Monitoring Bathing Waters: A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Assessments and Monitoring Programmes

by Bartram; Jamie

• ISBN13: 9780419243700
• ISBN10: 0419243704
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-04
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This book, prepared by an international group of experts, provides comprehensive guidance for the design, planning and implementation of assessments and monitoring programs for water bodies used for recreation. It is an invaluable source of information for anyone concerned with monitoring and assessing recreational waters with a medical, scientific, managerial or engineering background, including field staff.

Table of Contents

Foreword	ix
Acknowledgements	xi
Introduction	1	(14)
Health hazards in recreational water environments	2	(2)
Factors affecting recreational water quality	4	(1)
Effective monitoring for management	5	(3)
Good practice in monitoring	8	(1)
Legislative context	9	(1)
Socio-economic issues	9	(2)
Framework	11	(2)
References	13	(2)
Design of Monitoring Programmes	15	(12)
Aims and objectives of monitoring	15	(2)
Elements of recreational water quality assessment	17	(4)
Data collection	21	(4)
Elements of good practice	25	(1)
References	26	(1)
Resourcing and Implementation	27	(22)
Staffing and training	27	(4)
Laboratory and analytical facilities	31	(1)
Transport and scheduling	32	(1)
Inspection forms and programmes	33	(1)
Data processing and interpretation	34	(12)
Elements of good practice	46	(1)
References	47	(2)
Quality Assurance	49	(20)
Components of Quality Assurance	49	(4)
Equipment maintenance and calibration	53	(1)
Sampling	53	(3)
Laboratory facilities	56	(1)
Analytical Quality Control	57	(9)
Elements of good practice	66	(1)
References	67	(2)
Management Frameworks	69	(16)
Management concerns and approaches	69	(4)
Management framework	73	(4)
The role of organisations or individuals with a vested interest	77	(3)
Management options	80	(1)
Elements of good practice	81	(1)
References	82	(3)
Public Participation and Communication	85	(16)
Public participation schemes	86	(1)
Local communication	87	(1)
Types of information	87	(1)
Award schemes	88	(5)
Education	93	(1)
Elements of good practice	94	(3)
References	97	(4)
Physical Hazards, Drowning and Injuries	101	(12)
Health outcomes	102	(4)
Interventions and control measures	106	(1)
Monitoring and assessment	107	(3)
Elements of good practice	110	(1)
References	111	(2)
Sanitary Inspection and Microbiological Water Quality	113	(56)
Sanitary inspection and sampling programmes	114	(7)
Sampling	121	(1)
Index and indicator organisms	122	(6)
Analytical methods	128	(10)
Laboratory procedures	138	(2)
Field analyses	140	(1)
Data recording, interpretation and reporting	140	(12)
Quality control	152	(1)
Presenting information to the public	153	(1)
Elements of good practice	153	(2)
References	155	(14)
Approaches to Microbiological Monitoring	169	(50)
Issues	169	(18)
Alternative approaches to monitoring and assessment programmes	187	(2)
Primary classification	189	(9)
Reclassification	198	(8)
Management actions and routine monitoring	206	(4)
Evaluation and validation of the proposed approach	210	(4)
References	214	(5)
Cyanobacteria and Algae	219	(54)
Design of monitoring programmes	221	(8)
Laboratory and staff requirements	229	(1)
Sampling	230	(9)
On-site analysis	239	(3)
Determination of nutrients in the laboratory	242	(13)
Algal and cyanobacterial identification and quantification	255	(11)
Detection of toxins and toxicity	266	(1)
Elements of good practice	267	(1)
References	268	(5)
Other Biological, Physical and Chemical Hazards	273	(10)
Biological hazards	273	(2)
Microbiological hazards	275	(3)
Sun, heat and cold	278	(2)
Physical and chemical hazards	280	(1)
Elements of good practice	281	(1)
References	281	(2)
Aesthetic Aspects	283	(30)
Beach litter visual triggers	284	(4)
Litter survey techniques	288	(11)
Beach cleaning	299	(4)
Debris sourcing	303	(2)
Elements of good practice	305	(1)
References	305	(8)
Epidemiology	313	(18)
Methods employed in recreational water studies	313	(4)
Major studies	317	(6)
Choice of study design	323	(2)
Elements of good practice	325	(1)
References	326	(5)
Index	331