Nanowires and Nanobelts: Materials, Properties and Devices

by Wang, Zhong Lin

• ISBN13: 9781402074431
• ISBN10: 1402074433
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-11-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Nanowires, nanobelts, nanoribbons, nanorods ..., are a new class of quasi-one-dimensional materials that have been attracting a great research interest in the last few years. These non-carbon based materials have been demonstrated to exhibit superior electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties, and can be used as fundamental building blocks for nano-scale science and technology, ranging from chemical and biological sensors, field effect transistors to logic circuits. Nanocircuits built using semiconductor nanowires demonstrated were declared a "breakthrough in science" by Science magazine in 2001. Nature magazine recently published a report claiming that "Nanowires, nanorods, nanowhiskers, it does not matter what you call them, they are the hottest property in nanotechnology" (Nature, 419 (2002) 553). There is no doubt that nanowire based quasi-one-dimensional materials will the new focal point of research in the next decades. This two volume reference, Nanowires and Nanobelts: Materials, Properties and Devices, provides a comprehensive introduction to the field and reviews the current state of the research. Volume 1, Metal and Semiconductor Nanowires covers a wide range of materials systems, from noble metals (such as Au, Ag, Cu), single element semiconductors (such as Si and Ge), compound semiconductors (such as InP, CdS and GaAs as well as heterostructures), nitrides (such as GaN and Si3N4) to carbides (such as SiC). The objective of this volume is to cover the synthesis, properties and device applications of nanowires based on metal and semiconductor materials. The volume starts with a review on novel electronic and optical nanodevices, nanosensors and logic circuits that have been built using individual nanowires as building blocks. Then, the theoretical background for electrical properties and mechanical properties of nanowires is given. The molecular nanowires, their quantized conductance, and metallic nanowires synthesized by chemical technique will be introduced next. Finally, the volume covers the synthesis and properties of semiconductor and nitrides nanowires. Volume 2, Nanowires and Nanobelts of Functional Materials covers a wide range of materials systems, from functional oxides (such as ZnO, SnO2, and In2O3), structural ceramics (such as MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3), composite materials (such as Si-Ge, SiC- SiO2), to polymers. This volume focuses on the synthesis, properties and applications of nanowires and nanobelts based on functional materials. Novel devices and applications made from functional oxide nanowires and nanobelts will be presented first, showing their unique properties and applications. The majority of the text will be devoted to the synthesis and properties of nanowires and nanobelts of functional oxides. Finally, sulphide nanowires, composite nanowires and polymer nanowires will be covered.

Table of Contents

Volume 1
Preface	ix
List of Contributors	xi
I. Nanodevices and Nanocircuits Based on Nanowires
Chapter 1. Nanowires as Building Blocks for Nanoscale Science and Technology
(Yi Cui, Xiangfeng Duan, Yu Huang and Charles M. Lieber)	3	(66)
1. Introduction	3	(3)
2. Rational Synthesis of Single Component Nanowires	6	(11)
3. Synthesis of Nanowire Heterostructures and Superlattices	17	(8)
4. Fundamental Properties of Single Nanowire Structures	25	(15)
5. Nanowire Chemical and Biological Sensors	40	(10)
6. Assembly and Hierarchical Organization of Nanowires	50	(6)
7. Crossed and Integrated Nanowire Devices	56	(9)
8. Summary and Outlook	65	(4)
Chapter 2. Epitaxial Quantum Wires: Growth, Properties and Applications
(Lars Samuelson, B. Jonas Ohlsson, Mikael T. Björk and Honggi Xu)	69	(26)
1. Introduction	69	(1)
2. General Background and Introduction to the Subject	70	(1)
3. Theory on the Band Structure of Semiconductor Nanowires	71	(4)
4. State of the Art in Epitaxial Growth of Vertical Quantum Wires	75	(4)
5. Processing and Studies of Nanowires as One-Dimensional Devices	79	(8)
6. Outlook	87	(8)
II. Theory of Nanowires
Chapter 3. Theoretical Study of Nanowires
(Hatem Mehren and Hong Guo)	95	(30)
1. Introduction	95	(3)
2. Phenomenology	98	(10)
3. DFT for Nonequilibrium Transport	108	(6)
4. Nonequilibrium Transport in Au Atomic Wire	114	(4)
5. Summary	118	(7)
Chapter 4. Modeling and Simulation of the Mechanical Response of Nanowires
(Wuwei Liang, Vikas Tomar and Min Zhou)	125	(34)
1. Introduction	126	(1)
2. Mechanical Response of Nanowires	127	(18)
3. Size and Rate Effects in Nanowires	145	(7)
4. Discussions on Future Directions	152	(7)
III. Molecular Nanowires and Metallic Nanowires
Chapter 5. Molecular and Ionic Adsorption onto Atomic-Scale Metal Wires
(H.X. He, S. Boussaad, B.Q. Xu and N.J. Tao)	159	(18)
1. Introduction	159	(2)
2. Fabrication of Atomic-Scale Metal Wires	161	(5)
3. Molecular Adsorption onto Atomic-Scale Metal Wires	166	(5)
4. Anionic Adsorption	171	(1)
5. Summary	172	(5)
Chapter 6. Structural Study of Metal Nanowires
(Varlei Rodrigues and Daniel Ugarte)	177	(34)
1. Introduction	177	(1)
2. Morphology Imaging of Metal NWs	178	(3)
3. Experimental Methods	181	(4)
4. Results and Discussion	185	(17)
5. NW Structure vs. Quantized Conductance Behavior	202	(4)
6. Conclusion	206	(5)
Chapter 7. Metal Nanowires Synthesized by Solution-Phase Methods
(Yugang Sun and Younan Xia)	211	(24)
1. Introduction	211	(2)
2. Scope and Objectives	213	(1)
3. Solution-Phase Methods that Involve No Templates	213	(9)
4. Template-Directed Synthesis	222	(6)
5. Assembly of Metal Nanoparticles into 1D Nanostructures	228	(1)
6. Concluding Remarks	229	(6)
Chapter 8. Chemical and Biomolecular Interactions in the Assembly of Nanowires
(Achim Amma and Thomas E. Mallouk)	235	(22)
1. Introduction	235	(1)
2. Phase Behavior of Nanowires	236	(2)
3. Synthesis of Compositionally Varied Nanowires	238	(2)
4. Molecular and Biomolecular Interactions in Nanowire Assembly	240	(4)
5. Fluidic and Field-Driven Assembly of Nanowires	244	(5)
6. Conclusions	249	(8)
IV. Semiconductor and Nitrides Nanowires
Chapter 9. Group III- and Group IV-Nitride Nanorods and Nanowires
(L.C. Chen, K.H. Chen, C.-C. Chen)	257	(60)
1. Introduction	257	(2)
2. Synthesis of Binary Group-III Nitride Nanorods and Nanowires	259	(20)
3. Synthesis of Ternary Group-III Nitride Nanorods and Nanowires	279	(1)
4. Synthesis of Binary and Ternary Group-IV Nitride Nanorods and Nanowires	279	(6)
5. Structure and Bonding Characteristics	285	(13)
6. Optical Properties	298	(7)
7. Electrical Properties	305	(4)
8. Summary	309	(8)
Chapter 10. Template Assisted Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanowires
(Dongsheng Xu and Guolin Guo)	317	(26)
1. Introduction	317	(1)
2. Templates Used	318	(2)
3. Template Synthesis Strategies of Semiconductor Nanowires	320	(13)
4. Structural Characterization of the Template Synthesized SNWs	333	(3)
5. Properties and the Future	336	(1)
6. Conclusion	337	(6)
Chapter 11. Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Nanowires Synthesized by Vapor Phase Growth
(D.P. Yu)	343	(50)
1. Introduction	343	(1)
2. Vapor Phase Evaporation	344	(3)
3. Gallium Oxide Nanowires and Nanoribbons	347	(8)
3. ZnO Nanowires and Nanotubes	355	(19)
4. ZnSe Nanowires	374	(4)
5. GaN Nanowires	378	(4)
6. Oriented Silicon Oxide Nanowires and Amorphous Silicon Nanowires	382	(3)
7. Summary	385	(8)
Chapter 12. Semiconducting Oxide and Nitride Nanowires
(Lide Zhang and Guowen Meng)	393	(20)
1. Synthesis of Oxide Nanowires	393	(10)
2. Synthesis of Nitrides Nanowires	403	(10)
Chapter 13. Silicon-Based Nanowires
(S.T. Lee, R.Q. Zhang and Y. Lifshitz)	413
1. Introduction	413	(2)
2. Oxide-Assisted Growth of Nanowires	415	(7)
3. Controlled Synthesis	422	(10)
4. Si Hybrids and Compounds	432	(6)
5. Characterization of SiNWs	438	(10)
6. Modeling	448	(7)
7. Oxide-Assisted Growth of Other (Not Containing Si) Semiconducting Nanowires	455	(3)
8. Summary	458
Volume 2
Preface	ix
List of Contributors	xi
I. Nanodevices Based on Nanowires and Nanobelts
Chapter 1. Nanodevice, Nanosensors and Nanocantilevers Based on Semiconducting Oxide Nanobelts
(Zhong Lin Wang)	3	(18)
1. Introduction	3	(1)
2. Field-Effect Transistor Based on Single Nanobelts	3	(5)
3. Oxygen Sensor Using a Single Nanobelt	8	(1)
4. Photoconductivity of Nanobelts	8	(1)
5. Gas Sensors Based on Nanobelts	9	(2)
6. Heat Transport Through Nanobelt	11	(1)
7. Nanobelt as Nanoresonators	11	(2)
8. Nanobelts as Nanocantilever	13	(3)
9. Summary	16	(5)
Chapter 2. Oxide Nanowires and Nanolasers
(Peillong Yang and Haoquan Yan)	21	(26)
1. Introduction	21	(2)
2. Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanowires	23	(2)
3. Controlled Growth of ZnO Nanowires	25	(4)
4. Photoluminescence and Lasing Properties	29	(6)
5. Nonlinear Optical Mixing in Single Zinc Oxide Nanowires	35	(2)
6. Photoconductive Oxide Nanowires as Nanoscale Optoelectronic Switches	37	(2)
7. Room Temperature NO2 Photochemical Sensing	39	(3)
8. Conclusions and Outlook	42	(5)
II. Functional Oxide Nanowires and Nanobelts
Chapter 3. Nanobelts and Nanostructures of Transparent Conducting Oxides
(Zhong Lin Wang)	47	(26)
1. Synthesis Method	47	(2)
2. Oxide Nanobelts	49	(7)
3. Synthesis of New Materials using Nanobelts as Template	56	(3)
4. Complex Nanobelt Structures	59	(6)
5. Nanosheets	65	(1)
6. Nanodiskettes	65	(2)
7. Planar Defects in Oxide Nanobelts	67	(1)
8. Growth Mechanism	68	(2)
9. Summary	70	(3)
Chapter 4. Nanomechanics and Mechanical Behavior of Nanobelts
(Scott X. Mao)	73	(10)
1. Nanomechanical Behavior of Semiconducting Zinc Oxide Single Nanobelt	73	(2)
2. Bending and Cutting on Nanorodes, Nanotube and Nanobelt Using AFM Tip	75	(1)
3. Bending and Fundamental Resonance Frequency of Nanotube Under TEM	75	(3)
4. Electromechanical Behavior of Carbon Nanotube	78	(2)
5. Revolutionary Nanowires with a Twist	80	(3)
Chapter 5. Ferroelectric Nanowires
(Jonathan E. Spanier, Jeffrey J. Urban, Lian Ouyang, Wan Soo Yun and Hongkun Park)	83	(10)
1. Introduction	83	(1)
2. Synthesis of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 Nanowires	84	(3)
3. Scanned Probe Measurements of BaTiO3 Nanowires	87	(4)
4. Conclusion and Future Prospects	91	(2)
Chapter 6. Growth of Oxide Nanorods through Sol Electrophoretic Deposition
(Steven J. Limmer and Guozhong Cao)	93	(20)
1. Introduction	93	(1)
2. Sol-Gel Processing	94	(3)
3. Electrophoretic Deposition	97	(3)
4. Experimental	100	(1)
5. Various Oxide Nanorods	101	(9)
6. Concluding Remarks	110	(3)
Chapter 7. Nanowires of Functional Oxides
(Guanghou Wang)	113	(26)
1. Introduction	113	(1)
2. From Nanoclusters to Nanowires of Titanium Oxides	114	(11)
3. Layered Structures of Potassium Hexatitanate Nanowhisker	125	(2)
4. Rutile Stannic Oxide Nanorods	127	(3)
5. Cu2O Nanowires	130	(3)
6. V2O5 Nanowbres	133	(1)
7. Potential Applications	134	(5)
Chapter 8. Controlled Growth and Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
(Yue Zhang and Ying Dai)	139	(18)
1. Introduction	139	(1)
2. Experimental	140	(1)
3. Nanostructures of ZnO	140	(8)
4. Growth Mechanism	148	(5)
5. Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures	153	(1)
6. Conclusions	154	(3)
Chapter 9. One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterizations of Titanate Nanostructures
(L.-M. Peng, Q. Chen, G. H. Du, S. Zhang and W.Z. Zhou)	157	(16)
1. Introduction	157	(1)
2. Experimental Procedures	158	(1)
3. Structural Characterization	159	(6)
4. Growth Mechanism	165	(4)
5. Electric and Optical Properties	169	(1)
6. Conclusions	170	(3)
Chapter 10. Nanowires and Nanotubes of Complex Oxides
(Xun Wang, Xiaoming Sun, Jian Xu and Yadong Li)	173	(18)
1. Oxides of Nanowires Based on Vapor-Transport Method	174	(1)
2. Template-Confined Method to Oxides of Nanowires	175	(1)
3. Solution-Based Synthetic Way to Oxides 1-D Nanostructures	176	(12)
4. Prospects	188	(3)
Chapter 11. Silica Nanowires/Nanotubes
(Jing Zhu, W. X. Sun and Jun Luo)	191	(18)
1. Synthesis of Silica Nanowires/Nanotubes	191	(6)
2. Characterization of Structures and Properties of Silica Nanowires/Nanotubes	197	(12)
III. Sulphide, Polymer and Composite Nanowires
Chapter 12. Sulphide Nanowires
(Shihe Yang)	209	(30)
1. Introduction	209	(1)
2. From OD to 1D Sulphides	210	(1)
3. Growth of Sulphide Nanowires	211	(16)
4. Structural, Electronic, Optical, and Transport Properties	227	(4)
5. Potential Applications	231	(4)
6. Summary and Prospects	235	(4)
Chapter 13. Generalized Solution Synthesis of Large Arrays of Extended and Oriented Nanowires
(Jun Liu, Zhengrong R. Tian, James A. Voigt, Matthew J. Mcdermott and Bonnie Mckenzie)	239	(18)
1. Introduction	239	(1)
2. General Approach	240	(3)
3. Results and Discussions	243	(9)
4. Summary	252	(5)
Chapter 14. Composite Nanowires
(Yuegang Zhang)	257	(12)
1. Introduction	257	(1)
2. Phase Separation in Multi-Elemental Nanotubes	257	(4)
3. Filling in Carbon Nanotubes	261	(3)
4. Coaxial Nanocables	264	(2)
5. Summary and Prospect of Composite Nanowires	266	(3)
Chapter 15. Polymer Nanowires and Nanofibers
(Liming Dai and Darrell H. Reneker)	269
1. Introduction	269	(1)
2. Nanofibrillar Conducting Polymers	270	(1)
3. Template Syntheses of Polymer Nanowires	271	(2)
4. Syntheses of Polymer Nanowires at a Scanning Microscope Tip	273	(3)
5. Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers	276	(3)
6. Polymer Nanowires and Nanofibers with Special Architectures	279	(7)
7. Summary	286