1)
Fan Motors	278	(1)
Shaded-Pole Motors	279	(1)
Electronic Variable Speed Motors	280	(2)
Servicing Electric Motors Module	282	(13)
Servicing Electric Motors	282	(5)
Pulleys	287	(1)
Belts	288	(2)
Motor Testing Stand	290	(1)
Servicing and Repairing Hermetic Motors	290	(2)
Review of Safety	292	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	292	(3)
Electric Circuits And Controls	295	(40)
Electric Control Circuits Module	295	(14)
Electrical Circuits---Complete Wiring Diagram	295	(2)
Electrical Circuits---Ladder Diagram	297	(1)
Control Systems---Fundamentals	297	(12)
Electric Controls Module	309	(26)
Refrigerator and Freezer Controls	309	(1)
Ice Maker Controls	310	(4)
Comfort Cooling Air Conditioning Controls	314	(1)
Central Air Conditioning Controls	315	(1)
Water Cooler Controls	316	(1)
Remote Temperature Sensing Elements	316	(1)
Pressure Motor Controls	317	(1)
Motor Safety Controls	317	(2)
Motor Starting Relays	319	(5)
Automatic Defrost Controls	324	(2)
Semiautomatic Defrost Controls	326	(1)
Hot-Gas Defrost Controls	327	(1)
Ice Bank Controls	328	(1)
De-Ice Controls	329	(1)
Humidity Controls	330	(1)
Defrosting Timers	330	(1)
Review of Safety	331	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	331	(4)
Refrigerants	335	(30)
Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer	335	(2)
Requirements for Refrigerants	337	(1)
Use of Pressure-Temperature Curves	337	(1)
Grouping and Classification of Refrigerants	338	(1)
Group A Refrigerants	338	(13)
Group B Refrigerants	351	(1)
Combustible Refrigerants	352	(1)
Expendable Refrigerants	352	(2)
Water as a Refrigerant	354	(1)
Food Freezants	354	(1)
Cryogenic Fluids	354	(1)
Refrigerant Cylinders	355	(2)
Use of Pressure-Temperature Tables	357	(1)
Head Pressures (High Side)	357	(1)
Refrigerator Temperatures	357	(1)
Refrigerant Applications	358	(1)
Changing/Identifying Refrigerants	358	(1)
Amount of Refrigerant Required in a System	358	(3)
Refrigeration Oil	361	(1)
Moisture in Refrigerant	361	(1)
Review of Safety	362	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	363	(2)
Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Reclaiming	365	(16)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and the Ozone Layer	365	(2)
Recovery, Recycling, Reclaiming of Refrigerants	367	(1)
Refrigerant Recovery Equipment	367	(5)
Refrigerant Recycling Equipment	372	(3)
Refrigerant Reclaiming Procedure	375	(2)
Retrofit	377	(1)
Mobile Air Conditioning	378	(1)
Review of Safety	379	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	379	(2)
Domestic Refrigerators And Freezers	381	(36)
Preserving Foods by Refrigeration and Freezing	381	(1)
Refrigerator and Freezer Insulation	382	(1)
Refrigerator---Single-Door, Manual Defrost	382	(2)
Refrigerator-Freezer---Manual Defrost	384	(3)
Refrigerator-Freezer---Automatic Defrost	387	(7)
Refrigerator-Freezer---Frost-Free	394	(1)
Refrigerator-Freezer---Frost-Free, Side-by-Side	395	(6)
Solid-State Ice Maker	401	(1)
Chest-Type Freezers	401	(6)
Upright Freezers	407	(2)
Care of Refrigerator or Freezer	409	(1)
Ice Accumulation in Cabinet Insulation	410	(1)
Butter Conditioner	410	(1)
Cabinet Hardware	411	(1)
Cabinet Gaskets	412	(1)
Repairing Finishes	413	(1)
Cabinet Thermometers	413	(1)
Review of Safety	414	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	414	(3)
Servicing And Installing Small Hermetic Systems	417	(56)
Instruments, Tools, and Supplies	417	(2)
Installing Refrigerators and Freezers	419	(2)
Troubleshooting the Hermetic Refrigerator-Freezer	421	(6)
Hermetic Servicing	427	(1)
External Servicing Operations	427	(6)
Internal Service Operations	433	(1)
Gauge (Service) Manifold Types and Construction	434	(4)
Hermetic Service Valves and Adaptors	438	(6)
Locating Refrigerant Leaks	444	(4)
Repairing Leaks	448	(1)
Refrigerant Recovery and Evacuation	448	(4)
Diagnosing Component Problems	452	(7)
Replacing System Components	459	(4)
Evacuating a System with a Vacuum Pump	463	(7)
Overhauling a Hermetic System	470	(1)
Review of Safety	470	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	471	(2)
Commercial Systems	473	(74)
Commercial Systems Module	473	(40)
Construction of Refrigeration Components	473	(1)
Refrigeration Components	473	(2)
Packaged Commercial System Components	475	(21)
Commercial Evaporators	496	(17)
Commercial Systems---Controls Module	513	(34)
Refrigerant Controls	513	(1)
Motor Controls	513	(6)
Ice Maker Controls	519	(1)
Vending Machine Controls	519	(1)
Defrost Timers	520	(4)
Pressure Regulating Valves	524	(5)
Compressor Protection Devices	529	(7)
Manual Valves	536	(3)
Refrigerant Lines	539	(4)
Engine-Driven Systems	543	(1)
Review of Safety	544	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	544	(3)
Commercial Systems---Applications	547	(24)
Commercial Cabinet Construction	547	(1)
Supermarkets	548	(1)
Grocery Cabinet (Reach-In Cabinet)	548	(2)
Walk-In Cabinet	550	(3)
Display Cases	553	(3)
Frozen Food Storage Cabinet	556	(2)
Fast-Freezing Case	558	(1)
Ice Cream Cabinet	558	(1)
Soda Fountain	559	(1)
Dispensing Freezers	559	(3)
Modular Refrigeration Systems	562	(1)
Water Cooler	562	(1)
Automatic Ice Maker	563	(1)
Vending Machines	564	(1)
Milk Cooler	565	(1)
Bakeries	565	(1)
Refrigerant-to-Water Heat Recovery System	566	(1)
Laboratory Refrigerated Incubators	566	(1)
Industrial Applications	567	(1)
Review of Safety	568	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	569	(2)
Servicing And Installing Commercial Systems	571	(62)
Installing Commercial Systems Module	571	(19)
Types of Commercial Installations	571	(1)
Installing Condensing Units	572	(2)
Installing Evaporators	574	(1)
Installing Refrigerant Piping	575	(6)
Electrical Connections	581	(1)
Testing Code Installations	582	(4)
Evacuating System	586	(1)
Checking System before Starting	586	(1)
Charging Commercial Systems	586	(2)
Starting a System	588	(2)
Servicing Commercial Systems Module	590	(43)
Servicing Commercial Units	590	(1)
Service Equipment	591	(1)
General Service Instructions	591	(5)
Servicing Condensing Units	596	(29)
Service Notes	625	(1)
Summary of Refrigerator Mechanism Servicing	625	(1)
Periodic Inspections	625	(1)
Locating Troubles	625	(3)
Refrigeration Service Contracting	628	(1)
Refrigerant Recovering and Recycling	628	(1)
Review of Safety	629	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	630	(3)
Commercial Systems---Heat Loads And Piping	633	(52)
Heat Loads Module	633	(37)
Heat Load	634	(11)
Thermodynamics of the Refrigeration Cycle	645	(5)
Evaporator and Condensing Unit Capacities	650	(1)
Evaporator Installations	651	(8)
Water-Cooling Loads	659	(1)
Ice Cream Freezing and Storage Load	660	(1)
System Capacity	661	(1)
Compressor Capacities	662	(2)
Cascade System	664	(1)
Two-Stage Compressor	664	(1)
Bypass Cycle	664	(2)
Motor Sizes	666	(1)
Condenser Capacities	666	(3)
Servicing: Refrigeration Troubleshooting	669	(1)
Lines And Piping Module	670	(15)
Refrigerant Lines and Piping	670	(11)
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)	681	(2)
Review of Safety	683	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	683	(2)
Absorption Systems---Principles And Applications	685	(24)
Absorption System Principles Module	685	(11)
The Absorption System	685	(1)
Types of Absorption Systems	685	(1)
Principle of the Solid Adsorption System	686	(1)
Efficiency of Absorption Systems	686	(1)
Principle of the Intermittent Absorption System	686	(1)
Principle of the Continuous Absorption System	687	(5)
Installing an Absorption Refrigerator	692	(3)
Portable Absorption Refrigerators	695	(1)
Abosorption Refrigerators for Mobile Homes	696	(1)
Residential And Commercial Absorption Systems Module	696	(13)
Residential Absorption Air Conditioners	696	(6)
Commercial Absorption System	702	(1)
Absorption Unit for Air Conditioning and Heating	702	(2)
Servicing Absorption Refrigerators	704	(2)
Review of Safety	706	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	706	(3)
Special Refrigeration Systems And Applications	709	(18)
Transportation Refrigeration	709	(6)
Portable Air Conditioning/Spot Cooling	715	(1)
Thermoelectric Refrigeration	715	(2)
Vortex Tube	717	(1)
Jet Cooling Systems	718	(1)
Multistage Systems---Cascade and Compound	719	(2)
Snow Making	721	(1)
Heat Pipe	721	(1)
Immersion (Fast Freeze)	722	(1)
Cryogenic Refrigeration	723	(1)
Ozonized Ice and Water	724	(1)
Sterling Cycle	724	(1)
Review of Safety	725	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	725	(2)
Fundamentals of Air Conditioning	727	(34)
Air Movement And Measurement Module	727	(17)
Definition of Air Conditioning	727	(1)
Air---Atmosphere	728	(1)
Physical Properties of Air	728	(8)
Vapor Barriers	736	(1)
Air Movement	736	(4)
Climate	740	(2)
Heat Insulation	742	(2)
Air Quality Module	744	(17)
Air Quality	744	(6)
Commercial and Residential Air Quality Systems	750	(3)
Comfort Conditions	753	(1)
Noise	754	(4)
Review of Safety	758	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	759	(2)
Basic Heating And Air Conditioning Systems	761	(28)
Gas-Fired Gravity Heating System	761	(1)
Gas-Fired Forced-Air Heating	762	(1)
Gas-Fired Hydronic Heating	763	(2)
Oil-Fired Forced-Air Heating	765	(1)
Oil-Fired Hydronic Heating	766	(1)
Electrical Resistance Heating	767	(1)
Radiant Heating	768	(1)
Air-to-Air Heat Pumps	768	(3)
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems	771	(2)
Room Humidifiers	773	(1)
Room Dehumidifiers	773	(1)
Room Air Conditioners	773	(2)
Central Air Conditioners	775	(1)
Absorption Cycle Systems	776	(3)
Evaporative Condensers	779	(1)
Cooling Towers	780	(1)
Steam Jet Cooling	781	(1)
Vortex Tube Cooling	782	(2)
Evaporative Cooling	784	(1)
Automobile Air Conditioning	785	(1)
Review of Safety	786	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	787	(2)
Heating And Humidification Systems	789	(64)
Gas Heating Systems Module	789	(22)
Types of Systems	789	(1)
Combustion	789	(2)
Fuel Gases	791	(1)
Basic Forced Air Components	792	(2)
Gas Burners	794	(1)
Furnace Types and Construction	795	(1)
Gas Furnace Efficiency	796	(3)
Two-Stage Furnace	799	(1)
Unit Heaters	799	(1)
Venting of Furnaces and Chimney or Exhaust Gases	799	(5)
Ignition Systems	804	(1)
Piping and Gas Pressure	805	(1)
Start-Up Check Sheet	806	(1)
Maintenance	807	(1)
Service and Instrument Check List	807	(4)
Hydronic Radiant Heating Module	811	(9)
Hydronic Heating System	811	(6)
Installing Hydronic Systems	817	(1)
Troubleshooting Hydronic Systems	818	(1)
Steam Heating Systems	819	(1)
Steam Heating Installation	820	(1)
Servicing a Steam Heating System	820	(1)
Oil Furnaces Module	820	(14)
Fuel Oils	820	(1)
Oil Furnaces	821	(1)
Gun-Type Oil Burners	822	(3)
Gun-Type Oil Burner Pumps	825	(1)
Electrical (Transformer-Electrode) Ignition	826	(3)
Primary Control	829	(1)
Oil Tank Installation	829	(2)
Oil Burner Installation	831	(2)
Servicing a Fuel Oil Burner	833	(1)
Electric Heating Module	834	(7)
Electric Heat	834	(1)
Principles of Electric Heating	834	(1)
Applications of Electric Heating	834	(2)
Principles of Electric Resistance Heating	836	(3)
Electric Radiant Heat	839	(1)
Installing Heating Coils	840	(1)
Servicing Heating Coils	840	(1)
Alternative Heating Methods Module	841	(1)
Heat Pumps	841	(1)
Coal and Wood Heating	841	(1)
Solar Heating	842	(1)
Cogeneration	842	(1)
Humidification Module	842	(11)
Humidifiers	842	(2)
Types of Humidifiers	844	(2)
Servicing and Installing Humidifiers	846	(1)
Review of Safety	847	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	848	(5)
Cooling And Dehumidifying Systems	853	(20)
Principles of Atmosphere Cooling	853	(2)
Comfort Cooling Systems	855	(1)
Self-Contained Comfort Coolers	855	(14)
Remote Comfort Systems	869	(1)
Dehumidifying Equipment	869	(1)
Review of Safety	870	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	871	(2)
Air Distribution, Measurement, And Cleaning	873	(42)
Air Distribution Module	873	(27)
Air Properties and Behavior	873	(2)
Air Circulation	875	(1)
Basic Ventilation Requirements	875	(2)
Air Ducts	877	(15)
Special Duct Problems and Duct Maintenance	892	(1)
Duct Sizing	893	(7)
Air Measurement And Cleaning Module	900	(15)
Air Measurement	900	(3)
Air Cleaning	903	(8)
Review of Safety	911	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	912	(3)
Central Air Conditioning And Heat Pumps	915	(54)
Heat Pumps Module	915	(21)
Heat Pump Theory	915	(1)
Types of Heat Pumps	915	(1)
Heat Pump Operation	916	(4)
Heat Pump Systems	920	(9)
Heat Pumps and Solar Heating Systems	929	(3)
Heat Pump Water Heaters	932	(1)
Heat Pump Installation	933	(1)
Troubleshooting Heat Pumps	934	(1)
Servicing Heat Pumps	934	(2)
Central Air Conditioning Systems Module	936	(13)
Types of Central Air Conditioning Systems	936	(6)
Installing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems	942	(3)
Inspecting Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems	945	(1)
Servicing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems	946	(1)
Air Circulation Systems and Relative Humidity Control	947	(2)
Large Systems Module	949	(20)
Chilled Water Systems	949	(1)
Types of Chillers	949	(3)
Chiller Compressors	952	(3)
Comfort Cooling Systems	955	(1)
Rooftop Units	956	(6)
Complete Air Conditioning Systems	962	(1)
Ice-Based Systems	962	(1)
Total Energy Systems	963	(2)
District Heating and Cooling Systems	965	(1)
Review of Safety	966	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	966	(3)
Solar Energy	969	(14)
The Nature of Solar Energy	969	(2)
Solar Energy Systems	971	(2)
Solar Energy Storage Systems	973	(3)
Supplementary Heat	976	(2)
Solar Energy Cooling Systems	978	(1)
Converting Solar Energy to Electricity	979	(2)
Review of Safety	981	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	981	(2)
Air Conditioning And Heating Control Systems	983	(50)
Control Mechanisms Module	983	(17)
Controls	983	(1)
Thermostats	984	(1)
Thermostat Operation	985	(4)
Heating Thermostats	989	(5)
Cooling Thermostats	994	(1)
Combination Thermostats	994	(1)
Electronic Thermostats	995	(3)
Timer-Thermostats	998	(1)
Multistage Thermostats	998	(1)
Hydronic Thermostats	999	(1)
Portable Thermostats	999	(1)
Thermostat Location and Servicing	999	(1)
Control System Components Module	1000	(22)
Controllers	1000	(2)
Primary Controls	1002	(2)
Sequential Operating Controls	1004	(1)
Limit Controls	1004	(1)
Fan Controls	1005	(1)
Control Circuits	1006	(11)
Airflow Controls	1017	(1)
Distribution Controls	1018	(4)
Energy Management Module	1022	(11)
Total Energy Management Systems	1022	(4)
Energy Management System Types and Functions	1026	(3)
Control System Diagnostics and Repair	1029	(1)
Review of Safety	1030	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	1030	(3)
Air Conditioning Systems---Heating And Cooling Loads	1033	(24)
Heat Loads	1033	(14)
Design Temperatures	1047	(3)
Insulation and Vapor Barriers	1050	(1)
Energy Conservation	1051	(1)
Construction Types and Designs	1052	(2)
Review of Safety	1054	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	1054	(3)
Automotive Air Conditioning	1057	(28)
Automotive Air Conditioning and Heating Systems	1057	(1)
Air Conditioner Operation	1058	(1)
Operating Conditions	1059	(12)
Electrical Systems	1071	(1)
Air Distribution	1071	(2)
Insulation	1073	(1)
Types of Control Systems	1073	(5)
Truck and Bus Air Conditioning	1078	(1)
Servicing Automobile Air Conditioners	1078	(5)
Review of Safety	1083	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	1083	(2)
Servicing And Troubleshooting Simplified	1085	(20)
Servicing and Troubleshooting	1085	(1)
Troubleshooting Procedure	1086	(1)
Troubleshooting Charts	1087	(1)
Customer Relations	1088	(14)
Review of Safety	1102	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	1102	(3)
Passing Technician Certification Exams	1105	(8)
Preparing for EPA Exams Module	1105	(6)
Technician Certification and Associations	1105	(2)
Certification Types	1107	(1)
Recovery Procedures	1107	(1)
Leak Repairs	1108	(1)
Exam Preparation	1108	(1)
Test Format	1109	(1)
Taking the Test	1109	(1)
Areas for Research	1109	(1)
North American Technician Excellence Air Conditioning Excellence HVAC Exam	1110	(1)
Service Organizations and Industry Associations	1110	(1)
Typical Questions Module	1111	(2)
Types of Questions	1111	(2)
Technical Characteristics	1113	(27)
Kata Thermometer	1113	(1)
Infrared Thermometer	1114	(1)
Weights and Specific Heats of Substances	1114	(1)
Energy	1114	(1)
Energy Equivalents (U.S. Conventional)	1115	(1)
Energy Equivalents (SI Metric)	1115	(1)
Linear Measurement Equivalents (U.S. Conventional---SI Metric)	1115	(1)
Fractional Inch Equivalents (Decimals and Millimeters)	1115	(1)
Area Equivalents	1116	(1)
Volume Equivalents	1116	(1)
Pressure Equivalents	1116	(1)
Velocity Equivalents	1117	(1)
Liquid Measure Equivalents	1117	(1)
Weight Equivalents	1117	(1)
Flow Equivalents	1117	(1)
Heat Equivalents	1117	(1)
Pumping Ratio	1117	(1)
Compression Ratio	1118	(1)
Temperature Conversion Table	1118	(1)
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER)	1119	(1)
Standard Temperature	1119	(1)
Standard Pressure	1120	(1)
Standard Temperature and Pressure Sample	1120	(1)
Standard Air	1120	(1)
Heating Value of Fuels	1120	(1)
Single-Source Energy	1120	(1)
Thermodynamic Laws	1120	(1)
Heat Conductivity	1121	(1)
Entropy	1121	(1)
Theory of Matter	1121	(1)
Electron Theory	1121	(1)
The Atom	1122	(1)
The Electron	1122	(1)
Electrical Units and Symbols	1123	(1)
Motor Size Calculation	1124	(1)
Lowering Voltage Saves Power	1125	(1)
Resistances of Conductors, Semiconductors, and Nonconductors	1125	(1)
Color Code for Resistors	1125	(1)
Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits	1126	(1)
Electrical Codes	1126	(1)
Root Mean Square (rms) Values	1126	(1)
Galvanic Action Sequence	1127	(1)
Electrolysis	1127	(1)
Moisture-Holding Properties of Air	1127	(2)
Evaporation Sources	1129	(1)
Desiccants	1129	(1)
Psychrometric Chart Formula	1129	(1)
Boyle's Law	1129	(1)
Charles's Law	1130	(1)
Gas Law	1130	(1)
Adiabatic Expansion and Contraction of a Gas	1131	(1)
Isothermal Expansion and Contraction of a Gas	1131	(1)
Gas and Vapor	1131	(1)
Refrigerant Properties	1131	(1)
Characteristics of Little-Used Refrigerants	1131	(2)
Metric Pressure-Heat Diagrams	1133	(1)
Moisture in Liquid Refrigerants	1133	(1)
Dryness of Refrigerants	1133	(1)
Refrigerant Oils	1133	(1)
Eutectic (Phase-Change) Materials	1133	(3)
Cryogenic Temperatures	1136	(1)
Brine Freezing Temperatures	1136	(1)
Twist Drill Sizes	1137	(1)
Piping Color Codes	1138	(1)
Solders and Brazing Metals	1138	(1)
Flare Nut Wrench Sizes	1138	(1)
Solvents and Cleaning	1138	(1)
Clean Rooms	1139	(1)
Review of Safety	1139	(1)
Dictionary of Technical Terms	1140	(26)
Acknowledgments	1166	(4)
Index	1170