1 The Science of Psychology
What Is Psychology?
Defining Psychology
What Psychology Is Not
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SHOULD PSYCHOLOGISTS PRESCRIBE MEDICATION?
Psychology’s Big Questions
Psychology’s Many Subfields
Applied Specializations
Basic Research Specializations
Psychology Then and Now
Old-School Psychology
New-School Psychology
The Future of Psychology: Technology, Antiracism, Social Justice Advocacy, and More
The Science of Psychology
The Need for Science in Psychology
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: PSYCHOLOGISTS’ RESEARCH ON COLLEGE SUCCESS
CHAPTER APP 1.1: MYHOMEWORK
MY TAKE VIDEO 1.1: BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
The Goals of Psychological Studies
MY TAKE VIDEO 1.2: CORRELATION–CAUSATION FALLACY
The Scientific Method
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: SURVEY SAYS? FAMILY FEUD AND RANDOM SAMPLING
How Psychologists Share Their Results
Ethics in Psychological Studies

2 Brain and Behavior
Brain and Behavior Connections: An Introduction
Phineas Gage’s Accident and Paul Broca’s Discovery
Learning the Brain: A Three-Step Strategy
Activity Within the Brain
Neurons
Communication Between Neurons
The Brain and Its Parts
MY TAKE VIDEO 2.1: PARTS OF THE BRAIN
The Brainstem
The Cerebellum
The Thalamus and the Limbic System
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT HAPPENS IN YOUR BRAIN WHEN YOU WATCH MOVIES AND TV?
The Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex
The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Corpus Callosum
CHAPTER APP 2.1: 3D BRAIN
The Lobes
Brain Plasticity
CHAPTER APP 2.2: GLASSESOFF
IT’S LIKE...: PLASTICITY IS LIKE AN ATHLETE SWITCHING POSITIONS
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
How We Know All of This: Viewing the Brain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: THE MURDERER’S MIND
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: NEUROEVERYTHING?

3 Sensation and Perception
The Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception
The Difference Between Sensation and Perception
Thresholds: What Your Senses Can and Cannot Do
MY TAKE VIDEO 3.1: DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD
Sensory Overload: When Senses Compete for Your Attention
MY TAKE VIDEO 3.2: SENSORY ADAPTATION
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: VARIETY, THE KEY TO HAPPINESS?
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
IT’S LIKE...: TOP-DOWN PROCESSING IS LIKE AUTOCOMPLETE
Vision
Your Eye: Its Parts and Their Functions
CHAPTER APP 3.1: BIODIGITAL HUMAN
How You See: Eye Movements, Depth Perception,
Color Perception, and More
CHAPTER APP 3.2: BE MY EYES
How Diversity Influences Vision
Hearing
Your Ear: Its Parts and Their Functions
How You Hear: Pitch, Location, and More
How Diversity Influences Hearing
Smell and Taste
The Nose Knows: Your Sense of Smell
Detectable as Delectable: Your Sense of Taste
Other Senses
Skin Deep: Your Somatosenses
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: MORE TOUCH, MORE WINS?
CHAPTER APP 3.3: GEOPAIN
On the Move and in Balance: Your Kinesthetic Sense and Vestibular Sense

4 Consciousness
IT’S LIKE...: CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKE A LIGHT CONTROLLED BY A DIMMER
Why Do We Sleep?
MY TAKE VIDEO 4.1: SLEEP DEPRIVATION.
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: DO YOU REALIZE WHAT SLEEP DEPRIVATION DOES TO YOU?
Circadian Rhythm: Your Biological Clock
MY TAKE VIDEO 4.2: CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: WHAT (BODY CLOCK) TIME IS KICKOFF?
Normal Sleep
Diversity in Normal Sleep
CHAPTER APP 4.1: SLEEP CYCLE
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SHOULD HIGH SCHOOL START LATER IN THE DAY?
Sleep Abnormalities
MY TAKE VIDEO 4.3: SCREENS AND SLEEP
Dreams
Theories of Dreams
The Scientific Study of Dreaming
The Effect of Dreams on Daily Functioning
Lucid Dreaming
Dreams and COVID-19
Diversity and Dreams
Hypnosis
The Procedure of Hypnotism
Who Can Be Hypnotized?
Psychoactive Drugs and Consciousness
How Psychoactive Drugs Work
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
Other Altered States of Consciousness
Meditation and Mindfulness
CHAPTER APP 4.2: INSIGHT TIMER

5 Memory
Defining Memory
Memory and Identity
The Extremes of Memory Achievement
The Three Steps of Memory
Encoding
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: IS FORGETTING GOOD?
Storage
IT’S LIKE...: YOUR SMARTPHONE IS LIKE A FLASH DRIVE FOR YOUR BRAIN
Retrieval
MY TAKE VIDEO 5.1: RECALL VERSUS RECOGNITION
CHAPTER APP 5.1: 50 US STATES
Types of Memory
Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
What Affects Memory?
Time and Memory
Context and Memory: “Other” Information
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THE SERIAL POSITION EFFECT ON AMERICAN IDOL?
MY TAKE VIDEO 5.2: FLASHBULB MEMORY
Efforts to Improve Memory
CHAPTER APP 5.2: ELEVATE
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY
Diversity and Memory
Sleep and Memory
Memory Problems
Amnesia
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: CAN HEAD INJURIES IN SPORTS CAUSE MEMORY LOSS?
The Misinformation Effect
MY TAKE VIDEO 5.3: MEMORY MISTAKES
Memory and Psychological Disorders
Memory Problems and COVID-19

6 Learning
What Is Learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Accidental Discovery
Processes Related to Classical Conditioning
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN ADVERTISING
MY TAKE VIDEO 6.1: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
IT’S LIKE...: THE CLASSIC STUDY OF DOGS DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN SHAPES IS LIKE YOU DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN LOGOS
Applying Classical Conditioning to Your Life
CHAPTER APP 6.1: AQUALERT WATER INTAKE TRACKER AND REMINDER
Operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning for Everyone
CHAPTER APP 6.2: OURHOME
Reinforcement Schedules
MY TAKE VIDEO 6.2: REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES.
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: HOME RUNS AND SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Punishment
CHAPTER APP 6.3: STICKK
Discriminative Stimuli
Shaping
Operant Conditioning Versions of Some Classical Conditioning Concepts
Applying Operant Conditioning to Your Life
Observational Learning
The Bobo Doll Studies
Mirror Neurons
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: DOES VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA CAUSE VIOLENCE IN REAL LIFE?
Biological Influences on Learning
Taste Aversion
Instinctive Drift
Cognitive Influences on Learning
Cognitive Maps
Insight
Learned Helplessness

7 Cognition: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Thinking
Concepts: What Holds Them Together?
Expertise, Culture, and Concepts
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Cognition and Emotion
MY TAKE VIDEO 7.1: AFFECTIVE FORECASTING
Cognition and Creativity
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT THINKING ON FAMILY FEUD
The Evolution of Language
The Development of Language
The Rules of Language: Grammar
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: WHAT IS TEXTING DOING TO LANGUAGE?
Does Language Influence Thinking?
CHAPTER APP 7.1: HELLOTALK
Intelligence
One Intelligence or Many?
Multiple Intelligences
Emotional Intelligence
MY TAKE VIDEO 7.2: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Nature, Nurture, and Intelligence
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: INTELLIGENCE CORRELATES WITH…

8 Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
Classic Theories of Motivation
MY TAKE VIDEO 8.1: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
One Motivation after Another: Maslow’s Hierarchy
CHAPTER APP 8.1: SPACE
Motivation and Diversity
A Primary Motivation: Hunger and Eating
Obesity and Overweight
Biological Factors in Hunger and Eating
IT’S LIKE...: THE THRIFTY GENE HYPOTHESIS IS LIKE BUYING GAS FOR A NICKEL A GALLON
Psychological Factors in Hunger and Eating
Environmental and Sociocultural Factors
Promoting Healthy Eating
Emotion
Theories of Emotion
Communicating Emotions
MY TAKE VIDEO 8.2: EMOTION REGULATION
Emotion Regulation
Why Emotion Regulation Matters
CHAPTER APP 8.2: DAYLIO
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: DOES MONEY BUY HAPPINESS?
Emotion and Diversity
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THIS SHOW IS SCARY: THE EFFECT ON CHILDREN OF FRIGHTENING TV AND MOVIES

9 Development Across the Life Span
Big Questions about Developmental Psychology
Stability Versus Change
Stage Development Versus Continuous Development
Nature Versus Nurture
Development Before Birth
Conception
Prenatal Development
Teratogens: Dangers in the Womb
CHAPTER APP 9.1: PREGNANCY TRACKER — BABYCENTER
Infancy and Childhood
The Abilities of Newborns
Physical Development
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: A WELL-RUNNING BRAIN
Cognitive Development
IT’S LIKE...: ASSIMILATION AND ACCOMMODATION ARE LIKE SORTING LAUNDRY
Psychosocial Development
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: SCREEN TIME AND KIDS’ DEVELOPMENT
Temperament
MY TAKE VIDEO 9.1: PARENTING STYLES
Adolescent Development
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
CHAPTER APP 9.2: TWITTER
Psychosocial Development
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: SOCIAL MEDIA: GOOD OR BAD FOR ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT?
MY TAKE VIDEO 9.2: EMERGING ADULTHOOD
Adulthood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Psychosocial Development

10 Diversity in Psychology: Multiculturalism, Gender, and Sexuality
Diversity Surrounds You
Diversity by the Numbers
What Constitutes a Culture?
MY TAKE VIDEO 10.1: CULTURE
IT’S LIKE...: DYNAMIC SIZING IS LIKE APPRECIATING BREANNA STEWART’S HEIGHT
Multiculturalism
The Importance of Multiculturalism in
Psychology
Acculturation: Managing Multiple Cultures
How Do Cultures Differ?
CHAPTER APP 10.1: CULTURE GUIDE
What Difference Does Diversity Make?
Applying Diversity Knowledge in Your Daily Life
CHAPTER APP 10.2: VENT
MY TAKE VIDEO 10.2: MICROAGGRESSIONS
Gender and Sexuality: Essential Forms of Diversity
Defining Gender and Sex
Gender Development
MY TAKE VIDEO 10.3: GENDER AND GENDER DEVELOPMENT
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: TV, SEXUAL ATTITUDES, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
CHAPTER APP 10.3: REFUGE RESTROOMS
Sexual Orientation
What Difference Does Gender Make?
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: HOW DOES SOCIAL MEDIA AFFECT BODY IMAGE?

11 Stress and Health
Stress: What Is It and What Causes It?
What Is Stress?
IT’S LIKE...: STOPPING YOUR FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE IS LIKE STEPPING ON THE GAS AND BRAKE AT THE SAME TIME
What Causes Stress?
CHAPTER APP 11.1: SERENITA
MY TAKE VIDEO 11.1: APPRAISAL
Stress and the Mind–Body Connection
How Stress and Your Body Affect Each Other
How Stress and Your Mind Affect Each Other
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: WHAT COUNTS AS A TRAUMA?
Stress and COVID
Stress and Diversity
Stress and Gender
Stress and Ethnicity
Stress and Age
MY TAKE VIDEO 11.2: COPING
Coping with Stress: Psychological Strategies
and Social Strategies
Diversity and Coping
Decreasing Stress by Thinking Differently
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: DON’T STRESS OUT ABOUT STRESS
CHAPTER APP 11.2: THE MIGHTY
Decreasing Stress by Improving Relationships
Decreasing Stress by Behaving Differently
Coping with Stress: Physical Strategies and Medical Strategies
Decreasing Stress with Exercise
CHAPTER APP 11.3: RUNKEEPER
Decreasing Stress with Medical and Healing
Techniques

12 Personality
What Is Personality?
Defining Personality
Biological Contributions to Personality
Psychodynamic Theory of Personality
The Unconscious
The Structure of Personality
Stages of Development
Freud’s Followers
Current Thoughts on Psychodynamic Theory
Humanistic Theory of Personality
Self-Actualization
Self-Concept
Current Thoughts on Humanistic Theory
Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Theories
of Personality
Behavioral Theory: The Importance of the Environment
Social-Cognitive Theory: Social Factors and Thoughts Are Important Too
MY TAKE VIDEO 12.1: LOCUS OF CONTROL
CHAPTER APP 12.1: FREEDOM
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: WHAT’S HAPPENING TO OUR LOCUS OF CONTROL?
Current Thoughts on Behavioral and Social-Cognitive Theories
Trait Theory of Personality
A New Approach to Understanding Personality
The Five-Factor Model
MY TAKE VIDEO 12.2: FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: IS THERE AN UPSIDE TO NEUROTICISM?
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: PERSONALITY AND PREFERENCES IN MOVIES AND TV
Diversity, Multiculturalism, and Personality
Current Thoughts on Trait Theory
Assessing Personality
Clinical Interviews
Objective Personality Tests
Projective Personality Tests
Behavioral Assessment

13 Social Psychology
Social Cognition: How We Think about Each Other
Attributions
MY TAKE VIDEO 13.1: FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
Attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance: Attitudes in Conflict
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: CAN COGNITIVE DISSONANCE INCREASE MASK WEARING AND SOCIAL DISTANCING DURING COVID?
Social Influence: How We Influence Each Other
Conformity: Going Along with the Group
MY TAKE VIDEO 13.2: CONFORMITY
Obedience: Following Orders
CHAPTER APP 13.1: HABITSHARE
Performing Tasks in Groups
Group Decision Making
Social Relations: How We Relate to Each Other
First Impressions
Prejudice: Us Versus Them
MY TAKE VIDEO 13.3: SOCIAL COMPARISON
Toward Fairness and Cooperation: Fighting Prejudice
IT’S LIKE...: FIGHTING PREJUDICE IS LIKE TREATING PHOBIAS
Aggression
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: CYBERBULLYING AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER APP 13.2: RETHINK
Attraction
WATCHING PSYCHOLOGY: THE VOICE, AMERICAN IDOL, AND ATTRACTIVENESS
Romantic Love
Prosocial Behavior: Helping Each Other
Altruism
CHAPTER APP 13.3: WAZE
Why Don’t People Help?

14 Psychological Disorders
What Are Psychological Disorders?
Medical Student Syndrome: How This Chapter Might Affect You
Distinguishing Psychological Disorders
Why Do Psychological Disorders Develop?
The Biological Theory of Psychological Disorders
The Psychological Theory of Psychological Disorders
The Sociocultural Theory of Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Theory of Psychological Disorders
The Influence of COVID
The Influence of Stigma
The Diagnostic Manual: DSM
The Current Edition: DSM-5-TR
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER?
Criticisms of DSM
MY TAKE VIDEO 14.1: CATEGORICAL VERSUS DIMENSIONAL 15 MODELS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
IT’S LIKE...: THE CATEGORICAL MODEL IS LIKE AN HIV TEST, AND THE DIMENSIONAL MODEL IS LIKE A BLOOD PRESSURE TEST
Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
CHAPTER APP 14.1: MINDSHIFT CBT
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Who Gets Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Why Do Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Develop?
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
CHAPTER APP 14.2: MOODTRACK DIARY
Who Gets Depressive and Bipolar Disorders?
Why Do Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Develop?
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder
Who Gets Eating Disorders?
Why Do Eating Disorders Develop?
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: HOW POWERFUL IS SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EATING DISORDERS?
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Who Gets Schizophrenia?
Why Does Schizophrenia Develop?
Disorders of Childhood
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Who Gets Disorders of Childhood?
Why Do Disorders of Childhood Develop?
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Amnesia
Who Gets Dissociative Disorders?
Why Do Dissociative Disorders Develop?
Personality Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Who Gets Personality Disorders?
Why Do Personality Disorders Develop?

15 Therapy
History of Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Psychotherapies for Individual Clients
Psychodynamic Therapy
Person-Centered Therapy
Behavior Therapy
MY TAKE VIDEO 15.1: EXPOSURE THERAPY
Cognitive Therapy
CHAPTER APP 15.1: FEARTOOLS
MY TAKE VIDEO 15.2: COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
Combining Therapies: Eclectic and Integrative Approaches
IT’S LIKE...: ECLECTIC THERAPY IS LIKE FRUIT SALAD, AND INTEGRATIVE THERAPY IS LIKE A SMOOTHIE
Psychotherapies for Groups and Families
Group Therapy
Family Therapy
How Well Does Psychotherapy Work?
FROM RESEARCH TO REAL LIFE: PSYCHOTHERAPY CHANGES THE BRAIN
MY TAKE VIDEO 15.3: UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOTHERAPY
CURRENT CONTROVERSY: THERAPIES THAT WORK… FOR WHOM?
Which Therapy Works Best?
What Makes Therapy Work?
IT’S LIKE...: COMMON FACTORS IN THERAPY ARE LIKE THE COMMON ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN TOOTHPASTE
The Importance of Culture and Diversity in Psychotherapy
Ethics in Psychotherapy
Telepsychology: Psychotherapy via Modern Technology
MY TAKE VIDEO 15.4: TELEPSYCHOLOGY
Biomedical Therapies
Drug Therapies
CHAPTER APP 15.2: BETTERHELP
Brain Stimulation and Psychosurgery

Appendix A: An Introduction to Statistics in Psychological Research
Measures of Central Tendency
Variability
Distribution of Data
IT’S LIKE…: STANDARD DEVIATION IS LIKE THE VARIATION IN DAILY HIGH TEMPERATURE
Statistical Significance

Appendix B: Self-Assessment Answers

Glossary

References

Name Index

Subject Index