Natural Resources Ecology, Economics, and Policy

by Holechek, Jerry L.; Cole, Richard A.; Fisher, James T.; Valdez, Raul

• ISBN13: 9780130933881
• ISBN10: 0130933880
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-05-15
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Unlike other natural resource management volumes that focus solely on theecologicalaspects of resourcesand with an overlypessimisticview of the futurethis volume explores natural resource managementin contextin a functional, applied framework by integrating ecology, history, planning, economics, and policy into coverage ofeachnatural resource, and by providing a balanced, guarded optimistic view of the most current research and technology's capability to overcome natural resource problems. Exceptionally straightforward and readable, it is easily accessible to readers with limited background in ecology, biology, and economics.The volume provides an overview of natural resources, and a complete analysis of management foundations, air, water, and land resources, the land-based renewable resources, the wild living resources, the mineral and energy resources, plus an integration of natural resources management.For foresters, wildlife biologists, geologists, range managers, and environmental scientists.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Natural Resources: An Overview	1	(20)
Natural Resources Defined	1	(4)
Abiotic and biotic resources	2	(1)
Ecosystems defined	2	(1)
Resource consumption, use, and renewal	2	(3)
Natural Resource Management	5	(2)
Management objectives	5	(1)
Private and public resource management	5	(1)
An integrated approach to management	6	(1)
Careers and Education in Natural Resource Management	7	(2)
The Need for Natural Resource Management	9	(3)
The human population increase	9	(3)
Land Area and Land Uses	12	(4)
Natural resource issues	13	(3)
An Optimistic View of the Future	16	(1)
Other Sources of Information	17	(1)
Organization of the Book	17	(2)
Section 1: Management foundations	17	(1)
Section 2: Air, water, land and living resources	17	(1)
Section 3: The land-based renewable resources	18	(1)
Section 4: The wild living resources	18	(1)
Section 5: The mineral and energy resources	18	(1)
Section 6: Integration of natural resources management	19	(1)
Literature Cited	19	(2)
SECTION 1 MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS	21	(136)
The Historical Perspective	23	(40)
Colonization (up to 1776)	23	(7)
Ecology and landscape	23	(4)
Economics	27	(2)
Policy	29	(1)
Westward Expansion (1776-1860)	30	(6)
Ecology and landscape	30	(1)
Economics	31	(3)
Policy	34	(2)
The Gilded Age (1861-1899)	36	(8)
Ecology and landscape	36	(1)
Economics	37	(2)
Policy	39	(5)
The Progressive Period (1900-1945)	44	(8)
Ecology and landscape	44	(1)
Economics	45	(2)
Policy	47	(5)
Neoprogressive Period (1945-Present)	52	(9)
Ecology and landscape	52	(2)
Economics	54	(2)
Policy	56	(5)
Literature Cited	61	(2)
Basic Ecology	63	(41)
Introduction	63	(1)
Populations	63	(3)
Population identity	63	(1)
Distribution and dispersal	64	(1)
Factors affecting population distribution	65	(1)
Population habitat and physical niche	66	(1)
Population Structure and Dynamics	66	(2)
Population structure	66	(1)
Population dynamics	66	(2)
Population Energetics, Biomass, and Production	68	(2)
Energetics	68	(2)
Population biomass	70	(1)
Production, productivity, and P/B ratio	70	(1)
Population Strategies	70	(2)
Communities	72	(1)
Definition	72	(1)
Community Structure and Functions	72	(9)
Community habitat	72	(1)
Biodiversity	73	(1)
Trophic functions	74	(3)
Competitive interactions within communities	77	(2)
Interaction among biotic communities	79	(2)
Ecosystems	81	(2)
Ecosystems defined	81	(1)
Ecosystem services	82	(1)
Ecosystem Structure, Function, and Service	83	(18)
Energy flow	83	(3)
Material flow, storage, and cycling	86	(5)
Succession	91	(9)
Ecosystem manipulators: The human component	100	(1)
Literature Cited	101	(3)
Conservation Economics	104	(23)
The Problem	104	(1)
Hard Choices	104	(3)
Timber versus Spotted Owls (Pacific NW)	105	(1)
Cheap energy versus functioning ecosystems	105	(1)
Clean air versus cheap steel	105	(1)
Endangered wolves versus livestock and wildlife	106	(1)
Wetlands versus housing and transportation	106	(1)
Hydropower versus recreation	106	(1)
Electric power versus productive lakes	106	(1)
Mining versus recreation on public lands	107	(1)
Riparian ecosystems versus livestock	107	(1)
Hydro-dam relicensing	107	(1)
Choices Displace Opportunities	107	(6)
Economics is about choices	108	(1)
Importance of good decisions	109	(1)
What the market mechanism does	109	(1)
How the market solves the three problems	109	(2)
Who controls the market?	111	(1)
The invisible hand of the market	111	(1)
Can profit incentives protect natural resources?	111	(1)
How markets settle conservation questions	112	(1)
When are markets best at promoting conservation?	112	(1)
Limits of the market	113	(1)
The Future	113	(1)
Harnessing the Power of the Market	114	(3)
Concepts for incentive-based pollution control	114	(1)
Pollution taxes	114	(1)
Marketable waste emission permit systems	115	(2)
Applications of Incentive-Based Regulations	117	(2)
Pollution taxes	117	(1)
Marketable permit systems	118	(1)
Governments and Conservation	119	(3)
How government settles conservation questions	119	(1)
Limits of government in settling conservation questions	119	(1)
Rent seeking	119	(1)
Taxpayer ignorance	119	(1)
Empire building	119	(1)
Abuses of economic analysis	120	(1)
What government can do to protect natural resources	120	(1)
Why measure benefits and costs?	121	(1)
How to Measure Benefits and Costs	122	(2)
Basic principles	122	(1)
Implementation principles	123	(1)
Implementation practices, incremental benefits, and costs	123	(1)
Measurement problems	123	(1)
Scope and Limits of BCA	124	(1)
The bad news	124	(1)
The good news	124	(1)
Summary of BCA	125	(1)
Conclusion	125	(1)
Literature Cited	125	(2)
Planning, Policy, and Administration	127	(30)
Elements of Organizational Function	127	(2)
Managing problems and opportunities	127	(1)
Organizational integration	127	(2)
Management Systems	129	(8)
Organizations as management systems	129	(6)
Managing the system for results	135	(1)
Public, private, and advocacy systems	135	(2)
Planning Process	137	(5)
Inventorying planning environments	137	(2)
Focusing management intent	139	(2)
Translating strategy into operations	141	(1)
Placing Boundaries on Planning Process	142	(3)
Organizational planning boundaries	142	(2)
Regional (geographic) planning	144	(1)
Integrated resource management planning	144	(1)
Examples of Agency Planning	145	(3)
The Environmental Protection Agency	145	(1)
The Corps of Engineers	146	(1)
The USDA Forest Service	147	(1)
Policy	148	(1)
What is policy?	148	(1)
Roles of federal, state, and local governments	148	(1)
Budget policy	149	(1)
Public and private policy	149	(1)
Making Policy	149	(2)
U.S. Constitution and policy development	149	(1)
Legislation	150	(1)
Organizational Administration	151	(3)
Integrating organizational activities	151	(1)
Information flow and authority	152	(1)
Information management	153	(1)
Networking	154	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Literature Cited	155	(2)
SECTION 2 AIR, WATER, AND LAND RESOURCES	157	(154)
Atmospheric Resources and Climate	159	(29)
The Importance of Atmosphere and Climate	159	(1)
Global Warming and Ozone Problems	159	(1)
Climate Factors	160	(5)
Atmospheric composition and pressure	160	(1)
Solar radiation	161	(1)
Earth latitude, shape, and rotation	161	(1)
Distribution of continents	162	(1)
Topography	162	(1)
Marine currents	163	(1)
Interactions between climatic factors	164	(1)
Vegetation as a climatic factor	165	(1)
Climatic Elements	165	(6)
Wind	165	(1)
Temperature and frost-free period	166	(1)
Precipitation	167	(3)
Precipitation systems	170	(1)
Humidity	171	(1)
World Climate Types	171	(1)
Equable climate	171	(1)
Desert climate	171	(1)
Polar climate	171	(1)
Mediterranean climate	172	(1)
Continental climate	172	(1)
Tropical wet and dry climate	172	(1)
U.S. Regional Climate Types	172	(3)
The Pacific climate	172	(1)
The Great Basin climate	173	(1)
The Southwestern climate	173	(2)
The Plains climate	175	(1)
The Eastern climate	175	(1)
The Florida climate	175	(1)
Climatic Instability and Natural Resource Management	175	(3)
World climatic history	175	(2)
Climatic lessons from the past	177	(1)
Climatic Change and Human Activities	178	(8)
The greenhouse effect and radiation balance	178	(2)
Global warming and fossil fuels	180	(1)
The implications of global warming	181	(1)
Possible strategies for managing global warming	182	(1)
Acid precipitation	183	(1)
Ozone depletion	184	(1)
Desertification	184	(2)
Literature Cited	186	(2)
Water Resources	188	(42)
The Importance of Water	188	(2)
World Water Problems	190	(1)
The Properties of Water	190	(1)
Physical attributes	190	(1)
Water Forms and Distribution	191	(2)
The planet's reserves	191	(1)
Glacial ice	192	(1)
Lakes	192	(1)
Streams and rivers	192	(1)
Wetlands	193	(1)
Oceans	193	(1)
Groundwater	193	(1)
Watershed Management	193	(9)
The hydrologic cycle	193	(1)
The watershed	193	(2)
Watershed management objectives	195	(1)
Watershed processes	196	(2)
Managing watershed land-use practices	198	(2)
Managing riparian areas	200	(1)
Special watershed management techniques	201	(1)
Multipurpose Water Resource Management	202	(5)
The water resource management agencies	202	(1)
Integrated management objectives	203	(1)
Water management engineering	204	(3)
Water Quality Problems	207	(5)
Types of water quality problems	207	(1)
Surface water impairment	208	(1)
Disease-causing organisms	209	(1)
Nutrients	209	(1)
Silts and suspended solids	210	(1)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)	210	(1)
Salinity and other dissolved solids	211	(1)
Toxic materials	211	(1)
Acid mine drainage	211	(1)
Thermal discharges	212	(1)
Approaches to Water Quality Management	212	(2)
Classification of water pollution sources	212	(1)
The watershed approach	212	(1)
Water treatment	212	(2)
Home water treatment	214	(1)
Water Uses in the United States	214	(5)
Types of water use	214	(2)
Off-stream uses	216	(2)
In-stream uses	218	(1)
Regional trends in water use and consumption	219	(1)
Water Use Problems and Conflicts	219	(5)
Overpumping	219	(1)
Water allocation and wildlife habitat	220	(2)
Salinization	222	(1)
Water ownership	222	(2)
Meeting Water Demand in the Twenty-First Century	224	(3)
Water conservation	224	(1)
Reclamation of sewage water	224	(1)
Development of groundwater	224	(1)
Desalinization	225	(1)
Developing salt-resistant crops	225	(1)
Developing drought-resistant crops	225	(1)
Rainmaking	225	(1)
Harvesting icebergs	225	(1)
Long-distance water transport	225	(1)
Improved integration of water use	226	(1)
Water in the nation's future	226	(1)
Literature Cited	227	(3)
Soil: The Basic Land Resource	230	(30)
Importance of Soil	230	(17)
The soil profile	230	(2)
Soil formation	232	(1)
Soil characteristics	233	(3)
Soil classification	236	(4)
Soil erosion	240	(3)
Soil erosion in the United States	243	(4)
Soil Conservation Practices	247	(8)
Conservation tillage	247	(1)
Strip-cropping	248	(1)
Contour farming	249	(1)
Terracing	249	(1)
Gully reclamation	250	(1)
Windbreaks	250	(2)
Retirement of erodable lands	252	(1)
Conservation buffers	252	(2)
Soils and carbon sequestration	254	(1)
Maintaining soil fertility	254	(1)
Conservation Planning	255	(1)
Soil Policy	256	(2)
Literature Cited	258	(2)
Ecosystems of the United States	260	(51)
Introduction	260	(1)
Terrestrial Ecosystems of the World	260	(7)
Biomes	260	(1)
Grasslands of the world	261	(4)
Desert shrublands of the world	265	(1)
Savanna woodlands of the world	266	(1)
Forests of the world	266	(1)
Tundra of the world	267	(1)
Terrestrial Ecosystems of the United States	267	(1)
Grasslands	268	(6)
Tallgrass prairie	268	(2)
Southern mixed prairie	270	(1)
Northern mixed prairie	271	(1)
Shortgrass prairie	271	(1)
California annual grassland	272	(1)
Palouse prairie	273	(1)
Deserts	274	(4)
Hot desert	274	(2)
Cold desert	276	(2)
Woodlands	278	(3)
Pinon-juniper woodland	278	(1)
Mountain shrub	279	(1)
Oak woodlands	280	(1)
Chaparral	280	(1)
Forest Ecosystems	281	(6)
Western coniferous forest	281	(2)
Northern forest	283	(1)
Eastern deciduous forest	284	(1)
Southern forest	285	(1)
Southern river bottomland forests	286	(1)
Tundra Ecosystems	287	(1)
Vertebrates in Terrestrial Ecosystems	288	(2)
Vertebrate importance	288	(1)
Vertebrate ranges and ecological limits	288	(1)
Moisture and surface water	289	(1)
Food distribution	289	(1)
Land and vegetation form	289	(1)
Species interactions	290	(1)
Aquatic Ecosystems	290	(19)
Wetland ecosystems	290	(5)
Lake ecosystems	295	(2)
Stream and river ecosystems	297	(5)
Estuarine ecosystems	302	(2)
Marine ecosystems	304	(5)
Literature Cited	309	(2)
SECTION 3 THE LAND-BASED RENEWABLE RESOURCES	311	(174)
Forests and Forestry	313	(44)
The State of Forestry	313	(1)
World overview	314	(1)
Tree Structure and Function	314	(2)
Forest Products	316	(1)
Forest Distribution	317	(5)
Boreal forest (Taiga)	318	(1)
Temperate deciduous forests	319	(1)
Temperate coniferous forests	319	(1)
Temperate mixed forests	319	(1)
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen forests	320	(1)
Tropical evergreen forests	320	(1)
Tropical deciduous forests	321	(1)
U.S. Forest Types and Resources	322	(7)
Major forest types and uses	322	(4)
U.S. forest land area	326	(1)
Timber production	327	(2)
Forest ownership	329	(1)
Forest Management	329	(2)
Forest management defined	329	(2)
Stand Management	331	(10)
Criteria used to classify forest stands	331	(1)
Stand age and size distribution	331	(2)
Species composition	333	(1)
Classification based on density	333	(1)
Classification based on site quality	334	(1)
The concept of shade tolerance	335	(1)
Silvicultural systems	336	(1)
Cutting and reproduction methods	336	(2)
Intermediate treatments	338	(2)
Emergency cuttings or thinnings	340	(1)
Timber Harvesting	341	(1)
Tree Planting	341	(2)
Forest Protection	343	(2)
Forest fire	343	(1)
Insects	344	(1)
Disease	344	(1)
Exotic pests	345	(1)
Abiotic factors	345	(1)
Forest Ecosystem Management	345	(7)
The need for management change	345	(1)
Ecosystem management defined	346	(1)
Silviculture and ecosystem management	346	(1)
The clear-cutting controversy	347	(1)
Ecosystem management and fire	348	(3)
Gap dynamics	351	(1)
Forest succession and ecosystem management	351	(1)
Forest Conservation Issues	352	(1)
Deforestation and global warming	352	(1)
Wastepaper recycling	353	(1)
Reducing paper use	353	(1)
Concluding Remarks	353	(1)
Literature Cited	354	(3)
Rangeland and Range Management	357	(34)
Introduction	357	(1)
Rangeland Management Defined	358	(1)
Basic range management concepts	358	(1)
Types of Rangeland	359	(2)
Grasslands	360	(1)
Desert shrublands	361	(1)
Forests	361	(1)
Savanna woodlands	361	(1)
Tundra	361	(1)
Historical Perspective	361	(1)
Rangeland Ecology	362	(3)
Grazing effects on range plants	362	(1)
Rangeland condition and trend	363	(2)
Range Animal Ecology	365	(4)
Comparative digestive systems	365	(1)
Forage selection by different ungulates	365	(1)
Comparative nutritive value of grasses, forbs, and shrubs	366	(2)
Use of nutritional knowledge in management	368	(1)
Animal suitability for different rangelands	368	(1)
Rangeland Management	369	(11)
Importance of correct stocking rate	369	(2)
Improving livestock distribution	371	(2)
Grazing systems	373	(7)
Rangeland Livestock Production	380	(3)
Recent trends	380	(1)
Importance of the West	380	(1)
Livestock management during drought	381	(1)
Poisonous plant problems	381	(1)
Controlling vegetation for livestock production	382	(1)
Government Rangeland Policy	383	(4)
Dealing with the ``tragedy of the commons''	383	(1)
Importance of federal lands	383	(1)
Policy changes	384	(3)
Range Management and the Future	387	(1)
Literature Cited	388	(3)
Farmland and Food Production	391	(26)
Introduction	391	(1)
World Food Overview	391	(2)
A Brief History of Agriculture	393	(1)
Major Types of Agriculture	394	(1)
The Green Revolution	394	(2)
U.S. Agricultural Success and Problems	396	(5)
A success story	396	(2)
Increasing regulation	398	(1)
Urban sprawl	398	(2)
Rising production costs	400	(1)
Declining exports	400	(1)
Atmospheric pollution	401	(1)
Restricted water supplies	401	(1)
Excess capacity	401	(1)
Agriculture in Developing Countries	401	(4)
Intercropping	402	(1)
Double cropping	402	(1)
Agroforestry	402	(1)
Polyculture	402	(1)
Animal agriculture	402	(1)
International trends	403	(1)
Agriculture prospects in developing countries	404	(1)
Pesticide Controversies	405	(2)
The pest problem	405	(1)
Alternatives to pesticides alone	406	(1)
Sustainable Agriculture	407	(1)
Farmland Policy	408	(7)
The issues	408	(2)
Forms of farm subsidies in the United States	410	(3)
Farm programs in other countries	413	(1)
Trends in current policy	414	(1)
Eliminating Government Involvement in Agriculture: The New Zealand Case	415	(1)
Conclusion	416	(1)
Literature Cited	416	(1)
Outdoor Recreation	417	(28)
Introduction	417	(1)
What is Recreation?	417	(3)
The Importance of Outdoor Recreation	420	(1)
Attributes of Outdoor Recreation	420	(1)
Resource Conflicts and Resolution	421	(1)
Historical Perspectives	422	(2)
Federal management	422	(1)
Early attitudes	422	(1)
Recent trends	423	(1)
Recreational Management	424	(5)
Distribution of outdoor recreation and recreation lands	424	(1)
Recreation provided by federal agencies	424	(5)
Recreation provided by state and local government	429	(1)
Private recreation opportunities and tourism	429	(1)
Recreational Challenges on Public Lands	429	(6)
Importance of public land recreation	429	(1)
Subdividing private grazing lands	430	(1)
Agriculture on the urban interface	431	(1)
Scenic beauty and range management	432	(1)
Public opinion and management of federal rangelands	432	(1)
Recreation and ranching	433	(1)
Managing recreation costs on public lands	433	(1)
Conflict resolution in multiple-use decisions	434	(1)
Outdoor Recreational Management	435	(5)
Interfacing people with resources	435	(1)
Recreational planning	435	(1)
Recreational economics	436	(1)
Integrative management planning	437	(1)
Recreational resource managers	437	(1)
Visitor management	438	(1)
Natural resource management	439	(1)
Information service management	440	(1)
Future Demands for Outdoor Recreation	440	(2)
Literature Cited	442	(3)
Urban Land-Use Management	445	(40)
The Urban Ecosystem	445	(1)
Resources and services expectations	445	(1)
The Urban Ecosystem	446	(7)
Material and energy flux	446	(1)
Extent of urban impacts	447	(1)
Integrating natural ecological services into urban design	448	(1)
Urban form and function	449	(1)
Integrating urban form with natural functions	450	(3)
Development of Urban Infrastructure	453	(7)
A partnership of public and private interests	453	(2)
Transportation	455	(1)
Utilities	456	(1)
Housing subsidies	457	(1)
The superhighways	458	(2)
Population Redistribution and Urban Change	460	(3)
Growth and decline of the urban center	460	(1)
The role of the automobile	460	(1)
Urban sprawl and downtown renewal	461	(2)
Urban Land-Use Planning	463	(2)
Historic land-use development	463	(2)
Contemporary Urban Land-Use Planning	465	(2)
Planning professionals	465	(1)
Nongovernment stakeholders	465	(1)
Government role in planning	466	(1)
Managing the Urban Ecosystem	467	(14)
Integrating urban ecosystem services	467	(1)
Land	468	(4)
Water	472	(5)
Air	477	(4)
Regional Planning Challenges	481	(1)
Literature Cited	481	(4)
SECTION 4 THE WILD LIVING RESOURCES	485	(94)
Wildlife Conservation and Management	487	(42)
Introduction	487	(1)
Wildlife Values and Conflicts	487	(2)
The controversial resource	487	(1)
Wildlife authority	488	(1)
What Is Wildlife?	489	(1)
The professional concept of wildlife	489	(1)
The public concept of wildlife	489	(1)
Management Philosophy: Wildlife Conservation	490	(3)
Values of wildlife	491	(2)
Historical and Legislative Perspectives of Wildlife Conservation	493	(12)
Foods and other goods	493	(3)
Recreation	496	(2)
Animal damage control	498	(2)
Management perspectives in the twentieth century	500	(4)
Threatened and endangered species	504	(1)
Responsibilities of a Wildlife Manager	505	(4)
Changing emphasis	505	(1)
Population assessment and management	506	(1)
Habitat assessment and management	507	(1)
Resource demand assessment and management	507	(1)
Resource user satisfaction	508	(1)
Education and research	508	(1)
Contemporary Concepts in Wildlife Management	509	(13)
Managing wildlife supply and demand	509	(1)
The role of public input	509	(1)
Categorizing wildlife for management	510	(1)
Habitat management	510	(7)
Habitat management strategies	517	(1)
Managing wildlife populations	517	(5)
Commercialization and Wildlife Management	522	(2)
Challenges and Trends in Wildlife Management	524	(2)
Literature Cited	526	(3)
Fishery Conservation and Management	529	(32)
The Fishery Resource	529	(2)
Fishing for Food and Other Goods	531	(9)
Cultural importance	531	(2)
Early fishery allocation	533	(1)
North American fisheries	533	(1)
Technological revolution	534	(1)
Reaching food fishery limits	535	(4)
The aquacultural potential	539	(1)
Recreational Fishing	540	(3)
Cultural significance	540	(1)
Growth of sportfishing in the United States	540	(2)
The limits to sportfishing	542	(1)
Fisheries Biodiversity Issues	543	(2)
A growing concern	543	(1)
Biodiversity values	544	(1)
Fishery Science and Management	545	(8)
Early management emphases	545	(1)
Modern fishery management	546	(3)
Key management principles	549	(4)
The Fishery Professional	553	(4)
Changing expectations	553	(1)
Bioassessment and management	554	(1)
Habitat assessment and management	554	(1)
Resource demand assessment and management	555	(1)
Resource user satisfaction	556	(1)
Management administration	556	(1)
Original research	557	(1)
Education	557	(1)
Future Fishery Issues	557	(1)
Literature Cited	558	(3)
Biodiversity and Endangered Species Management	561	(18)
The Dilemma	561	(1)
Biodiversity	562	(4)
Biodiversity conservation	562	(1)
The escalating loss of biodiversity	563	(1)
Biodiversity services and value	564	(2)
Endangered Species	566	(5)
What are endangered species?	566	(1)
Causes of extinction	567	(4)
Endangered Species Policy and Management	571	(3)
Legislation and treaties	571	(2)
Management needed to maintain biodiversity	573	(1)
Endangered Ecosystems	574	(1)
Literature Cited	575	(4)
SECTION 5 THE MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES	579	(82)
Mineral Resources	581	(21)
Introduction	581	(1)
Geological Foundations	581	(8)
The realm of minerals and rocks	581	(2)
Plate tectonics	583	(1)
Plate boundaries	584	(1)
The rock cycle	584	(2)
Mineral deposits	586	(1)
Mineral distribution and abundance	587	(2)
Strategic and critical minerals	589	(1)
Mining and Mineral Extraction	589	(3)
What is an ore?	589	(1)
Surface mining	589	(1)
Subsurface mining	590	(1)
Processing	590	(2)
Important Metallic Minerals	592	(2)
Iron	592	(1)
Aluminum	592	(1)
Copper	593	(1)
Lead	593	(1)
Zinc	593	(1)
Gold and silver	593	(1)
Nonmetallic resources	593	(1)
Recycling	594	(3)
Recycling metals	594	(1)
Iron and steel	595	(1)
Aluminum	596	(1)
Copper	596	(1)
Lead	597	(1)
Environmental Concerns with Mining Activities	597	(3)
Geological exploration	597	(1)
Mining extraction	597	(2)
Mineral processing	599	(1)
Future mineral availability	599	(1)
Literature Cited	600	(2)
Nonrenewable Energy Resources	602	(34)
Introduction	602	(1)
World Overview	602	(1)
Energy Use	603	(5)
Historical perspective	603	(1)
Energy use today	604	(1)
Electrical energy	605	(1)
Energy in the home, business, and industry	606	(2)
Energy used for transportation	608	(1)
Energy Production	608	(22)
Coal	609	(6)
Oil and gas	615	(8)
Nuclear energy	623	(7)
Nonrenewable Energy and the Environment	630	(4)
Nuclear plant accidents	630	(3)
Terrorism	633	(1)
Environmental degradation	633	(1)
The Immediate Future	634	(1)
Literature Cited	634	(2)
Renewable Energy: The Sustainable Path to a Secure Energy Future	636	(25)
Introduction	636	(2)
Renewable Energy Sources	638	(19)
Solar energy	638	(4)
Wind energy	642	(5)
Hydropower	647	(1)
Biomass	648	(4)
Geothermal energy	652	(3)
Additional renewable energy sources	655	(2)
Concluding Remarks	657	(2)
Literature Cited	659	(2)
SECTION 6 INTEGRATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT	661	(58)
Natural Resources and International Development	663	(11)
Introduction	663	(1)
Problems with Third World Development	663	(6)
National unity	664	(1)
Market-oriented economy	665	(1)
Democratic form of government	666	(1)
Sound education system	666	(1)
Protection of property rights	666	(1)
Opportunity for social and economic mobility	667	(1)
Level of economic growth exceeds level of population growth	667	(2)
Growth Strategies	669	(1)
Development options	669	(1)
Natural Resources versus Entrepreneurship	670	(1)
International Policy	671	(1)
Third World Debt Crisis	672	(1)
Literature Cited	673	(1)
Economics and Economic Systems	674	(25)
Introduction	674	(1)
Economic Terminology	674	(1)
Basic Economic Principles	674	(6)
Market theories	675	(1)
The Marx alternative to markets	676	(1)
Mixed economies	677	(1)
The most successful economy in the world	678	(2)
Problems with Market Economies: The Business Cycle	680	(8)
Stages of the business cycle	681	(2)
Depressions in the United States	683	(3)
Keynesian economic approach	686	(1)
The economy of the 1980s and 1990s	687	(1)
Creative Destruction and Human Progress	688	(2)
Problems with Centrally Planned Economies	690	(3)
Environmental problems in the former Soviet Union	691	(1)
The collapse of communism	692	(1)
Problems with Mixed Economies	693	(1)
Importance of International Trade and Competition	694	(2)
International trade	694	(1)
International competition	695	(1)
Economies in the Twenty-First Century	696	(1)
Literature Cited	697	(2)
Sustainable Development, Technology, and the Future	699	(20)
Overview	699	(1)
Sustainable Development	700	(2)
Defining sustainable development	700	(1)
National sustainable development goals	701	(1)
National Strategies for Sustainable Development	702	(3)
Sustainable development and conservation	702	(1)
Information deficiencies and sustainable development	703	(1)
Sustainable development in U.S. river corridors	703	(1)
Land control and sustainable development	704	(1)
Ecosystem Management	705	(3)
Defining ecosystem management	705	(1)
Integrating resources management into ecosystems management	706	(2)
Ecosystem health and adaptive management	708	(1)
Technology	708	(4)
Computers	708	(1)
Systems analysis	709	(1)
Model software for ecosystem analysis	710	(1)
Artificial intelligence	710	(1)
Virtual reality	711	(1)
Economic analysis	711	(1)
The Future	712	(4)
Nanotechnology	714	(1)
Optimism versus pessimism	715	(1)
Literature Cited	716	(3)
Glossary	719	(32)
Index	751

Excerpts

The purpose of this book is to introduce students to the science of natural resource management by coupling the latest concepts and technology with proven traditional approaches. We hope our intended audience includes managers on public and private lands, foresters, wildlife biologists, marine biologists, earth scientists, farmers, ranchers, hydrologists, urban planners,: environmental scientists, conservation biologists, economists, politicians, and the growing segment of the public interested in natural resource management. We have tried to provide a comprehensive text for those concerned with natural resource management, not only in the United States but in other parts of the world as well. Our approach has involved coupling fundamental topics such as plant ecology, soil science, climatology, economics, and policy with the most recent research. Some traditional concepts and viewpoints on natural resource management have been substantially altered as a result of new findings. This is particularly true in areas such as forestry, range management, plant ecology, energy conservation, urban planning, and wildlife management. The management of natural resources has become more integrated through its 100-year history. Our textbook on natural resource management attempts to integrate ecological, economic, and policy factors into a functional, applied framework. We believe sound natural resource management requires an understanding of the interactions between natural and social processes. While the natural processes are predominantly ecological, the relevant social processes are primarily economic and political. We consider economics, the measurement of relative value, a critical part of natural resource management decision making. Therefore, we have made economics an important component of our book, in contrast to many of the other books on natural resource management. Political policy affects the will of society in regard to choices concerning how natural resources will be conserved, produced, managed, and allocated. We recognize that many natural resources cannot be readily valued monetarily, such as scenic beauty, open space, natural wonders, and rare plant and animal species, but they contribute greatly to human quality of life. It is the intent of our book to help managers make more rational choices between material and spiritual well-being. At the same time, the future welfare of society must be considered as well as the present. Because a diversity of benefits is usually the object of most natural resource management, today''s resource managers need a broad understanding of various natural resource categories as well as specialization in certain specific areas. Foresters, wildlife biologists, geologists, range managers, environmental scientists, and others need a basic understanding of all the other disciplines. Most comprehensive natural resource management is done through teamwork and requires strong communication and interpersonal skills. Therefore, we have made planning an important component of our book. While many books on the environment and natural resources have been somewhat pessimistic about the future on planet earth, our book presents a view of guarded optimism. Although the human population of the world continues to increase, major breakthroughs in technology show great promise for alleviating resource scarcity, pollution, and degradation. Improved political economic systems are resulting in more equitable distribution of resources to human populations in many parts of the world. At the same time, we readily acknowledge that elimination of rain forests, reductions in biodiversity, global warming, loss of open space, loss of the ozone layer, and the human population increase are all important natural resource challenges. However, we believe that through science, technology, universal education, and application of proven socioeconomic principles humanity can overcome these daunting problems. We freely acknowledge that this text will not convey everything there is to know about natural resource management. However, we believe it will provide the reader with a powerful understanding of how basic principles of ecology and economics can be integrated to successfully solve natural resource problems. We have drawn heavily from many other great books on various aspects of natural resource management to develop our subject. We express deep gratitude to Raymond Dasman, G. Tyler Miller, Jr., Bradley Schiller, Oliver S. Owen, Daniel D. Chiras, Eric G. Bolen, William L. Robinson, Bernard J. Nebel, Richard T. Wright, and Ronald D. Knutson whose textbooks provided the basis for coverage of many of our subjects. Appreciation is given to Dr. Frank A. Ward for his contribution to Chapter 4, Conservation Economics. We received both encouragement and helpful criticism from many of our colleagues. Special thanks are given to John Davis, William H. Fleming, Sam Fuhlenborf, James Teer, and James D. Yoakum for their valuable suggestions on our manuscript. JERRY L. HOLECHEK RICHARD A. COLE JAMES T. FISHER RAUL VALDEZ