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Chapter 1: Building Communication Foundations
Communication Defined
Communication Is a Transactional Process
Communication Occurs in a Context
Communication Involves Negotiated Meanings of Symbols
Communication Involves Shared Understanding
Types of Communication Contexts
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal/Dyad
Group
Organizational
Public
Mass Communication
* Developing Skills: How To Determine Your Confidence/Anxiety Levels
Basic Communication Process
Communication Models: A Brief Overview
Elements of the Basic Communication Model
Exploring the Communication Model: Special Concepts
Communication and Culture
Communication and Gender
Communication and Technology
Communication and Ethics
Communication Competencies
Benefits of Communication Skills
Increased Self-Awareness
Empowered Participation
Improved Relationships
Enhanced Professional Success
Improved Citizenship
Communication and Your Career
Chapter 2: Perception
Perception: Definitions and Steps
Step 1: Selecting Available Data
Step 2: Organizing Data into a Usable Form
Step 3: Interpreting the Data by Adding Meaning and Making Predictions
Factors That Lead to Differences in Perception
Physiological Factors in Perceptual Errors
Psychological Factors in Perceptual Errors
Cultural Factors in Perceptual Errors
Perception and Self
Self-Concept Defined
Barnlund’s “6 Person Concept”: A “Self” Orientation
Plus-2 Concept: An “Other” Orientation
Barriers to Accurate Self-Concept
Perception and Others
First Impressions
Stereotyping
Perceptual Constancy
Fundamental Attribution Error
* Making Theory Practical: Attribution Theory
Projection
Developing Perceptual Skills
Using Perceptual Skills to Improve Self-Concept
Using Perceptual Skills to Improve Your Perception with Others
Perception and Your Career
Chapter 3: Listening
Listening Defined
General Definition
Stages of Listening
Importance of Listening
Helps Us Develop and Maintain Our Mental Health
Helps Us Develop and Maintain Relationships
Helps Us in Our Careers
Helps Us Become Better citizens
Barriers to Listening
Noise
Information Processing
Cultural Differences
Gender Orientation
Poor Listening Habits
* Making Theory Practical: Listening Styles Inventory
Informational Listening
Prepare to Listen
Avoid Pre-Judging
Mentally Organize, Summarize & Link Information
Personalize Information While Listening
Take Skillful Notes
Ask Questions & Paraphrase
Critical Listening
Listening Critically to Speaker Ethos
Listening Critically to Speaker Logos
Listening Critically to Speaker Pathos
Using Critical Listening Skills
Empathic Listening
Judging Response
Supportive Response
Interpreting Response
Advising Response
Listening and Your Career
Chapter 4: Verbal Communication
Nature of Language
Language and Verbal Communication Defined
Language and the Ability to Think
Language is Rule-governed
Language and Types of Meaning
Language and Culture
Language and Gender
Power of Language
Language has the power to influence our perceptions.
* Making Theory Practical: Theory of Linguistic Relativity
Language has the power to reflect our attitudes to others.
Language has the power to affect others’ perceptions of us.
Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding
Insufficient Vocabulary
Jargon
Euphemisms
Trigger Words
Abstracting and Allness
Polarizing Terms
Imprecise Language and Relative Terms
* Developing Skills: How To Read a Journal Article
Overcoming Obstacles to Effective Verbal Encoding
Expanding a Poor Vocabulary
Avoiding Jargon
Using Euphemisms with Care
Being Alert to Trigger Words
Being Conscious of Abstracting and Allness
Using Dating and Indexing
Defining and Describing with Care
Language and Your Career
Chapter 5: Nonverbal Communication
What is Nonverbal Communication
Key Communication Concepts
Nonverbal Communication Defined
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication
Percent of Meaning
Ambiguous Meaning
Nonverbal Expectations
* Making Theory Practical: Expectancy Violation Theory
Categories of Nonverbal Communication
Kinesics
Proxemics
Haptics
Chronemics
Artifacts
Paralanguage
Functions of Nonverbal Messages
Can Replace Verbal Messages
Can Repeat Verbal Messages
Can Reinforce Verbal Messages
Can Regulate Verbal Messages
Can Reveal Verbal Messages
Can Reverse Verbal Messages
Can Reflect Unconscious Needs
Improving Nonverbal Encoding
Use Self-Monitoring
Check for Cultural Meanings
Check for Content
Check for Personal Differences
Ask for Feedback
Nonverbal Messages and Your Career
Chapter 6: Building Interpersonal Relationships
Interpersonal Communication
General Definition
Interpersonal vs. Impersonal Communication
Interpersonal Relationships: Getting Needs Met
Personal Needs and Wants
* Developing Sills: How To Determine Needs and Wants
Inclusion Needs (Extrovert-Introvert)
Control Needs (Dominant-Submissive)
Openness Needs (Discloser-Withholder)
Contradictory Needs (Dialectics)
Interpersonal Relationships: Gaining Rewards and Minimizing Costs
Gathering Information and Using Effective Conversation
Gathering Information to Reduce Uncertainty
Using Effective Conversation
Improving Self-Disclosure:
True Self-Disclosure
Self-Disclosure and Culture/Gender/ Technology/Ethics
Making Theory Practical: Face-Negotiation Theory
Disclosure and the Model of Social Penetration
Appropriate Self-Disclosure
Interpersonal Communication and Your Career
Chapter 7: Managing Interpersonal Relationships and Conflict
Relationship Stages
Stages of Relationship Development
Stages of Relationship Deterioration
Relationships and Conflict
Conflict Defined
Conflict Escalators
Conflict Styles
The Passive Style
The Aggressive Style
The Passive-Aggressive Style
The Assertive Style
Conflict Outcomes
Win-Win
Compromise
Win-Lose (Equitable)
Lose-Lose
Special Issues in Conflict and Relational Communication
Relationships and Family
Relationships and Romance
Relationships and Ethics
Relationships and Technology
* Making Theory Practical: Dispute-Exacerbating Model of Email (DEME)
Relationships and E-Dating.
Relationships and Your Career
Chapter 8: Communicating in Problem-Solving Groups
The Nature of Groups
What Makes a Group?
Teams and Virtual Teams
Groups and Gender/Ethics/Technology
Types of Groups
* Developing Skills: How To Organize a Service-Learning Project
Individual verses Group Decisions
When Individual Decisions Work Best
When Group Decisions Work Best
Characteristics of Successful Small Groups
Optimum Size
Decision-Making Methods
Group Cohesiveness
Cultural Diversity
Absence of Groupthink
* Making Theory Practical: Groupthink Theory
Rules, Norms, and Phases of Successful groups
Rules
Norms
Phases
Group Problem-Solving Process
Step 1: Identify and Define the Problem
Step 2: Analyze the Problem
Step 3: Establish and Rank Criteria
Step 4: Generate Possible Solutions
Step 5: Apply Criteria to Select Best Solution(s)
Step 6: Implement and Follow-Up
Groups and Your Career
Chapter 9: Becoming Effective Group Members and Leaders
Characteristics of Effective Group Members
Becoming an Effective Member
Performing Formal Roles
Performing Task Roles
Performing Maintenance Roles
Avoiding Dysfunctional Roles
* Developing Skills: How To Work with Dysfunctional Members
Characteristics of Effective Group Leadership
Using Power Effectively
Sharing Responsibility
Benefiting from Culture/Gender/Technology/Ethics
Becoming an Effective Leader
Leaderships Traits
Leadership Functions
Leadership Power
Leadership Styles
Situational Leadership
Transformational Leaders
* Making Theory Practical: Transformational Leadership Theory
Leadership and Your Career
Chapter 10: Public Speaking: Getting Started
Understanding the Nature of Anxiety
What is Speaker Anxiety?
What Causes Speaker Anxiety?
Building Speaker Confidence
Be Prepared
Engage in Skills Training
Use Positive Imagery
Enjoy Breathing and Relaxation
Apply Cognitive Restructuring
Become Audience-Centered
* Making Theory Practical: Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Practice Speaking Often
An Overview: Five Steps in Preparing a Successful Speech
Step 1: Analyzing Your Audience (demographics, attitudes, situation)
Step 2: Developing Your Topic, Purpose, and Thesis
Step 3: Gathering materials
Step 4: Organizing
Step 5: Practicing
Audience Analysis: A More Detailed Look
Demographic Analysis
Attitude Analysis
--Attitudes Toward Your Topic
--Attitudes Toward You (the speaker)
--Attitudes Toward Being There
Situational Analysis
* Developing Skills: How To Conduct an Audience Analysis
Speaking Skills and Your Career
Chapter 11: Selecting a Topic and Gathering Supporting Materials
Developing Your Topic, Purpose and Thesis
Topic Selection
Purpose
Thesis Statement
Gathering Materials: Begin with a Rough Draft
A Rough Draft Saves Valuable Time
A Rough Draft Makes Getting Opinions from Others Easier
Researching for Supporting Materials
Personal Information
Print Sources
Electronic Databases
Internet Sources
Interviews
Types and Uses of Supporting Materials
Definitions
Explanations
Examples and Illustrations
* Making Theory Practical: Fisher’s Narrative Paradigm
Comparisons (Literal and Figurative)
Quotations (Personal Testimony from Experts)
Statistics
Quality Supporting Materials and Careers
Chapter 12: Organizing For Informative Speaking
Begin by Expanding and Revising Your Rough Draft Outline
Organizational Patterns for Informative Speeches
Chronological
Spatial (Geographical)
Topical
Causal (Usually Cause-Effect)
Problem-Solution
Speech Organization and Cultural Issues
Speech Introductions
Catch Audience Attention
Build Rapport
Establish Credibility
Point Out Benefits to Audience
Clarify Central Idea with Thesis and Preview of Main Points
When Each Function Should Be Used
Speech Conclusions
Summary of Main Points
Memorable Ending
Questions and Answers (Q&A)
Speech Transitions
Speech Outlining
Why Bother With Outlines?
Outlining Principles
--Principle #1: Use main points of relatively equal value
--Principle #2: Include at least two items per level
--Principle #3: Use parallel structure
--Principle #4: Don’t use Roman numerals for Introduction, Body, or Conclusion
--Principle #5: Use standard outline numbering
--Principle #6: Use generous indentations
Types of Outlines
--Rough-draft Outlines
--Formal Outlines
--Speaking Outlines
Informative Presentations and Your Career
Chapter 13: Adding Visuals and Practicing Your Presentation
Preparing Quality Visual Aids
Types of Visual Aids
Guidelines for Using Visual Aids with Success
* Making Theory Practical: Basic Design Principles
Using PowerPoint Successfully
Preparing for a Specific Audience
Identify Audience Type
Select Best Delivery Method
Practice Your Verbal and Nonverbal Delivery
Pick Words Carefully
Use Direct Eye Contact
Use Effective Facial Expressions
Monitor Gestures, Posture, and Movement
Monitor Clothing and Grooming
Practice Your Vocal Delivery (Paralanguage)
Pitch
Rate
Volume
Emphasis
Vocal Quality
Articulation
Pronunciation
Vocal dysfluencies (interferences)
Practice Citing Your Sources
* Developing Skills: How To Cite Sources During Your Presentation
Final Preparations before Your Speech
Delivery and Your Career
Chapter 14: Persuasive Speaking
Understanding Persuasion
Differences between Persuasive and Informative Speeches
* Making Theory Practical: Social Judgment Theory
Factors that Affect Persuasion
Types of Persuasive Speeches
Speech to Convince
Speech to Actuate
Persuasive Appeals that Really Persuade
Speaker Credibility (Ethos)
Evidence and Reasoning (Logos)
Emotional Appeal (Pathos)
Persuasive Organizational Patterns
Persuasive Patterns for Arguments–Statement of Logical Reasons
Persuasive Patterns for Problems and Solutions
* Developing Skills: How To Use Inoculation Theory
Persuasive Pattern for Policy and Action–Motivated Sequence
Adapting Organizational Patterns to Audiences
When Audience Favors Your Position
When Audience Opposes Your Position
When Audience is Neutral toward Your Position
When Audience Exposed to Counter-Persuasion
When You Want Your Audience to Take Action
When Audience Opinions Vary Widely
Sample Student Speech: Emylee Pinero
Final Thoughts from the Authors
Persuasion and Your Career
Appendix A: Communicating Successfully in the Interviewing Context
Interviewing: An Overview
What makes a Quality Interview?
Interviewer and Interviewee Responsibilities
Informational Interviewing
What is an Informational Interview?
Benefits of Informational Interviewing
Employment Interviewing
Interviewer Responsibilities
Interviewee Responsibilities
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