Music of Black Americans : A History

by Southern, Eileen

• ISBN13: 9780393971415
• ISBN10: 0393971414
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-01-17
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Summary

Beginning with the arrival of the first Africans in the English colonies, Eileen Southern weaves a fascinating narrative of intense musical activity. As singers, players, and composers, black American musicians are fully chronicled in this landmark book. Now in the third edition, the author has brought the entire text up to date and has added a wealth of new material covering the latest developments in gospel, blues, jazz, classical, crossover, Broadway, and rap as they relate to African American music.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xv	(4)
Preface	xix
PART ONE SONG IN A STRANGE LAND 1619-1775	3	(60)
1 The African Legacy	3	(20)
MUSIC IN WEST AFRICA	4	(16)
The Role of Music in Society	4	(1)
Occasions for Music Making	5	(3)
Professional Musicians	8	(1)
Musical Instruments and Performance Practice	9	(7)
Music and Poetry	16	(2)
Music and the Dance	18	(1)
Summary	19	(1)
THE AFRICAN DIASPORA	20	(3)
From Indentured Servitude to Slavery	20	(1)
African Retentions in the New World	21	(2)
2 The Colonial Era	23	(40)
MUSIC IN THE COLONIES	23	(2)
PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION	25	(3)
The Colonial Newspaper	25	(2)
Other Primary Sources	27	(1)
CONGREGATIONAL SINGING: PSALMODY AND HYMNODY	28	(7)
Singing in the Meetinghouse	28	(3)
Psalm Singing in the Community	31	(1)
The Reform Movement	32	(1)
The Growth of Hymnody	33	(2)
RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION AND PSALMODY	35	(6)
Patterns of Slavery in North and South	35	(1)
Conversion and Religious Instruction in the North	36	(2)
Missionary Activities in the South	38	(3)
RECREATIONAL MUSIC	41	(7)
Holiday Celebrations	41	(1)
Social Diversions of the Colonists	42	(1)
Slave Dance Musicians	43	(3)
Social Singing	46	(1)
Slave Recreational Activities	47	(1)
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSICAL SKILLS	48	(4)
SLAVE FESTIVALS IN THE AFRICAN TRADITION	52	(11)
`Lection Day Festivities	52	(1)
Pinkster Celebrations	53	(3)
Other Slave Gatherings	56	(7)
PART TWO LET MY PEOPLE GO 1776-1865	63	(160)
3 Two Wars and the New Nation	63	(34)
BLACK MUSICIANS IN THE ARMED SERVICES	63	(4)
The Revolutionary War	64	(2)
The War of 1812	66	(1)
THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD	67	(4)
Musical Activities in the New Nation	67	(1)
Black Singing-School Masters	68	(2)
Black Benevolent and Fraternal Societies	70	(1)
THE BLACK CHURCH	71	(9)
The Earliest Black Congregations	71	(1)
Methodist Dissenters	72	(3)
Richard Allen's Hymnals	75	(5)
INDEPENDENT BLACK DENOMINATIONS	80	(2)
Denominational Hymnals	81	(1)
Importance of the Black Church	82	(1)
THE CAMP MEETING	82	(7)
Singing in the Camp Meeting	84	(1)
The Camp-Meeting Hymn	85	(3)
Shouts in the Camp Meeting	88	(1)
ETHIOPIAN MINSTRELSY	89	(8)
Antecedents of Minstrel Songs	89	(1)
Growth of the "Ethiopian" Music	90	(4)
Black Entertainers in Ethiopian Minstrelsy	94	(3)
4 Antebellum Urban Life	97	(54)
BLACK MUSICIANS AND THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC	98	(2)
URBAN MUSIC IN THE NORTH	100	(27)
The Concert Stage	103	(1)
Sacred Music Concerts	104	(2)
Grand Concerts and Concert Troupes	106	(1)
Bands and Orchestras	107	(4)
Composers	111	(2)
The Philadelphia School	113	(1)
Composers in Other Cities	114	(2)
Music in the Theater	116	(5)
Balls and Holiday Celebrations	121	(1)
Dance Halls and Dives	122	(2)
Street Vendors and Itinerant Musicians	124	(3)
MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, I	127	(4)
Music in the Worship Service	127	(3)
Camp Meetings and Bush Meetings	130	(1)
Informal Religious Practices	130	(1)
URBAN MUSIC IN THE SOUTH	131	(5)
New Orleans--A Musical Center	131	(1)
Vocal Music	132	(1)
Brass Bands and Orchestras	133	(1)
A Symphony Orchestra	133	(1)
Dance Orchestras and Recreational Music	134	(1)
Black Fiddlers and White Dancers	134	(2)
AFRICAN TRADITIONS IN THE SOUTH	136	(4)
Dancing in the Place Congo	136	(2)
John Conny Festivals	138	(1)
Voodoo	139	(1)
THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT	140	(5)
Anti-Slavery Songs	141	(1)
The Underground Railroad	142	(3)
MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, II	145	(2)
Music Instruction in Sabbath Schools	146	(1)
SONGS ON THE WATERFRONT	147	(4)
5 Antebellum Rural Life	151	(54)
PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION	151	(1)
THE MUSICAL SOURCES	152	(1)
DAILY LIFE ON THE PLANTATION	153	(3)
SONGS OF NARRATION AND SOCIAL COMMENT	156	(5)
WORKSONGS	161	(6)
RECREATIONAL MUSIC	167	(8)
Dance Music	168	(3)
Musical Instruments	171	(2)
Other Recreational Activities	173	(2)
ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE MASTERS	175	(2)
IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC TO THE SLAVES	177	(1)
THE WORSHIP SERVICE	178	(6)
Spirituals	180	(1)
The Shout	181	(3)
OTHER RELIGIOUS SERVICES	184	(1)
AN ORIGIN FOR THE SPIRITUAL	184	(6)
CHARACTER OF THE FOLK MUSIC	190	(15)
Melody and Scales	192	(3)
Rhythmic Features	195	(2)
Musical Texture	197	(2)
Poetic Language and Themes	199	(2)
Performance Practice	201	(3)
Summary	204	(1)
6 The War Years and Emancipation	205	(18)
MUSIC IN THE UNION ARMY	208	(4)
MUSIC IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY	212	(1)
MUSIC IN THE CONTRABAND CAMP	212	(2)
EMANCIPATION	214	(9)
PART THREE BLOW YE THE TRUMPET 1865-1919	223	(142)
7 After the War	223	(42)
SONGS OF THE PEOPLE	224	(3)
DISSEMINATION OF THE SPIRITUALS	227	(4)
The Fisk Jubilee Singers and Other Student Groups	227	(4)
Professional Jubilee Singers	231	(1)
BLACK ETHIOPIAN MINSTRELSY	231	(13)
Minstrel Troupes	231	(2)
Minstrel Traditions	233	(4)
Minstrel Stars	237	(7)
THE CONCERT STAGE	244	(9)
Prima Donnas	244	(4)
Male Vocalists and Ensembles	248	(1)
Concert Instrumental Artists	249	(3)
Concert Musicians Abroad	252	(1)
TRAVELING ROAD SHOWS	253	(3)
FESTIVALS AND EXTRAVAGANZAS	256	(1)
BRASS BANDS AND DANCE ORCHESTRAS	257	(2)
U.S. Army Bands	258	(1)
Society Dance Orchestras	258	(1)
OTHER MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS	259	(1)
ITINERANT AND COMMUNITY MUSICIANS	259	(2)
COMPOSERS AND WRITERS	261	(1)
MUSIC OF THE BLACK CHURCH, III	262	(3)
Hymn Writers and Collectors	263	(2)
8 The New Century	265	(48)
THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC	266	(1)
MUSIC NATIONALISM	267	(15)
Nationalistic Music of Black Composers	268	(14)
IN THE CONCERT WORLD	282	(5)
Concert Singers	282	(1)
Concert Violinists and Pianists	283	(3)
Artist Professors	286	(1)
MUSIC EDUCATORS	287	(4)
SYMPHONY ORCHESTRAS, OPERA COMPANIES, AND CHORAL SOCIETIES	291	(5)
Symphony Orchestras	291	(3)
Opera Companies and Choral Societies	294	(2)
THEATERS AND THEATER MUSIC	296	(2)
SHOWS ON THE ROAD	298	(2)
Black Showmen and the Circus	300	(1)
VAUDEVILLE AND MUSICAL COMEDIES	300	(3)
MUSICALS ON AND OFF BROADWAY	303	(2)
The Walker and Williams Company	304	(1)
BLACK ENTERTAINERS ABROAD	305	(1)
MILITARY MUSIC	306	(1)
THE MUSIC BUSINESS	307	(2)
Musicians' Unions	307	(1)
Music Publishing	308	(1)
EARLY RECORDINGS OF BLACK MUSICIANS	309	(2)
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS	311	(1)
ASCAP	311	(2)
The National Association of Negro Musicians	311	(2)
9 Precursors of Jazz	313	(52)
THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC	313	(1)
THE EMERGENCE OF RAGTIME	314	(18)
Ragtime Songs	317	(2)
Instrumental Rags	319	(3)
Composers of Piano Rags	322	(6)
Rag Performers	328	(3)
Ragtime Elements in the Music of White Composers	331	(1)
THE BLUES	332	(8)
Blues and Spirituals	333	(1)
Characteristics of the Blues	333	(5)
Father of the Blues	338	(2)
BRASS BANDS AND STRING BANDS	340	(11)
Brass Bands and Dance Orchestras in New Orleans	342	(3)
Syncopated Orchestras in New York	345	(5)
Syncopated Orchestras in Chicago and Other Cities	350	(1)
WORLD WAR I	351	(6)
Songs of the War	354	(1)
After the War	355	(2)
SUMMARY	357	(8)
PART FOUR Lift Every Voice 1920-1996	365	(246)
10 The Jazz Age	365	(39)
CHARACTERISTICS OF JAZZ	367	(2)
RACE RECORDS	369	(9)
Early Black Recording Companies	370	(1)
Women and Blues	371	(3)
Downhome Blues	374	(4)
JAZZ BAND RECORDING	378	(5)
THE BIG BANDS	383	(2)
THE SWING ERA	385	(4)
KANSAS CITY JAZZ	389	(4)
PRINCIPAL JAZZ INSTRUMENTALISTS	393	(2)
JAZZ SINGERS	395	(1)
JAZZ PIANISTS	395	(5)
JAZZ WOMEN AS BANDLEADERS	400	(1)
JAZZ COMPOSER-ARRANGERS	401	(1)
WHITE MUSICIANS AND JAZZ	401	(2)
THE END OF AN ERA	403	(1)
11 The Harlem Renaissance and Beyond	404	(62)
THE GENERAL STATE OF MUSIC IN THE NATION	406	(2)
IN THE CONCERT WORLD	408	(10)
Concert/Opera Singers	414	(3)
Concert Artists in Mid-Career	417	(1)
MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS	418	(6)
Professional Choruses	420	(4)
COMPOSERS AND COMPOSER/EDUCATORS	424	(11)
Dean of Afro-American Composers	431	(4)
BLACK MUSICALS ON BROADWAY	435	(7)
HARLEM AND THE NEW NEGRO	442	(1)
THE FEDERAL ARTS PROJECTS	443	(1)
THE MEDIA: FILMS AND RADIO	444	(1)
CONCERTS, FESTIVALS, AND OPERAS	445	(6)
WRITINGS ABOUT MUSIC	451	(1)
THE EMERGENCE OF GOSPEL	452	(14)
White Gospel Hymnody	452	(1)
Music in the Black Folk Church	453	(1)
Lining-Out and Dr. Watts	454	(1)
Shape-Note Singing and The Sacred Harp	455	(1)
Black Church Songs	456	(4)
Father of Gospel Music	460	(1)
Other Gospel Composers	461	(1)
Gospel Traditions	462	(4)
12 The Mid-Century Decades	466	(57)
WORLD WAR II	467	(4)
The Great Lakes Experience	468	(2)
The USO Camp Shows	470	(1)
Regimental Bands and Choruses	470	(1)
THE BLACK REVOLUTION	471	(3)
EDUCATING THE BLACK COMMUNITY	474	(1)
THE GOSPEL SOUND	475	(12)
Gospel Composers/Performers	478	(5)
Gospel Quartets	483	(1)
Milestones in Gospel History	484	(3)
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN JAZZ	487	(18)
Bebop	487	(7)
Free Jazz	494	(3)
Innovations of the Seventies	497	(3)
Jazz at the Keyboard	500	(2)
Jazz Singers	502	(2)
Jazz Festivals	504	(1)
Jazz in the Church	504	(1)
THE URBAN BLUES	505	(5)
The Mississippi Delta Blues	506	(1)
Chicago Blues	507	(1)
Blues Styles in Other Places	508	(1)
Blues in Europe and Festivals	508	(1)
Blues Repertories	509	(1)
Library of Congress Recordings	509	(1)
POPULAR MUSIC	510	(13)
Pop Soloists	511	(2)
Pop Quartets	513	(1)
Rhythm 'n' Blues	513	(4)
Soul Music	517	(1)
Rock 'n' Roll	518	(4)
New Dance Music	522	(1)
13 Singers, Instrumentalists, and Composers	523	(44)
Singers at Mid-Century	523	(1)
Pianists and Other Instrumentalists	524	(1)
Symphony Orchestra Players and Conductors	525	(4)
THE WORLD OF OPERA	529	(11)
The Concert/Opera Singers	534	(2)
New Opera Companies	536	(1)
A New Old Opera	537	(3)
COMPOSERS	540	(21)
Composers After the War	543	(12)
The Society of Black Composers	555	(5)
Composers and Synthesizers	560	(1)
BLACK MUSICALS ON BROADWAY	561	(3)
OTHER FORMS OF THEATER MUSIC	564	(1)
Music for the Dance	565	(2)
14 Currents in Contemporary Arenas	567	(44)
JAZZ IMPROVISERS AND COMPOSERS	568	(1)
A NEW GENERATION	569	(1)
BLAKEY'S KIDS	570	(2)
ASPECTS OF THE NEW MUSIC	572	(1)
THE YOUNG LIONS	573	(1)
THE PROFESSORS	574	(2)
"CLASSICAL" COMPOSERS AND IMPROVISERS	576	(2)
CONCERT ARTISTS	578	(1)
COMMUNITY-BASED MUSIC GROUPS	579	(3)
Academic-Based Groups	580	(1)
Professional Groups	581	(1)
OPERA: OLD AND NEW	582	(2)
OPERA COMPANIES	584	(1)
BLACK SINGERS ON STAGE	584	(2)
SYMPHONY ORCHESTRAS: THE CONDUCTORS	586	(1)
SYMPHONY INSTRUMENTALISTS	587	(1)
SYMPHONY OF THE NEW WORLD	588	(1)
FESTIVALS	589	(5)
FESTAC in Nigeria	589	(1)
Celebration at Lincoln Center	589	(1)
A Symposium in Michigan	590	(1)
The Atlanta Festivals	591	(1)
Summer Festivals	592	(1)
The Cincinnati Festival	592	(1)
Carnegie Hall Concerts	592	(2)
CABARET DIVAS	594	(2)
RESOURCES OF THE PAST	596	(7)
Ragtime	596	(1)
Blues Revivals	596	(1)
Popular Music	597	(1)
The New Pop Music: Rap	598	(5)
WOMEN IN BLACK CHURCH MUSIC	603	(1)
GOSPEL SINCE THE 1980s	604	(4)
Hymnals and Performance Practice	604	(2)
Contemporary Gospel	606	(2)
A GOSPEL GREEK MYTH	608	(1)
CODA	609	(2)
Bibliography And Discography	611	(104)
GENERAL REFERENCES	613	(4)
THE AFRICAN LEGACY	617	(1)
EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES	618	(2)
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY	620	(6)
NINETEENTH-CENTURY COLLECTIONS: MUSIC SCORES	626	(1)
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY	626	(7)
TWENTIETH-CENTURY COLLECTIONS: MUSIC SCORES	633	(1)
PERIODICALS	634	(1)
BIOGRAPHIES	634	(11)
SOUND RECORDINGS	645	(2)
INDEX	647