Natural Hazards and Disasters, 2005 Hurricane Edition (with Errata Table of Contents and Index)

by Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David

• ISBN13: 9780495393269
• ISBN10: 0495393266
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-12-01
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Written by a son-father team of prominent geologists, David and Donald Hyndman, NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS emphasizes earth and atmospheric hazards that appear suddenly or rapidly, without significant warning. The text further discusses ways to prevent or mitigate the damage caused by natural hazards, providing students with the latest scientific research related to these topics. Case in Point boxes generate discussion of individual cases to natural hazard processes and principles. The authors reinforce the need to become informed citizens and make educated living decisions. Students will find a balanced coverage of North American natural hazards, including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions. These hazards are illustrated using numerous four-color photos and diagrams.This new updated edition features a new chapter that extensively covers the devastating 2005 hurricane season, providing an in-depth look at the causes and effects of Hurricane Katrina.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Natural Hazards and Disasters: Catastrophic Events in Nature	p. 1
Living in Harm's Way	p. 1
Avoiding Natural Disasters	p. 3
Land Use Planning	p. 3
Pointing the Blame Finger	p. 3
Predicting Catastrophe	p. 4
Randomness in Natural Events	p. 5
Hazard and Risk	p. 6
Population and Social Pressures	p. 8
The Role of Public Education	p. 9
Key Points	p. 10
Important Words and Concepts	p. 11
Questions for Review	p. 11
Further Reading	p. 11
Plate Tectonics and Physical Hazards	p. 12
Development of the Theory	p. 12
Earth Structure	p. 16
Where Plates Pull Apart (Spreading Zones or Divergent Boundaries)	p. 23
Where Plates Come Together (Convergent Boundaries)	p. 24
Where Plates Slide Past Each Other (Transform Faults)	p. 29
Hotspot Volcanoes	p. 30
The Scientific Method	p. 33
Summary	p. 33
Key Points	p. 33
Important Words and Concepts	p. 34
Questions for Review	p. 34
Further Reading	p. 34
Earthquakes and Their Damages: Shaking Ground, Collapsing Buildings	p. 35
Earthquakes Up Close: Loma Prieta, 1989	p. 36
Earthquakes and Earthquake Waves	p. 38
Frequency and Wavelength	p. 38
Seismographs	p. 39
Movement of a Pendulum	p. 39
Faults and Earthquakes	p. 41
Causes of Earthquakes	p. 42
Locating Earthquakes	p. 44
Earthquake Size and Characteristics	p. 44
Mercalli Intensity Scale	p. 45
Richter Magnitude Scale	p. 47
Large-Earthquake Characteristics	p. 47
Earthquake Frequency	p. 48
Ground Acceleration, Shaking Time, and Displacement	p. 48
Ground Motion and Failure During Earthquakes	p. 48
Liquefaction	p. 50
Case in Point: Mexico City Earthquake, 1985	p. 51
Quick Clays	p. 52
Landslides	p. 52
Effect of Bedrock Structure	p. 53
Damage Control	p. 53
Case in Point: Armenian Earthquake, 1988	p. 53
Case in Point: Kobe Earthquake, Japan, 1995	p. 57
Earthquake Effects on Buildings	p. 59
Building Vibration and Oscillation	p. 60
Base Isolation	p. 60
Key Points	p. 62
Important Words and Concepts	p. 63
Question for Review	p. 63
Further Reading	p. 63
Earthquake Prediction and Tectonic Environments	p. 64
Predicting Earthquakes	p. 64
Earthquake Predictions and Consequences	p. 65
Earthquake Precursors	p. 65
Case in Point: Haicheng and Tangshan Earthquakes, China, 1975 and 1976	p. 66
Seismic Gaps	p. 67
Migrating Earthquakes	p. 68
Earthquake Regularity	p. 68
Paleoseismology	p. 69
Water as a Triggering Mechanism?	p. 69
Early Warning Systems	p. 71
Long-Term Forecasts and Risk Maps	p. 71
Psychics	p. 72
Surviving Earthquakes	p. 73
The San Andreas Fault	p. 73
San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes	p. 77
Hayward and Rodgers Creek Faults	p. 79
Los Angeles Area Earthquakes	p. 81
Tectonic Environments of Major Earthquakes	p. 85
Transform Faults	p. 85
Subduction Zones	p. 87
Blind Thrust Faults over an Active Subduction Zone	p. 88
Continent-Continent Collision Zones	p. 88
Blind Thrust Faults Associated with a Continental Collision Zone	p. 90
Continental Spreading Zones	p. 91
Intraplate Earthquakes without Obvious Tectonic Context	p. 93
The Potential for Still Larger Events	p. 96
Key Points	p. 97
Important Words and Concepts	p. 97
Questions for Review	p. 98
Further Reading	p. 98
Tsunami: The Great Wave	p. 99
Harbor Waves	p. 99
Sumatra Tsunami: December 2004	p. 99
Chile Tsunami: May 1960	p. 102
Tsunami Generation	p. 104
Earthquake-Generated Tsunami	p. 104
Volcano-Generated Tsunami	p. 105
Tsunami from Fast-Moving Landslides or Rockfalls	p. 105
Case in Point: Anchorage, Alaska, 1964	p. 106
Case in Point: Hokkaida, Japan, 1993	p. 108
Case in Point: Lituya Bay, Alaska, 1958	p. 109
Case in Point: Glacier Bay, Alaska	p. 110
Case in Point: Krakatau	p. 111
Tsunami from Volcano Flank Collapse	p. 111
Tsunami from Asteroid Impact	p. 114
Velocity and Height	p. 114
Coastal Effects and Vulnerability	p. 116
Tsunami from Great Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest	p. 118
Tsunami Hazard Mitigation	p. 122
Surviving a Tsunami	p. 122
Tsunami Examples	p. 122
Seiches	p. 122
The Potential for Giant Tsunami	p. 124
Key Points	p. 125
Important Words and Concepts	p. 126
Questions for Review	p. 126
Further Reading	p. 126
Volcanoes: Materials, Hazards, and Eruptive Mechanisms	p. 127
Volcanoes Up Close: Mount St. Helens Eruption, 1980	p. 128
Mount St. Helens Eruption, May 18, 1980	p. 130
Preamble to the May 18 Eruption	p. 131
Types of Volcanic Hazards and Products	p. 134
Lava Flows	p. 134
Oceanic Ridges	p. 136
Continental Flood Basalts	p. 136
Ash Falls	p. 137
Ash Flows, Glowing Avalanches, and Surges	p. 138
Magma Chambers and the Driving Force behind Eruptions	p. 142
Magma Chambers	p. 142
Explosive Eruptions	p. 143
Volcanic Mudflows	p. 143
Poisonous Gases	p. 145
Volcanic Behavior: Relationships to Viscosity, Volatiles, and Volume	p. 146
Key Points	p. 149
Important Words and Concepts	p. 150
Questions for Review	p. 150
Further Reading	p. 150
Volcanoes: Types, Behavior, and Risks	p. 151
Basaltic Volcanoes	p. 151
Shield Volcanoes	p. 151
Cinder Cones	p. 155
Andesitic Volcanoes: Stratovolcanoes	p. 157
Case in Point: The High Cascades	p. 157
Mount St. Helens	p. 159
Mount Hood	p. 159
Mount Rainier	p. 159
Mount Lassen	p. 161
Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)	p. 162
Three Sisters	p. 163
Mount Shasta	p. 164
Rhyolitic Volcanoes	p. 165
Lava Domes	p. 165
Case in Point: Mount Pelee, Martinique, West Indies	p. 166
Giant Continental Calderas	p. 168
Case in Point: Yellowstone Volcano	p. 170
Volcanic Eruptions and Products	p. 171
Explosive Eruption Styles	p. 172
Assessment of Hazard and Risk of Volcanoes	p. 173
Ancient Eruptions	p. 173
Case in Point: Santorini, Greece	p. 174
Eruption Warnings: Volcanic Precursors	p. 176
Case in Point: Mount Pinatubo	p. 178
Case in Point: Vesuvius and Its Neighbors	p. 180
Violent Eruptions and Active Subduction Zones	p. 185
A Look Ahead	p. 185
Key Points	p. 185
Important Words and Concepts	p. 186
Questions for Review	p. 186
Further Reading	p. 186
Landslides and Other Downslope Movements: Falling Mountains	p. 187
Factors Controlling Downslope Movement of Landslides	p. 187
Landslides Up Close: La Conchita, California	p. 188
Load	p. 189
Slope	p. 189
Slope Material: Strength and Friction	p. 190
Friction	p. 190
A Little Water	p. 191
Too Much Water	p. 191
Clays and Clay Behavior	p. 193
Liquefaction and Earthquakes	p. 194
Quick Clays	p. 194
Earthquakes Trigger Many Landslides	p. 195
Internal Surfaces	p. 196
Old Landslides	p. 198
Types of Downslope Movement	p. 198
Rockfalls and Rock Avalanches	p. 198
Debris Avalanches	p. 200
Case in Point: Rockfall Hazards West of Denver	p. 200
Case in Point: Rockville Rockfall, Southwestern Utah	p. 201
Case in Point: Madison Slide, Montana	p. 202
Case in Point: Frank Slide, Alberta	p. 203
Case in Point: Elam, Switzerland	p. 204
Case in Point: Yungay, Peru	p. 205
Rotational Slides and Slumps	p. 206
Stresses on the Shear Surface: Method of Slices	p. 207
Sackung	p. 208
Translational Slides	p. 208
Case in Point: The Vaiont Landslide	p. 210
Lateral-Spreading Slides	p. 212
Debris Flows	p. 212
Case in Point: A Tropical Climate Debris-Flow and Flood Disaster	p. 216
Danger Signs: Evidence for Former Debris Flows	p. 219
Mudflows and Earthflows	p. 220
Soil Creep	p. 221
Rates of Downslope Movements	p. 222
Submarine Slides	p. 222
Volcano Flank Collapse	p. 222
Failure of Landslide Dams	p. 223
Landslide Influences and Hazard Maps	p. 224
Why People Build in Landslide-Prone Areas?	p. 224
Key Point	p. 226
Important Words and Concepts	p. 227
Questions for Review	p. 227
Further Reading	p. 227
Sinkholes, Land Subsidence, and Swelling Soils	p. 228
Ground Collapse and Sinkholes	p. 228
Formation of Cavities in Limestone	p. 228
Collapsing Cavities	p. 230
Sinkholes in Different Regions	p. 231
Central Florida Sinkholes	p. 231
Sinkhole Problems in Central and Eastern Pennsylvania	p. 232
Sinkholes in Kentucky	p. 233
Collapse over a Salt Mine in Western New York	p. 233
Land Subsidence	p. 233
Mining Groundwater and Petroleum	p. 233
Case in Point: San Joaquin Valley of California	p. 235
Drainage of Organic Soils	p. 237
Ground Subsidence with Drying of Clays	p. 237
Case in Point: Venice, Italy	p. 238
Swelling Soils	p. 240
Case in Point Denver's Swelling Soils	p. 242
Key Points	p. 244
Important Words and Concepts	p. 244
Questions for Review	p. 244
Further Reading	p. 244
Climate and Weather Related to Hazards: Storms on the Horizon	p. 245
Global Warming	p. 245
Atmospheric Cooling	p. 248
Case in Point: Mount Tambora	p. 248
Climatic Cycles?	p. 248
Days	p. 249
Seasons	p. 249
Precession of the Equinoxes: -26,000 Years	p. 249
Change in the Tilt of Earth's Axis: -41,000 Years	p. 249
Change in the Elliptical Shape of Earth's Orbit: -100,000-Year Cycles	p. 249
Basic Elements of Weather	p. 251
Hydrologic Cycle and Humidity	p. 251
Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation	p. 252
Atmospheric Pressure and Weather	p. 253
Coriolis Effect	p. 254
Global Air Circulation	p. 256
Jet Stream	p. 257
Weather Fronts	p. 258
El Nino	p. 260
Normal Pattern	p. 260
El Nino Conditions	p. 261
Predicting El Nino	p. 262
North Atlantic Oscillation	p. 262
Climate Controls on Flooding	p. 263
Importance of Duration and Intensity of Rainfall	p. 264
Dry Climates	p. 265
Strong Winds Not Associated with Storms	p. 265
Chinook Winds	p. 265
Santa Ana Winds	p. 265
Key Points	p. 265
Important Words and Concepts	p. 266
Questions for Review	p. 266
Further Reading	p. 267
Streams and Flood Processes: Rising Waters	p. 268
Stream Flow and Sediment Transport Processes	p. 269
Stream Flow and Gradient	p. 269
Floods Up Close: Big Thompson Canyon, Northwest of Denver	p. 270
Bankfull Channel Width, Depth, and Capacity	p. 272
Sediment Transport and Stream Equilibrium	p. 273
Sediment Transport Mechanisms	p. 277
Stream Types	p. 277
Meandering Streams	p. 277
Braided Streams	p. 280
Bedrock Streams	p. 281
The Hydrograph	p. 282
Precipitation Intensity and Runoff	p. 282
Stream Order and Hydrograph Shape	p. 283
Flood Crests Move Downstream	p. 283
Floods on Frozen or Water-Saturated Ground	p. 284
Destructive Energy of Floods	p. 285
Stream Power	p. 285
Flood Frequency and Recurrence Intervals	p. 285
Recurrence Intervals and Discharge	p. 285
Case in Point: Spring Thaw from the South on a North-Flowing River	p. 286
Case in Point: Guadalupe River Upstream of New Braunfels, Texas	p. 288
Problems with Recurrence Intervals	p. 290
Floodplains and 100-Year Floodplains	p. 292
Flood Insurance	p. 293
Key Points	p. 294
Important Words and Concepts	p. 295
Questions for Review	p. 295
Further Reading	p. 296
Floods and Human Interactions	p. 297
Effects of Development on Floodplains	p. 297
Levees	p. 297
The Great Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993	p. 299
Intentional Levee Breaks	p. 303
Levees, Safety, and Costs	p. 304
Avulsion	p. 305
Channelization	p. 305
Case in Point: Yellow (Huang-Ho) River of China	p. 306
Case in Point: New Orleans	p. 308
Case in Point: A Channelized Old World River	p. 310
Flood Control and Multipurpose Dams	p. 311
Floods Caused by Failure of Human-Made Dams	p. 311
Case in Point: Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley, California	p. 312
Urbanization	p. 314
Case in Point: Failure of the Teton Dam, Idaho	p. 315
Flash Flood Hazards	p. 316
Changes Imposed on Streams	p. 317
Forest Fires and Range Fires	p. 317
Logging and Overgrazing	p. 317
Hydraulic Placer Mining	p. 317
Dams and Stream Equilibrium	p. 318
Bridges	p. 319
Mining of Stream Sand and Gravel	p. 319
Paleoflood Analysis	p. 320
Early Postflood Evidence	p. 320
Case in Point: Channel Deepening and Groundwater Loss from Gravel Mining	p. 321
Paleoflood Markers	p. 322
Review of Factors That Influence Floods	p. 323
Complexity, or "Coincident Criticality" and Floods	p. 324
Key Points	p. 324
Important Words and Concepts	p. 325
Questions for Review	p. 325
Further Reading	p. 325
Waves, Beaches, and Coastal Erosion: Rivers of Sand	p. 326
Living on Dangerous Coasts	p. 326
Waves	p. 327
Beaches	p. 329
Wave Refraction and Longshore Drift	p. 329
Waves on Rocky Coasts	p. 331
Beach Slope: An Equilibrium Profile	p. 331
Rip Currents	p. 332
Loss of Sand from the Beach	p. 332
People Move to the Beach	p. 332
Beach Erosion and Hardening	p. 333
Reduction of Sand Supply	p. 333
Artificial Barriers to Wave Action	p. 333
Areas of Severe Erosion	p. 337
Beach Replenishment	p. 338
Erosion of Gently Sloping Coasts and Barrier Islands	p. 341
Dunes	p. 341
Barrier Bars at Estuaries and Inlets	p. 343
Erosion Along Cliff-Bound Coasts	p. 347
Letting Nature Take Its Course	p. 349
Key Points	p. 349
Important Words and Concepts	p. 350
Questions for Review	p. 350
Further Reading	p. 350
Hurricanes and Nor'easters: The Big Winds	p. 351
Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones	p. 351
Hurricanes Up Close: Hurricane Hugo	p. 352
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale	p. 355
Formation of Hurricanes and Cyclones	p. 355
Case in Point: Hurricane Camille	p. 357
Case in Point: Hurricane Isabel	p. 358
Extratropical Cyclones, Including Nor'easters	p. 362
Winter Windstorms and Heavy Snow	p. 364
Case in Point: Superstorm, March 1993	p. 365
Case in Point: Tropical Storm Allison	p. 365
Storm Surges	p. 368
Case in Point: Galveston Hurricane	p. 372
Waves and Wave Damages	p. 374
Winds and Wind Damages	p. 375
Rainfall and Flooding	p. 378
Case in Point: Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd, 1999	p. 379
Deaths in Hurricanes	p. 382
Case in Point: Hurricane Andrew	p. 383
Poor Countries: Different Problems	p. 384
Building Restrictions	p. 385
Case in Point: Hurricane Mitch	p. 386
Case in Point: Cyclones of Bangladesh and Calcutta, India	p. 389
Hurricane Prediction and Warnings	p. 391
Categories of Hurricane Warning	p. 392
Hurricane Modification?	p. 394
A More Damaging Hurricane than Any in Historic Time?	p. 394
Key Points	p. 395
Important Words and Concepts	p. 396
Questions for Review	p. 396
Further Reading	p. 396
Thunderstorms and Tornadoes	p. 397
Thunderstorms	p. 397
Lightning	p. 398
Downbursts	p. 401
Hail	p. 401
Tornadoes	p. 401
The Fujita Scale	p. 402
Tornado Development	p. 407
Tornado Damage and Risks	p. 407
Case in Point: Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak	p. 411
Case in Point: Superoutbreak of 1974	p. 412
Key Points	p. 413
Important Words and Concepts	p. 141
Questions for Review	p. 414
Further Reading	p. 414
Wildfires: Fanned Flames	p. 415
Wildfires Up Close: The Black Mountain Fire, Missoula, Montana	p. 416
Fire Process and Behavior	p. 417
Case in Point: Storm King Mountain, Colorado	p. 418
Case in Point: Southern California Firestorm, 2003	p. 420
Fire Suppression and Prevention	p. 422
Erosion Following Wildfires	p. 422
Some Concerns	p. 423
Case in Point; Bitterroot Valley Fires, Summer 2000	p. 424
Key Points	p. 426
Important Words and Concepts	p. 426
Questions for Review	p. 427
Further Reading	p. 427
Impact of Asteroids and Comets	p. 428
Projectiles from Space: The Ultimate Catastrophe?	p. 428
Chondrites	p. 430
Achondrites	p. 430
Identification of Meteorites	p. 430
Collision Course?	p. 430
Evolution of an Impact Crater	p. 431
Some Key Points and Evidence for an Impact	p. 432
Case in Point: Meteor Crater, Arizona	p. 433
Case in Point: Popigai Crater in Northern Siberia	p. 434
Case in Point: The Studbury Complex, Ontario	p. 436
Case in Point: Ries Crater in Germany	p. 437
Chances of a Large Asteroid Impact on Earth	p. 437
Likely Consequences of Impacts with Earth	p. 437
Impact of a Large Asteroid	p. 437
Case in Point: Chicxulub Impact Crater	p. 438
A Modest-Sized Asteroid Impact	p. 439
Doomsday?	p. 439
What Could We Do About an Incoming Asteroid?	p. 439
Falling Rocks: Your Personal Chance of Being Hit by a Meteorite?	p. 440
Other Consequences of a Major Asteroid Impact	p. 441
Lunar Maria	p. 441
Case in Point: Tungusika, Siberia	p. 441
Summary	p. 441
Key Points	p. 442
Important Words and Concepts	p. 442
Questions for Review	p. 442
Further Reading	p. 443
The Future: Where Do We Go from Here?	p. 444
We Are the Problem	p. 444
Hazard Assessment and Mitigation	p. 446
Societal Attitudes	p. 446
Education	p. 447
Different Ground Rules for the Poor	p. 448
Key Points	p. 450
Important Words and Concepts	p. 450
Questions for Review	p. 450
Further Reading	p. 450
Hurricane Katrina: A Case Study of the Costliest Disaster in U.S. History	p. 451
Hurricanes Up Close: Hurricane Katrina	p. 452
Hurricane Katrina	p. 453
Unfolding Events	p. 453
Planning and Evacuation	p. 453
Approach and Landfall	p. 455
The Wind, Storm Surge, and Flood	p. 456
The Pumps Fail	p. 459
Contamination, Disease, and Mold	p. 460
Relief Came Slowly	p. 462
Deaths from the Hurricane	p. 463
Financial Problems, Job Losses	p. 463
The Poor Have Additional Problems	p. 463
Impacts Farther South and East: The Hurricane Winds, Surge, and Waves	p. 464
Insurance	p. 467
Predictions, Warnings, and Preparation for the Approaching Storm	p. 468
Disaster Response	p. 468
What Went Wrong?	p. 470
The Future of New Orleans?	p. 471
Rebuilding?	p. 471
Not the First Time nor the Last	p. 471
Geological Time Scale	p. 451
Mineral and Rock Characteristics Related to Hazards	p. 452
Igneous Rocks	p. 452
Sedimentary Rocks	p. 452
Metamorphic Rocks	p. 453
Weak Rocks and Strong Rocks	p. 453
Common Rock-Forming Minerals	p. 453
Common Rocks	p. 457
Granite	p. 457
Gabbro	p. 457
Rhyolite	p. 458
Andesite and Dacite	p. 459
Basalt	p. 459
Shale and Mudstone	p. 460
Sandstone	p. 460
Limestone	p. 460
Slate	p. 460
Schist	p. 461
Gneiss	p. 461
Serpentinite	p. 462
Rocks, Landscapes, and Hazards	p. 462
Conversion Factors	p. 463
Glossary	p. 465
Index	p. 480
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