The Nature of Disease Pathology for the Health Professions

by McConnell, Thomas H.

• ISBN13: 9780781753173
• ISBN10: 0781753171
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-12-15
• Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Summary

This textbook is based on the premise that students learn better when material is easy to read, lively, and engaging. The author's readable style easily guides you through the causes and consequences of common diseases and is punctuated by humor, case studies, and absorbing tales from the history of medicine. You'll gain an understanding of pathology and the skills needed to use what you've learned in clinical settings, with just the right amount of scientific detail to meet your needs.

Table of Contents

Dedication	p. v
Preface	p. vii
Additional Learning Resources	p. xi
User's Guide	p. xii
Acknowledgments	p. xvi
Reviewers	p. xvii
Guide to Case Studies	p. xxvi
General Pathology
The Nature of Disease: How to Think about Illness	p. 2
The Nature of Disease	p. 3
Bodily Structure and Function in Disease	p. 5
Healthy Is Not the Same as Normal; Sick Is Not the Same as Abnormal	p. 6
Defining Normal	p. 6
The Extent of Abnormality	p. 8
Test Sensitivity and Specificity	p. 8
The Usefulness of Tests in Diagnosis	p. 8
The Effect of Disease Prevalence on Test Usefulness	p. 10
Initial Tests and Follow-up Tests	p. 10
Disease and Diagnosis	p. 11
Cell Injury, Adaptation, and Death	p. 14
Back to Basics	p. 15
The Origins of Cells and the Organization of Tissues	p. 15
The Nucleus	p. 16
The Cytoplasm	p. 17
The Cell Membrane	p. 20
The Cell Cycle	p. 20
Cellular Communication	p. 23
Biologic Aging	p. 24
Cell Injury and Disease	p. 24
Mild Cell Injury	p. 26
Intracellular Accumulations	p. 26
Adaptations of Cell Growth and Differentiation	p. 28
Severe Cell Injury and Cell Death	p. 29
Inflammation: The Reaction to Injury	p. 34
The Inflammatory Response to Injury	p. 35
The Cellular Response in Inflammation	p. 36
The Vascular Response in Inflammation	p. 39
Molecular Mediators of Inflammation	p. 40
Acute Inflammation	p. 41
The Pathogenesis of Acute Inflammation	p. 41
The Anatomic Characteristics of Acute Inflammation	p. 42
The Consequences of Acute Inflammation	p. 43
Chronic Inflammation	p. 44
The Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammation	p. 44
The Anatomic Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation	p. 45
The Consequences of Chronic Inflammation	p. 45
Distant Effects of Inflammation	p. 46
Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis, and Lymphadenopathy	p. 46
Systemic Effects of Inflammation	p. 46
The Inflammatory Response to Infection	p. 46
Repair: Recovery from Injury	p. 51
Definitions	p. 52
Replacement of Injured Cells	p. 52
The Importance of Tissue Structure	p. 55
The Control of Cell Reproduction and Tissue Growth	p. 56
Wound Healing and Fibrous Repair	p. 56
Cell Migration into the Wound	p. 57
The Growth of New Blood Vessels	p. 57
Scar Development	p. 57
Healing by First Intention	p. 58
Healing by Second Intention	p. 59
Abnormal Wound Healing	p. 61
Host Factors Interfering with Wound Healing	p. 61
Pathologic Wound Healing	p. 61
Overview of Injury, Inflammation, and Repair	p. 62
Disorders of Fluid Balance and Blood Flow	p. 65
Back to Basics	p. 66
Blood Pressure	p. 66
Osmotic Pressure	p. 67
The Circulation of Blood and Lymph	p. 68
The Anatomy of Blood Vessels and Lymphatics	p. 69
Body Water and Fluid Compartments	p. 69
Edema	p. 72
Low-protein Edema	p. 73
High-protein Edema	p. 74
Clinical Aspects of Edema	p. 74
Hyperemia and Congestion	p. 74
Hemorrhage, Thrombosis, and Embolism	p. 75
Hemorrhage	p. 75
Thrombosis	p. 76
Embolism	p. 79
Blood Flow Obstruction	p. 80
Infarction	p. 80
The Development of an Infarct	p. 81
The Collapse of Circulation: Shock	p. 81
Types of Shock	p. 81
Stages of Shock	p. 82
Neoplasms	p. 86
The Language of Neoplasia	p. 87
Types of Neoplasms	p. 89
The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neoplasia	p. 90
Mutations	p. 90
Cell Growth Control Genes	p. 90
DNA Repair	p. 91
The Causes of Cancer	p. 91
The Structure of Neoplasms	p. 92
The Gross Anatomy of Neoplasms	p. 92
The Microscopic Anatomy of Neoplasms	p. 93
Premalignant States and Conditions	p. 94
The Biology of Neoplastic Growth	p. 95
The Differentiation of Tumor Cells	p. 95
Clones of Cells	p. 96
The Speed of Tumor Growth	p. 96
The Nourishment of Tumors	p. 97
Tumor Cell Variation	p. 98
The Spread of Neoplasms	p. 98
The Immune Defense Against Neoplasia	p. 99
The Epidemiology of Cancer	p. 100
The Clinical Picture of Cancer	p. 101
Clinical and Laboratory Assessment of Neoplasms	p. 101
Clinical History	p. 101
Obtaining Tissues and Cells for Diagnosis	p. 102
Grading and Staging of Malignancies	p. 103
Early Detection of Cancer	p. 105
Tumor Markers	p. 106
Developmental Genetic, and Pediatric Disease	p. 110
Developmental Abnormalities	p. 111
Embryologic Development	p. 112
Congenital Malformations	p. 114
Congenital Deformations	p. 115
Genetic Disorders	p. 116
Mutations	p. 118
The Broad Influence of Genetics in Disease	p. 118
Disease of Single Genes (Monogenic Disorders)	p. 119
Disease Caused by Defective Dominant Autosomal Genes	p. 120
Disease Caused by Defective Recessive Autosomal Genes	p. 121
Disease Caused by Defective Genes on Sex Chromosomes	p. 122
Clinical Expression of Single-Gene Defects	p. 122
Cytogenetic Diseases	p. 125
Disease Associated with Abnormal Numbers of Autosomes	p. 126
Disease Associated with Abnormal Numbers of Sex Chromosomes	p. 129
Genetic Diagnosis	p. 130
Pediatric Diseases	p. 132
Perinatal and Neonatal Disease	p. 132
Intrauterine Growth Restriction	p. 134
Prematurity	p. 134
Birth Injury	p. 136
Fetal and Newborn Infections	p. 136
Infections in Children	p. 136
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)	p. 137
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)	p. 137
Cystic Fibrosis	p. 138
Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions of Children	p. 139
Diseases of the Immune System	p. 144
Back to Basics	p. 145
Nonimmune Defense Mechanisms	p. 145
The Normal Immune System	p. 147
Immunity in Blood Transfusion	p. 152
Classification of Immune Disease	p. 153
Mechanisms of Immune Reaction	p. 153
Immune Reaction: Immediate Hypersensitivity	p. 154
Immune Reaction: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity	p. 154
Immune Reaction: Immune-complex Hypersensitivity	p. 154
Immune Reaction: Cellular (Delayed) Hypersensitivity	p. 158
Hypersensitivity Disease	p. 159
Allergic Disease	p. 159
Autoimmune Disease	p. 159
Immunity in Organ and Tissue Transplantation	p. 164
Immunity in Blood Transfusion	p. 165
Amyloidosis	p. 167
Immunodeficiency Diseases	p. 167
Inherited Immunodeficiency Diseases	p. 167
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	p. 168
Malignancies of Immune Cells	p. 172
Infectious Disease	p. 176
Back to Basics	p. 177
Infection	p. 182
Contagion	p. 184
The Spread of Organisms in Tissue	p. 185
Mechanisms of Microbiologic Injury	p. 186
The Inflammatory Response to Infection	p. 186
Infections of Organ Systems	p. 186
Respiratory Infections	p. 186
Gastrointestinal Infections	p. 188
Genitourinary Infections	p. 189
Skin Infections	p. 191
Infections by Pyogenic Bacteria	p. 191
Infections by Clostridium Organisms and Other Necrotizing Agents	p. 193
Opportunistic and AIDS-related Infections	p. 193
Tropical, Vector-borne, and Parasite Infections	p. 194
Vector-borne Infections	p. 195
Parasitic Infections	p. 195
The Natural Course of an Infection	p. 197
Signs and Symptoms of Infection	p. 199
Laboratory Tools	p. 199
Disorders of Daily Life and Diet	p. 205
Injury Resulting from Trauma	p. 207
Injury Resulting from Extremes of Temperature	p. 208
Thermal Burns	p. 208
Cold Injury	p. 209
Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, and Heat Stroke	p. 209
Pollution and Occupational Disease	p. 210
Exposure to Toxic Materials	p. 211
Chemicals	p. 211
Adverse Reactions to Therapeutic Drugs	p. 213
Radiation	p. 215
Inhalant Lung Disease	p. 215
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs	p. 216
Cigarette Smoking	p. 216
Alcohol Abuse	p. 217
Drug Abuse	p. 219
Nutritional Disease	p. 221
Malnutrition	p. 221
Obesity	p. 222
The Metabolic Syndrome	p. 227
Diseases of Organ Systems
Diseases of Blood Cells and Blood Coagulation	p. 234
Diseases of Blood Cells	p. 235
Back to Basics	p. 235
Normal Blood Production (Hematopoiesis)	p. 236
Cell Compartments and Life Span	p. 236
Laboratory Assessment of Blood Cells	p. 237
Too Little Hemoglobin (Anemia)	p. 240
The Anemia of Hemorrhage	p. 240
Anemia of Red Cell Destruction (Hemolytic Anemias)	p. 241
Anemia of Insufficient Red Cell Production	p. 245
Too Many Red Cells-Polycythemia	p. 248
Too Few White Cells-Leukopenia and Agranulocytosis	p. 249
Too Many White Cells-Benign and Malignant Disorders of Leukocytes	p. 249
Peripheral Leukocyte Responses to Infection or Injury	p. 250
Lymph Node Response to Injury or Infection	p. 251
Lymphoid Neoplasms	p. 252
Myeloid Neoplasms	p. 257
Disorders of the Spleen and Thymus	p. 260
Bleeding Disorders	p. 260
Back to Basics	p. 260
Bleeding Disorders	p. 263
Vascular or Platelet Deficiency	p. 264
Coagulation Factor Deficiency	p. 264
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)	p. 265
Thrombotic Disorders	p. 266
Diseases of Blood Vessels	p. 270
Back to Basics	p. 271
The Normal Vascular System	p. 271
Regulation of Blood Pressure	p. 273
Lipid Classification and Metabolism	p. 275
Desirable Plasma Lipid Concentrations	p. 275
Nomenclature of Blood Vessel Disease	p. 277
Atherosclerosis	p. 277
The Causes and Consequences of Atherosclerosis	p. 277
The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis	p. 278
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis	p. 279
The Pathologic Anatomy of Atherosclerosis	p. 280
Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis	p. 281
Hypertension	p. 282
Types of Hypertension	p. 283
Pathogenesis of Hypertension	p. 283
The Pathology of Hypertension	p. 283
Clinical Aspects of Hypertension	p. 284
Aneurysms and Dissections	p. 285
Vasculitis	p. 286
Raynaud Phenomenon	p. 286
Diseases of Veins	p. 287
Tumors of Blood and Lymphatic Vessels	p. 287
Diseases of the Heart	p. 292
Back to Basics	p. 293
The Normal Heart	p. 293
The Coronary Circulation	p. 294
The Cardiac Cycle	p. 295
Arrhythmias	p. 297
Congestive Heart Failure	p. 298
Pathophysiology	p. 298
Etiology	p. 300
Clinical Features	p. 300
Ischemic Heart Disease (Coronary Artery Disease)	p. 302
Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease	p. 302
Causes of Coronary Ischemia	p. 303
Angina Pectoris	p. 304
Myocardial Infarction	p. 304
Chronic Myocardial Ischemia	p. 307
Sudden Cardiac Death	p. 308
Hypertensive Heart Disease	p. 309
Valvular Heart Disease	p. 309
Rheumatic Heart Disease	p. 309
Calcific Aortic Stenosis	p. 310
Myxomatous Degeneration of the Mitral Valve	p. 312
Endocarditis	p. 312
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis	p. 312
Infective Endocarditis	p. 313
Primary Myocardial Diseases	p. 314
Myocarditis	p. 314
Cardiomyopathies	p. 314
Congenital Heart Disease	p. 315
Malformations With Shunts	p. 315
Malformations With Obstruction to Flow	p. 318
Pericardial Disease	p. 319
Diseases of the Respiratory System	p. 324
Back to Basics	p. 325
The Normal Respiratory Tract	p. 325
Lung Volume, Air Flow, and Gas Exchange	p. 328
Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract	p. 330
Atelectasis (Collapse)	p. 330
Obstructive Lung Disease	p. 331
Asthma	p. 331
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)	p. 332
Restrictive Lung Disease	p. 335
Interstitial Fibrosis without Granulomatous Inflammation	p. 336
Interstitial Fibrosis with Granulomatous Inflammation	p. 336
Vascular and Circulatory Lung Disease	p. 336
Pulmonary Edema	p. 337
Pulmonary Thromboembolism	p. 337
Pulmonary Hypertension	p. 337
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome	p. 338
Pulmonary Infections	p. 339
Pneumonia	p. 339
Lung Abscess	p. 341
Pulmonary Tuberculosis	p. 341
Pulmonary Fungus Infections (Deep Mycoses)	p. 345
Other Lung Infections	p. 346
Lung Neoplasms	p. 347
Bronchogenic Carcinoma	p. 347
Bronchial Carcinoid Tumor	p. 349
Diseases of the Pleura	p. 349
Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract	p. 354
Back to Basics	p. 355
The Mouth and Esophagus	p. 358
The Stomach	p. 358
The Small Intestine	p. 358
The Large Bowel	p. 359
Intestinal Bacteria	p. 359
Intestinal Bleeding	p. 359
Intestinal Obstruction and Ileus	p. 361
Diseases of the Oral Cavity	p. 361
Diseases of Salivary Glands	p. 365
Diseases of the Esophagus	p. 365
Diseases of the Stomach	p. 367
Gastritis	p. 367
Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers	p. 367
Carcinoma of the Stomach	p. 369
Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Small Bowel and Large Bowel	p. 369
Congenital Anomalies	p. 369
Vascular Diseases	p. 370
Diarrheal Diseases	p. 371
Malabsorption Syndromes	p. 374
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	p. 374
Colonic Diverticulosis and Other Conditions	p. 377
Peritonitis	p. 379
Neoplasms of the Large and Small Bowel	p. 379
Nonneoplastic Polyps	p. 380
Neoplastic Polyps (Adenomas)	p. 380
Carcinoma of the Colon	p. 381
Diseases of the Appendix	p. 384
Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract	p. 389
Back to Basics	p. 390
Liver Anatomy	p. 392
Liver Function	p. 392
The Liver Response to Injury	p. 394
Anatomic Patterns of Liver Injury	p. 394
Functional Patterns of Liver Injury	p. 394
Cirrhosis	p. 397
Anatomic Types of Cirrhosis	p. 398
The Pathophysiology of Cirrhosis	p. 398
Clinical Features of Cirrhosis	p. 398
Viral Hepatitis	p. 401
Clinicopathologic Syndromes	p. 402
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Infection	p. 402
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection	p. 404
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection	p. 406
Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Infection	p. 406
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Infection	p. 406
The Anatomic Pathology of Hepatitis	p. 407
Autoimmune Hepatitis	p. 407
Liver Abscess	p. 408
Toxic Liver Injury	p. 408
Alcoholic Liver Disease	p. 408
Fatty Liver	p. 409
Alcoholic Hepatitis	p. 410
Alcoholic Cirrhosis	p. 410
Inherited Metabolic and Pediatric Liver Disease	p. 410
Hemochromatosis	p. 410
Wilson Disease	p. 412
Hereditary Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency	p. 412
Neonatal Cholestasis, Biliary Atresia, and Hepatitis	p. 412
Reye syndrome	p. 412
Disease of Intrahepatic Bile Ducts	p. 413
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis	p. 413
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis	p. 413
Circulatory Disorders	p. 413
Tumors of the Liver	p. 414
Primary Carcinomas of the Liver	p. 414
Cholangiocarcinoma	p. 415
Diseases of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts	p. 415
Diseases of the Gallbladder	p. 415
Diseases of Extrahepatic Bile Ducts	p. 417
Diseases of the Pancreas	p. 422
Back to Basics	p. 423
The Digestive (Exocrine) Pancreas	p. 423
The Hormonal (Endocrine) Pancreas	p. 424
Diseases of the Digestive (Exocrine) Pancreas	p. 427
Pancreatitis	p. 427
Carcinoma of the Pancreas	p. 431
Diseases of the Hormonal (Endocrine) Pancreas	p. 433
Diabetes Mellitus	p. 433
Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms	p. 442
Diseases of Endocrine Glands	p. 448
Back to Basics	p. 449
Homeostasis	p. 449
The Pituitary Gland	p. 450
The Thyroid Gland	p. 452
The Parathyroid Glands	p. 453
The Adrenal Glands	p. 454
Diseases of the Pituitary Gland	p. 455
Diseases Affecting the Anterior Pituitary	p. 455
Disease of the Posterior Pituitary	p. 458
Diseases of the Thyroid Gland	p. 459
Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland (Hyperthyroidism)	p. 459
Underactivity of the Thyroid Gland (Hypothyroidism)	p. 462
Goiter	p. 463
Thyroiditis	p. 463
Neoplasms of the Thyroid Gland	p. 464
Diseases of the Parathyroid Glands	p. 465
Overactivity of the Parathyroid Glands (Hyperparathyroidism)	p. 465
Underactivity of the Parathyroid Glands (Hypoparathyroidism)	p. 467
Diseases of the Adrenal Gland	p. 468
Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex	p. 468
Diseases of the Adrenal Medulla	p. 474
Diseases of the Kidney	p. 479
Back to Basics	p. 480
Renal Function	p. 480
The Normal Glomerulus	p. 483
Formation of the Glomerular Filtrate	p. 484
Tubular Processing of the Glomerular Filtrate	p. 485
The Language of Renal Disease	p. 486
Normal Urine and Urinalysis	p. 487
Clinical Syndromes of Renal Disease	p. 490
Inherited, Congenital, and Developmental Disease	p. 493
Glomerular Disease	p. 494
The Initiation and Progression of Glomerular Disease	p. 494
Glomerulonephritis	p. 494
Secondary Glomerular Disease	p. 498
Diseases of Renal Vasculature	p. 498
Acute Tubular Necrosis	p. 499
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis	p. 500
Obstruction, Reflux, and Stasis	p. 500
Pyelonephritis and Urinary Tract Infection	p. 500
Drugs, Toxins, and Other Causes of Tubulointerstitial Nephritis	p. 503
Renal Stones	p. 503
Tumors of the Kidney	p. 505
Diseases of the Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genitalia	p. 509
Back to Basics	p. 510
Diseases of the Lower Urinary Tract	p. 514
Congenital Anomalies	p. 514
Urinary Obstruction, Reflux, and Stasis	p. 514
Infection and Inflammation	p. 515
Neoplasms	p. 516
Diseases of the Male Genitalia	p. 517
Erectile Dysfunction and Infertility	p. 517
Diseases of the Penis and Urethra	p. 517
Diseases of the Scrotum and Groin	p. 518
Diseases of the Testis and Epididymis	p. 519
Diseases of the Prostate	p. 520
Sexually Transmitted Disease	p. 525
Syphilis	p. 525
Gonorrhea	p. 530
Nongonococcal Urethritis	p. 531
Genital Herpes and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases	p. 531
Diseases of the Female Genital Tract and Breast	p. 536
Diseases of the Female Genital Tract	p. 537
Back to Basics	p. 537
The Pituitary-Ovarian Cycle	p. 540
Ovulation	p. 540
The Menstrual Cycle	p. 542
Menopause	p. 543
Sexually Transmitted Disease	p. 544
Vaginitis and Other Vaginal Conditions	p. 545
Vulvar Disease	p. 545
Diseases of the Cervix	p. 546
Ectropion, Polyps, and Cervicitis	p. 548
Dysplasia and Carcinoma of the Cervix	p. 549
Diseases of the Endometrium and Myometrium	p. 554
Abnormal Endometrial Bleeding	p. 555
Endometriosis	p. 555
Endometrial Polyps, Hyperplasia, and Adenocarcinoma	p. 556
Other Conditions of the Uterus and Pelvis	p. 558
Diseases of the Fallopian Tube	p. 560
Diseases of the Ovary	p. 560
Nonneoplastic Ovarian Cysts	p. 560
Tumors of the Ovary	p. 561
Diseases of Reproduction	p. 565
Infertility	p. 565
Ectopic Pregnancy and Abortion	p. 565
Placental Disease	p. 566
Diseases of the Breast	p. 568
Back to Basics	p. 568
Inflammatory Disease	p. 569
Fibrocystic Change	p. 569
Benign Tumors	p. 571
Breast Cancer	p. 571
Types of Breast Cancer	p. 572
Factors Affecting the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer	p. 573
Prognostic Factors for Patients with Breast Cancer	p. 574
Clinical Presentation and Behavior	p. 574
Diagnosis and Treatment	p. 575
Diseases of the Male Breast	p. 576
Diseases of Bones, Joints, and Skeletal Muscle	p. 581
Diseases of Bone	p. 582
Back to Basics	p. 582
Skeletal Deformities and Disorders of Bone Growth	p. 585
Fractures	p. 585
Bone Infection	p. 587
Bone Infarct	p. 589
Osteoporosis	p. 589
Osteomalacia	p. 591
Bone Tumors	p. 591
Bone-forming Tumors	p. 592
Cartilage-forming Tumors	p. 593
Fibrous Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions	p. 593
Other Tumors of Bone	p. 594
Diseases of Joints and Related Tissues	p. 594
Back to Basics	p. 594
Osteoarthritis	p. 595
Rheumatoid Arthritis	p. 596
Spondyloarthropathies	p. 599
Other Types of Arthritis	p. 600
Injuries to Ligaments, Tendons, and Joints	p. 601
Periarticular Pain Syndromes	p. 601
Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Joints	p. 602
Diseases of Skeletal Muscle	p. 603
Back to Basics	p. 603
Muscle Atrophy	p. 605
Muscular Dystrophy	p. 606
Myositis and Myopathy	p. 606
Myasthenia Gravis	p. 607
Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of Soft Tissue	p. 608
Diseases of the Nervous System	p. 612
Back to Basics	p. 613
The Central Nervous System	p. 613
Vascular Supply	p. 618
The Peripheral Nervous System	p. 618
The Autonomic Nervous System	p. 619
Cells of the Nervous System	p. 620
Nerve Cell Connections and Signals	p. 622
Congenital and Perinatal Disease	p. 624
Increased Intracranial Pressure	p. 624
Intracranial Hemorrhage	p. 627
Bleeding on the Surface of the Brain	p. 627
Bleeding Directly Into the Brain	p. 630
Ischemia and Infarction	p. 630
Brain and Spinal Cord Trauma	p. 633
Infections of the Central Nervous System	p. 633
Infections of the Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 634
Infections of Brain Parenchyma	p. 636
Degenerative Diseases	p. 637
Degenerative Diseases of Gray Matter	p. 637
Degenerative Diseases of White Matter	p. 639
Metabolic and Toxic Disorders	p. 639
Neoplasms	p. 640
Diseases of Peripheral Nerves	p. 642
Neuropathies	p. 643
Neoplasms	p. 643
Diseases of the Skin	p. 648
Back to Basics	p. 649
Nonneoplastic Diseases of Skin	p. 651
The Uniqueness of Skin Disease	p. 651
General Conditions of Skin	p. 652
The Effects of Sunlight	p. 652
The Effects of Pregnancy	p. 652
Disorders of Hair Growth	p. 652
The Skin in Systemic Disease	p. 654
Diseases of the Epidermis	p. 656
Disorders of Pigmentation	p. 656
Other Diseases of the Epidermis	p. 658
Diseases of the Basement Membrane Zone	p. 659
Diseases of the Dermis	p. 660
Noncontact Dermatitis	p. 660
Contact Dermatitis	p. 661
Inflammatory Diseases of Subcuticular Fat	p. 663
Acne	p. 663
Infections and Infestations	p. 664
Neoplasms of Skin	p. 665
Tumors of the Epidermis	p. 665
Keratoses	p. 666
Malignant Tumors of the Epidermis	p. 668
Tumors of Subepidermal Tissue	p. 669
Tumors of Melanocytes	p. 670
Nevi	p. 670
Malignant Melanoma	p. 671
Diseases of the Eye and Ear	p. 677
Diseases of the Eye	p. 678
Back to Basics	p. 678
The Anterior Segment	p. 679
The Posterior Segment	p. 680
Disorders of Alignment and Movement	p. 682
Disorders of Refraction	p. 682
Disorders of the Orbit	p. 684
Disorders of the Eyelid, Conjunctiva, Sclera, and Lacrimal Apparatus	p. 684
Disorders of the Cornea	p. 685
Cataract	p. 686
Disorders of the Uveal Tract	p. 687
Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous Humor	p. 689
Disorders of the Optic Nerve	p. 692
Glaucoma	p. 693
Neoplasms	p. 695
Diseases of the Ear	p. 696
Back to Basics	p. 696
Disorders of the External Ear	p. 697
Disorders of the Middle Ear	p. 698
Disorders of the Inner Ear	p. 699
Deafness	p. 699
Glossary	p. 704
Index of Case Studies	p. 723
Index	p. 725
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