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A comprehensive introduction to nanomaterials and their application in the field of medicine
The use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials more generally is an emerging field that has generated a lot of interest in the last few years. To this point, there have been few books that deal with the recent advances in nanomaterials or nanocomposites in the medical discipline.
Intended as a one-stop reference, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine provides the reader with the most-up-to-date and comprehensive exploration of the field of nanomedicine. The scope of the topic is huge, with nano applications in every medical specialization—from diagnostics to pharmaceuticals, from biological therapies to surgical devices, and from regenerative therapies to gene therapy. As such, this volume provides the most comprehensive coverage of this intriguing field of study.
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine readers will also find:
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine is a useful reference for medical doctors, medical practitioners, post-doctoral research fellows, senior graduate students, and medical libraries.
Visakh. P.M., MSc, MPhil, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Physical Electronics, TUSUR University, Tomsk, Russia. His research interests are polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, nanocomposites and bionanocomposites. He has edited over 35 books.
List of Contributors xi
Preface xvii
1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine 1
P. M. Visakh
1.1 Nanoneurology
1
1.2 Nanomolecular
Diagnostics 3
1.3 Nanopharmaceuticals
4
1.4 Role
of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 6
1.5 Nanomaterials
for Gene Therapy 8
1.6 Nanotools
for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases 10
1.7 Nanotechnology
Applications in Food and Nutrition Science 11
1.8 Rubber
Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 13
References 15
2 Nanoneurology 27
LironL. Israel and Eggehard Holler
2.1 Introduction
and Recent Advances 27
2.2 Types
of Nanomaterials 30
2.3 Nanomaterial
Applications for Neurodegenerative Diseases 32
2.4 Nanomaterial
Applications for Strokes 38
2.5 Nanomaterial
Applications for Spinal Cord Injuries 41
2.6 Nanomaterial
Applications for Brain Tumors 44
2.7 Adverse
Effects of Nanomaterials 50
2.8 Regulatory
Issues 53
2.9 Conclusions
54
References 54
3 Nanomolecular Diagnostics 65
Anila Fariq, Ayesha Selhaba, Anum Zulfiqar, and Azra Yasmin
3.1 Introduction
65
3.2 Nanodiagnostics
67
3.3 Nanoparticles
for Molecular Diagnostics 68
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vi Contents
3.4 Applications
of Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics 75
3.5 Comparison
Between Nanomaterials and Other Materials in Molecular
Diagnostics 79
3.6 Prospects
of Nanodiagnostics 79
3.7 Regulatory
Issues 80
3.8 Conclusion
81
References 82
4 Nanopharmaceuticals 87
David Quintanar-Guerrero,
Gerardo Leyva-Gómez,
Nancy Evelyn Magaña Vergara,
and Néstor Mendoza Muñoz
4.1 Introduction
87
4.2 Liposomes
in Nanopharmaceuticals 89
4.3 Polymeric
Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 93
4.4 Solid
Lipid Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 99
4.5 Dendrimers
in Nanopharmaceuticals 101
4.6 Quantum
Dots in Nanopharmaceuticals 104
4.7 Regulatory
Issues 106
4.8 Conclusion
109
References 109
5 Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 115
Blanca Ocampo-García,
Liliana Aranda Lara, Guillermina Ferro-Flores,
Enrique Morales-Avila,
and Keila Isaac-Olivé
5.1 Introduction
115
5.2 Biological
Therapies 116
5.3 Nanoparticles
in Biological Therapies 118
5.4 Application
of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies 131
5.5 Advantages
and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles in Biological Therapies 136
5.6 Conclusion
137
References 137
6 Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy 153
V. Karthik, A. Vigneshwaran, D. Dharun Daniel Raj, T.G.N. Nagrajun, S. Poornima,
R. Subbaiya, and M. Saravanan
6.1 Introduction
and Recent Advances 153
6.2 Nanomaterials
and their Physicochemical Properties 153
6.3 Methods
of Characterizing the Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials 154
6.4 Target
Organ Biocompatibility/Toxicity 155
6.5 Gene
Delivery 158
6.6 Regulatory
Issues 163
References 163
7 Nanotools for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases 169
Elisa J. Campos, António Campos, João Martins, and António F. Ambrósio
7.1 Introduction
169
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Contents vii
7.2 Ocular
Anatomy 170
7.3 Physiological
Barriers in the Eye 171
7.4 Methods
of Ocular Disease Treatment 173
7.5 Nanomedicine
in Ocular Therapy 174
7.6 Closing
Remarks 180
Conflict
of Interest 181
References 181
8 Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Nutrition Science 185
Kobra S. Rizi, Majid Rezayi, Ehsan Aryan, Zahra Meshkat, and Majid G. Mobarhan
8.1 Introduction
185
8.2 Nanostructured
Delivery Systems 186
8.3 Nanoparticles
Based on Inorganic Materials 202
8.4 Metal
Nanoparticles 204
8.5 Conclusion
205
References 206
9 Rubber Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 225
Jayalatha Gopalakrishnan
9.1 Introduction
225
9.2 Rubbers
for Biomedical Applications 226
9.3 Rubber-
based
Nanocomposites 229
9.4 Conclusions
246
References 246
10 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine 251
P. M Visakh
10.1 Nanomaterials
and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine 251
10.2 Nanorobotics
in Nanomedicine 253
10.3 Nanosensors
255
10.4 Inorganic
Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery
Applications 257
10.5 Intelligent
Nanomaterials for Medicine 259
10.6 Polymer-
based
Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 261
10.7 Toxicity
of Nanomaterials 263
10.8 Multifunctional
Nanomaterials for Medical Applications 264
10.9 Antimicrobial
Applications of Nanoparticles 265
References 266
11 Nanomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine 279
Saeid Kargozar, Simin Nazarnezhad, Farzad Kermani, and Francesco Baino
11.1 Introduction
and Recent Advances 279
11.2 Tissue
Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: General Concepts 280
11.3 Implantable
Nanomaterials to Regenerate Living Tissues 282
11.4 Nanomaterials
as Carriers for Therapeutic Agents 283
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viii Contents
11.5 Nanofibrous
Scaffolds 285
11.6 Nano-
topography
Techniques for Tissue-engineered
Scaffolds 288
11.7 Regulatory
Issues 290
11.8 Conclusion
290
References 291
12 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicine 303
Vaishali Y. Londhe and Rupali S. Bhadale
12.1 Introduction
303
12.2 What
is Nanorobotics? 304
12.3 Nanorobotics
in Nanomedicines 306
12.4 Nanorobots
for Medical Imaging 307
12.5 Nanorobots
for Targeted Drug Delivery 309
12.6 Enzymatic
Nanolithography 313
12.7 Biomimetic
Approach 314
12.8 Cell
Biochips 315
12.9 Nanorobots
for Precision Surgery 315
12.10 Nanorobots
for Detoxification 317
12.11 Fabrication
of Nanorobots 318
12.12 Toxicity
321
12.13 Administration
and Retrieval 321
12.14 Clinical
Presence of Nanorobots 322
12.15 Reproducibility
and Standardization 322
12.16 Regulatory
Issues 323
12.17 Conclusion
324
References 325
13 Nanosensors 333
Asit Behera, A.K. Sahoo and S.S. Mohapatra
13.1 Introduction
and Recent Advances 333
13.2 Classification
of Nanosensors 336
13.3 Nanosensor
Fabrication 339
13.4 Inorganic
Nanosensors 343
13.5 Biopolymer-
derived
Nanosensors 346
13.6 Applications
348
13.7 Regulatory
Issues 358
13.8 Conclusions
359
References 360
14 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery
Applications 367
Chinnu Sabu, V.K. Ameena Shirin, Renu Sankar and K. Pramod
14.1 Introduction
367
14.2 Synthesis
of Inorganic Nanoparticles 368
14.3 Properties
of Inorganic Nanoparticles 371
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Contents ix
14.4 Functionalization
of Inorganic Nanoparticles 372
14.5 Quantum
Dots for Drug Delivery 374
14.6 Drug
Delivery by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 376
14.7 Silver
Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 379
14.8 Gold
Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 383
14.9 Superparamagnetic
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery 385
14.10 Hybrid
Systems of Inorganic Nanoparticles 386
14.11 Prospects
of Inorganic Nanoparticles 388
14.12 Conclusion
388
References 388
15 Intelligent Nanomaterials for Medicine 401
Ajit Behera and Ranjan K. Mohapatra
15.1 Introduction
to Intelligent Nanomaterials 401
15.2 Design
and Function of Intelligent Nanoparticles 403
15.3 Various
Intelligent Materials for Medicines 405
15.4 Type
of Stimuli in Intelligent Nanomaterials in Medicine 415
15.5 Clinical
Applications of Intelligent Nanomaterials 416
15.6 Potential
Risk Factors in Nanomaterial Application 419
15.7 Summary
and Future Prospects 420
References 420
16 Polymer-based
Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 427
Chander Amgoth, Kaxi Yu, Shuai Chen, Hongzhen Bai and Guping Tang
16.1 Introduction
and Recent Advances 427
16.2 Polymers
for Biomedical Fields 428
16.3 Synthesis
of Nanocomposites 432
16.4 Characterization
Tools for Nanocomposites 432
16.5 Size,
Shape, and Morphology of Nanocomposites 433
16.6 Polymer
Nanocomposites for Various Applications 436
16.7 Nanocomposites
for Molecular Diagnosis and Biopharmaceutics 437
16.8 Perspectives
of Nanocomposites 441
16.9 Conclusion
442
References 442
17 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 447
Elham Abohamzeh, M. Sheikholeslami and Ahmad Shafee
17.1 Introduction
and Recent Advances 447
17.2 Biomedical
Applications of Nanomaterials 449
17.3 Biodistribution,
Mechanism, and Excretion of Nanomaterials 453
17.4 Toxicity
of Nanomaterials 457
17.5 Physicochemical
Properties and Toxicity of Nanomaterials 461
17.6 Regulatory
Issues 464
17.7 Conclusion
466
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x Contents
References 466
18 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Medical Applications 479
Jitha S Jayan, Ramya Rajan, Saritha Appukuttan, and Kuruvilla Joseph
18.1 Introduction
and Recent Advances 479
18.2 Multifunctional
Nanomaterials 481
18.3 Diagnostic
Application 483
18.4 Therapeutic
Application 485
18.5 External
Stimuli-responsive
Nanoparticles for Medicinal Applications 487
18.6 Regulatory
Issues 498
18.7 Conclusion
and Future Perspectives 498
References 499
19 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles 517
19.1 Introduction
517
19.2 Antimicrobial
Properties of Nanoparticles 518
19.3 Antimicrobial
Applications of Nanoparticles 525
19.4 Conclusions
539
References 540
Index 000
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