Neuroscience

by Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C.; Lamantia, Anthony-Samuel

• ISBN13: 9780878937257
• ISBN10: 0878937250
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-07-13
• Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
Acknowledgments	xvii
Supplements to Accompany Neuroscience	xviii
Studying the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Animals	1	(30)
Overview	1	(1)
Genetics, Genomics, and the Brain	1	(1)
The Cellular Components of the Nervous System	2	(2)
Neurons	4	(4)
Neuroglial Cells	8	(1)
Cellular Diversity in the Nervous System	9	(2)
Neural Circuits	11	(3)
Overall Organization of the Human Nervous System	14	(2)
Neuroanatomical Terminology	16	(2)
The Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System	18	(2)
Organizational Principles of Neural Systems	20	(3)
Functional Analysis of Neural Systems	23	(1)
Analyzing Complex Behavior	24	(2)
Box A Brain Imaging Techniques	25	(1)
Summary	26	(5)
Unit I NEURAL SIGNALING
Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells	31	(16)
Overview	31	(1)
Electrical Potentials across Nerve Cell Membranes	31	(3)
How Ionic Movements Produce Electrical Signals	34	(2)
The Forces That Create Membrane Potentials	36	(2)
Electrochemical Equilibrium in an Environment with More Than One Permeant Ion	38	(2)
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential	40	(3)
Box A The Remarkable Giant Nerve Cells of Squid	41	(2)
The Ionic Basis of Action Potentials	43	(2)
Box B Action Potential Form and Nomenclature	44	(1)
Summary	45	(2)
Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability	47	(22)
Overview	47	(1)
Ionic Currents Across Nerve Cell Membranes	47	(2)
Box A The Voltage Clamp Method	48	(1)
Two Types of Voltage-Dependent Ionic Current	49	(3)
Two Voltage-Dependent Membrane Conductances	52	(2)
Reconstruction of the Action Potential	54	(2)
Long-Distance Signaling by Means of Action Potentials	56	(5)
Box B Threshold	57	(3)
Box C Passive Membrane Properties	60	(1)
The Refractory Period	61	(2)
Increased Conduction Velocity as a Result of Myelination	63	(2)
Summary	65	(4)
Box D Multiple Sclerosis	66	(3)
Channels and Transporters	69	(24)
Overview	69	(1)
Ion Channels Underlying Action Potentials	69	(4)
Box A The Patch Clamp Method	70	(3)
The Diversity of Ion Channels	73	(3)
Box B Expression of Ion Channels in Xenopus Oocytes	75	(1)
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels	76	(2)
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels	78	(1)
Stretch- and Heat-Activated Channels	78	(1)
The Molecular Structure of Ion Channels	79	(7)
Box C Toxins That Poison Ion Channels	82	(2)
Box D Diseases Caused by Altered Ion Channels	84	(2)
Active Transporters Create and Maintain Ion Gradients	86	(1)
Functional Properties of the Na+ / K+ Pump	87	(2)
The Molecular Structure of the Na+ / K+ Pump	89	(1)
Summary	90	(3)
Synaptic Transmission	93	(36)
Overview	93	(1)
Electrical Synapses	93	(3)
Signal Transmission at Chemical Synapses	96	(1)
Properties of Neurotransmitters	96	(6)
Box A Criteria That Define a Neurotransmitter	99	(3)
Quantal Release of Neurotransmitters	102	(1)
Release of Transmitters from Synaptic Vesicles	103	(2)
Local Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles	105	(2)
The Role of Calcium in Transmitter Secretion	107	(3)
Box B Diseases That Affect the Presynaptic Terminal	108	(2)
Molecular Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion	110	(3)
Neurotransmitter Receptors	113	(3)
Box C Toxins That Affect Transmitter Release	115	(1)
Postsynaptic Membrane Permeability Changes during Synaptic Transmission	116	(5)
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials	121	(2)
Summation of Synaptic Potentials	123	(1)
Two Families of Postsynaptic Receptors	124	(2)
Summary	126	(3)
Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors	129	(36)
Overview	129	(1)
Categories of Neurotransmitters	129	(1)
Acetylcholine	129	(8)
Box A Addiction	134	(2)
Box B Neurotoxins that Act on Postsynaptic Receptors	136	(1)
Glutamate	137	(6)
Box C Myasthenia Gravis: An Autoimmune Disease of Neuromuscular Synapses	140	(3)
GABA and Glycine	143	(4)
Box D Excitotoxicity Following Acute Brain Injury	145	(2)
The Biogenic Amines	147	(5)
Box E Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters and Psychiatric Disorders	148	(4)
ATP and Other Purines	152	(1)
Peptide Neurotransmitters	153	(4)
Unconventional Neurotransmitters	157	(4)
Box F Marijuana and the Brain	160	(1)
Summary	161	(4)
Molecular Signaling within Neurons	165	(24)
Overview	165	(1)
Strategies of Molecular Signaling	165	(2)
The Activation of Signaling Pathways	167	(1)
Receptor Types	168	(2)
G-Proteins and Their Molecular Targets	170	(2)
Second Messengers	172	(3)
Second Messenger Targets: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases	175	(3)
Nuclear Signaling	178	(3)
Examples of Neuronal Signal Transduction	181	(3)
Summary	184	(5)
Unit II SENSATION AND SENSORY PROCESSING
The Somatic Sensory System	189	(20)
Overview	189	(1)
Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Somatic Sensory Receptors	189	(3)
Mechanoreceptors Specialized to Receive Tactile Information	192	(1)
Differences in Mechanosensory Discrimination across the Body Surface	193	(4)
Box A Receptive Fields and Sensory Maps in the Cricket	195	(1)
Box B Dynamic Aspects of Somatic Sensory Receptive Fields	196	(1)
Mechanoreceptors Specialized for proprioception	197	(2)
Active Tactile Exploration	199	(1)
The Major Afferent Pathway for Mechanosensory Information: The Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscus System	199	(3)
The Trigeminal Portion of the Mechanosensory System	202	(1)
Box C Dermaomes	202	(1)
The Somatic Sensory Components of the Thalamus	203	(1)
The Somatic Sensory Cortex	203	(3)
Higher-Order Cortical Representations	206	(2)
Box D Patterns of Organization within the Sensory Cortices: Brain Modules	207	(1)
Summary	208	(1)
Pain	209	(20)
Overview	209	(1)
Nociceptors	209	(2)
Transduction of Nociceptive Signals	211	(2)
Box A Capsaicin	212	(1)
Central Pain Pathways	213	(7)
Box B Referred Pain	215	(3)
Box C A Dorsal Column Pathway for Visceral Pain	218	(2)
Sensitization	220	(4)
Box D Phantom Limbs and Phantom Pain	222	(2)
Descending Control of Pain Perception	224	(1)
The Placebo Effect	224	(1)
The Physiological Basis of Pain Modulation	225	(2)
Summary	227	(2)
Vision: The Eye	229	(30)
Overview	229	(1)
Anatomy of the Eye	229	(2)
The Formation of Images on the Retina	231	(3)
Box A Myopia and Other Refractive Errors	232	(2)
The Retina	234	(2)
Phototransduction	236	(4)
Box B Retinitis Pigmentosa	239	(1)
Functional Specialization of the Rod and Cone Systems	240	(4)
Box C Macular Degeneration	243	(1)
Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones	244	(1)
Cones and Color Vision	245	(4)
Box D The Importance of Context in Color Perception	247	(2)
Retinal Circuits for Detecting Luminance Change	249	(5)
Box E The Perception of Light Intensity	250	(4)
Contribution of Retinal Circuits to Light Adaptation	254	(3)
Summary	257	(2)
Central Visual Pathways	259	(24)
Overview	259	(1)
Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells	259	(4)
Box A The Blind Spot	262	(1)
The Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field	263	(4)
Visual Field Deficits	267	(2)
The Functional Organization of the Striate Cortex	269	(2)
The Columnar Organization of the Striate Cortex	271	(4)
Box B Random Dot Stereograms and Related Amusements	272	(3)
Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway	275	(3)
Box C Optical Imaging of Functional Domains in the Visual Cortex	276	(2)
The Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas	278	(3)
Summary	281	(2)
The Auditory System	283	(32)
Overview	283	(1)
Sound	283	(1)
The Audible Spectrum	284	(1)
A Synopsis of Auditory Function	285	(2)
Box A Four Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss	285	(1)
Box B Music	286	(1)
The External Ear	287	(2)
The Middle Ear	289	(1)
The Inner Ear	289	(5)
Box C Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implants	290	(5)
Box D The Sweet Sound of Distortion	295
Hair Cells and the Mechanoelectrical Transduction of Sound Waves	294	(6)
Two Kinds of Hair Cells in the Cochlea	300	(1)
Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve	301	(2)
How Information from the Cochlea Reaches Targets in the Brainstem	303	(1)
Integrating Information from the Two Ears	303	(4)
Monaural Pathways from the Cochlear Nucleus to the Lateral Lemniscus	307	(1)
Integration in the Inferior Colliculus	307	(1)
The Auditory Thalamus	308	(1)
The Auditory Cortex	309	(4)
Box E Representing Complex Sounds in the Brains of Bats and Humans	310	(3)
Summary	313	(2)
The Vestibular System	315	(22)
Overview	315	(1)
The Vestibular Labyrinth	315	(1)
Vestibular Hair Cells	316	(1)
The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Saccule	317	(5)
Box A A Primer on Vestibular Navigation	318	(2)
Box B Adaptation and Tuning of Vestibular Hair Cells	320	(2)
How Otolith Neurons Sense Linear Forces	322	(2)
The Semicircular Canals	324	(1)
How Semicircular Canal Neurons Sense Angular Accelerations	325	(3)
Box C Throwing Cold Water on the Vestibular System	326	(2)
Central Pathways for Stabilizing Gaze, Head, and Posture	328	(3)
Vestibular Pathways to the Thalamus and Cortex	331	(2)
Box D Mauthner Cells in Fish	332	(1)
Summary	333	(4)
The Chemical Senses	337	(34)
Overview	337	(1)
The Organization of the Olfactory System	337	(2)
Olfactory Perception in Humans	339	(2)
Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Odorants	341	(1)
The Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons	342	(3)
Box A Olfaction, Pheromones, and Behavior in the Hawk Moth	344	(1)
The Transduction of Olfactory Signals	345	(1)
Odorant Receptors	346	(2)
Olfactory Coding	348	(2)
The Olfactory Bulb	350	(3)
Box B Temporal ``Coding'' of Oifactory Information in Insects	350	(3)
Central Projections of the Olfactory Bulb	353	(1)
The Organization of the Taste System	354	(2)
Taste Perception in Humans	356	(1)
Idiosyncratic Responses to Tastants	357	(2)
The Organization of the Peripheral Taste System	359	(1)
Taste Receptors and the Transduction of Taste Signals	360	(2)
Neural Coding in the Taste System	362	(1)
Trigeminal Chemoreception	363	(3)
Summary	366	(5)
Unit III MOVEMENT AND ITS CENTRAL CONTROL
Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control	371	(22)
Overview	371	(1)
Neural Centers Responsible for Movement	371	(2)
Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships	373	(2)
The Motor Unit	375	(2)
The Regulation of Muscle Force	377	(2)
The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch Reflexes	379	(2)
The Influence of Sensory Activity on Motor Behavior	381	(1)
Other Sensory Feedback That Affects Motor Performance	382	(5)
Box A Locomotion in the Leech and the Lamprey	384	(3)
Flexion Reflex Pathways	387	(1)
Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion	387	(2)
Box B The Autonomy of Central Pattern Generators: Evidence from the Lobster Stomatogastric Ganglion	388	(1)
The Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome	389	(2)
Box C Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	391	(1)
Summary	391	(2)
Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord	393	(24)
Overview	393	(1)
Descending Control of Spinal Cord Circuitry: General Information	393	(4)
Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance and Posture	397	(5)
Box A The Reticular Formation	398	(4)
The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Pathways: Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements	402	(3)
Box B Descending Projections to Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Their Importance in Diagnosing the Cause of Motor Deficits	404	(1)
Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex	405	(6)
Box C What Do Motor Maps Represent?	408	(3)
The Premotor Cortex	411	(1)
Box D Sensory Motor Talents and Cortical Space	410	(2)
Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome	412	(3)
Box E Muscle Tone	414	(1)
Summary	415	(2)
Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia	417	(18)
Overview	417	(1)
Projections to the Basal Ganglia	417	(5)
Projections from the Basal Ganglia to Other Brain Regions	422	(1)
Evidence from Studies of Eye Movements	423	(1)
Circuits within the Basal Ganglia System	424	(9)
Box A Huntington's Disease	426	(3)
Box B Parkinson's Disease: An Opportunity for Novel Therapeutic Approaches	429	(3)
Box C Basal Ganglia Loops and Non-Motor Brain Functions	432	(1)
Summary	433	(2)
Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum	435	(18)
Overview	435	(1)
Organization of the Cerebellum	435	(3)
Projections to the Cerebellum	438	(2)
Projections from the Cerebellum	440	(1)
Circuits within the Cerebellum	441	(4)
Box A Prion Diseases	444	(1)
Cerebellar Circuitry and the Coordination of Ongoing Movement	445	(3)
Futher Consequences of Cerebellar Lesions	448	(1)
Summary	449	(4)
Box B Genetic Analysis of Cerebellar Function	450	(3)
Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration	453	(16)
Overview	453	(1)
What Eye Movements Accomplish	453	(1)
The Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles	454	(3)
Box A The Perception of Stabilized Retinal Images	456	(1)
Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions	457	(1)
Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements	458	(8)
Box B Sensory Motor Integration in the Superior Colliculus	462	(4)
Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit Movements	466	(1)
Neural Control of Vergence Movements	466	(1)
Summary	467	(2)
The Visceral Motor System	469	(32)
Overview	469	(1)
Early Studies of the Visceral Motor System	469	(1)
Distinctive Features of the Visceral Motor System	470	(1)
The Sympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System	471	(5)
The Parasympathetic Division of the Visceral Motor System	476	(3)
The Enteric Nervous System	479	(1)
Sensory Components of the Visceral Motor System	480	(3)
Central Control of Visceral Motor Functions	483	(4)
Box A The Hypothalamus	484	(3)
Neurotransmission in the Visceral Motor System	487	(4)
Box B Horner's Syndrome	488	(2)
Box C Obesity and the Brain	490	(1)
Visceral Motor Reflex Functions	491	(1)
Autonomic Regulation of Cardiovascular function	491	(2)
Autonomic Regulation of the Bladder	493	(3)
Autonomic Regulation of Sexual function	496	(2)
Summary	498	(3)
Unit IV THE CHANGING BRAIN
Early Brain Development	501	(26)
Overview	501	(1)
The Initial Formation of the Nervous System: Gastrulation and Nerulation	501	(2)
The Molecular Basis of Neural Induction	503	(7)
Box A Stem Cells: Promise and Perils	504	(2)
Box B Retinoic Acid: Teratogen and Inductive Signal	506	(4)
Formation of the Major Brain Subdivisions	510	(5)
Box C Homeotic Genes and Human Brain Development	513	(1)
Box D Rhombomeres	514	(1)
Genetic Abnormalities and Altered Human Brain Development	515	(1)
The Initial Differentiation of Neurons and Glia	516	(2)
Box E Neurogenesis and Neuronal Birthdating	517	(1)
The Generation of Neuronal Diversity	518	(2)
Neuronal Migration	520	(5)
Box F Mixing it Up: Long-Distance Neuronal Migration	524	(1)
Summary	525	(2)
Construction of Neural Circuits	527	(30)
Overview	527	(1)
The Axonal Growth Cone	527	(1)
Non-Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance	528	(6)
Box A Choosing Sides: Axon Guidance at the Optic Chiasm	530	(4)
Diffusible Signals for Axon Guidance: Chemoattraction and Repulsion	534	(3)
The Formation of Topographic Maps	537	(2)
Selective Synapse Formation	539	(4)
Box B Molecular Signals That Promote Synapse Formation	542	(1)
Trophic Interactions and the Ultimate Size of Neuronal Populations	543	(2)
Further Competitive Interactions in the Formation of Neuronal Connections	545	(2)
Molecular Basis of Trophic Interactions	547	(6)
Box C Why Do Neurons Have Dendrites?	548	(4)
Box D The Discovery of BDNF and the Neurotrophin Family	552	(1)
Neurotrophin Signaling	553	(1)
Summary	554	(3)
Modification of Brain Circuits as a Result of Experience	557	(18)
Overview	557	(1)
Critical Periods	557	(2)
Box A Built-in Behaviors	558	(1)
The Development of Language: Example of a Human Critical Period	559	(3)
Box B Birdsong	560	(2)
Critical Periods in Visual System Development	562	(1)
Effects of Visual Deprivation on Ocular Dominance	563	(5)
Box C Transneuronal Labeling with Radioactive Amino Acids	564	(4)
Visual Deprivation and Amblyopia in Humans	568	(1)
Mechanisms by which Neuronal Activity Affects the Development of Neural Circuits	569	(3)
Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Activity-Dependent Plasticity during Critical Periods	572	(1)
Evidence for Critical Periods in Other Sensory Systems	572	(1)
Summary	573	(2)
Plasticity of Mature Synapses and Circuits	575	(38)
Overview	575	(1)
Synaptic Plasticity Underlines Behavioral Modification in Invertebrates	575	(7)
Box A Genetics of Learning and Memory in the Fruit Fly	581	(1)
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity in the Mammalian Nervous System	582	(1)
Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in the Mammalian Nervous System	583	(1)
Long-Term Potentiation of Hippocampal Synapses	584	(3)
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying LTP	587	(5)
Box B Dendritic Spines	590	(2)
Long-Term Synaptic Depression	592	(5)
Box C Silent Synapses	594	(3)
Changes in Gene Expression Cause Enduring Changes in Synaptic Function during LTP and LTD	597	(2)
Plasticity in the Adult Cerebral Cortex	599	(3)
Box D Epilepsy: The Effect of Pathological Activity on Neural Circuitry	600	(2)
Recovery from Neural Injury	602	(3)
Generation of Neurons in the Adult Brain	605	(4)
Box E Why Aren't We More Like Fish and Frogs?	606	(3)
Summary	609	(4)
Unit V COMPLEX BRAIN FUNCTIONS
The Association Cortices	613	(24)
Overview	613	(1)
The Association Cortices	613	(1)
An Overview of Cortical Structure	614	(1)
Specific Features of the Association Cortices	615	(4)
Box A A More Detailed Look at Cortical Lamination	617	(2)
Lesions of the Parietal Association Cortex: Deficits of Attention	619	(3)
Lesions of the Temporal Association Cortex: Deficits of Recognition	622	(1)
Lesions of the Frontal Association Cortex: Deficits of Planning	623	(3)
Box B Psychosurgery	625	(1)
``Attention Neurons'' in the Monkey Parietal Cortex	626	(1)
``Recognition Neurons'' in the Monkey Temporal Cortex	627	(3)
``Planning Neurons'' in the Monkey Frontal Cortex	630	(5)
Box C Neuropsychological Testing	632	(2)
Box D Brain Size and Intelligence	634	(1)
Summary	635	(2)
Language and Speech	637	(22)
Overview	637	(1)
Language is Both Localized and Lateralized	637	(1)
Aphasias	638	(8)
Box A Speech	640	(2)
Box B Do Other Animals Have Language?	642	(3)
Box C Words and Meaning	645	(1)
A Dramatic Confirmation of Language Lateralization	646	(2)
Anatomical Differences between the Right and Left Hemispheres	648	(1)
Mapping Language Functions	649	(5)
Box D Language and Handedness	650	(4)
The Role of the Right Hemisphere in Language	654	(1)
Sign Language	655	(1)
Summary	656	(3)
Sleep and Wakefulness	659	(28)
Overview	659	(1)
Why Do Humans (and Many Other Animals) Sleep?	659	(3)
Box A Styles of Sleep in Different Species	661	(1)
The Circadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness	662	(3)
Stages of Sleep	665	(6)
Box B Molecular Mechanisms of Biological Clocks	666	(2)
Box C Electroencephalography	668	(3)
Physiological Changes in Sleep States	671	(1)
The Possible Functions of REM Sleep and Dreaming	671	(3)
Neural Circuits Governing Sleep	674	(5)
Box D Consciousness	675	(4)
Thalamocortical Interactions	679	(2)
Sleep Disorders	681	(3)
Box E Drugs and Sleep	682	(2)
Summary	684	(3)
Emotions	687	(24)
Overview	687	(1)
Physiological Changes Associated with Emotion	687	(1)
The Integration of Emotional Behavior	688	(5)
Box A Facial Expressions: Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Contributions	690	(3)
The Limbic System	693	(4)
Box B The Anatomy of the Amygdala	696	(1)
The Importance of the Amygdala	697	(4)
Box C The Reasoning Behind an Important Discovery	698	(3)
The Relationship between Neocortex and Amygdala	701	(4)
Box D Fear and the Human Amygdala: A Case Study	702	(2)
Box E Affective Disorders	704	(1)
Cortical Lateralization of Emotional Functions	705	(2)
Emotion, Reason, and Social Behavior	707	(1)
Summary	708	(3)
Sex, Sexuality, and the Brain	711	(22)
Overview	711	(1)
Sexually Dimorphic Behavior	711	(1)
What Is Sex?	712	(3)
Box A The Development of Male and Female Phenotypes	714	(1)
Hormonal Influences on Sexual Dimorphism	715	(3)
Box B The Case of Bruce/Brenda	716	(2)
The Effect of Sex Hormones on Neural Circuitry	718	(2)
Box C The Actions of Sex Hormones	718	(2)
Other Central Nervous System Dimorphisms Specifically Related to Reproductive Behaviors	720	(8)
Brain Dimorphisms Related to Cognitive Function	728	(1)
Hormone-Sensitive Brain Circuits in Adult Animals	729	(2)
Summary	731	(2)
Memory	733	(22)
Overview	733	(1)
Qualitative Categories of Human Memory	733	(1)
Temporal Categories of Memory	734	(2)
Box A Phylogenetic Memory	735	(1)
The Importance of Association in Information Storage	736	(2)
Forgetting	738	(3)
Box B Savant Syndrome	739	(2)
Brain Systems Underlying Declarative Memory Formation	741	(5)
Box C Clinical Cases That Reveal the Anatomical Substrate for Declarative Memories	742	(4)
Brain Systems Underlying Long-Term Storage of Declarative Memory	746	(2)
Brain Systems Underlying Nondeclarative Learning and Memory	748	(1)
Memory and Aging	749	(4)
Box D Alzheimer's Disease	750	(3)
Summary	753	(2)
Appendix A The Brainstem and Cranial Nerves	755	(8)
Appendix B Vascular Supply, the Meninges, and the Ventricular System	763	(1)
The Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord	763	(4)
The Blood-Brain Barrier	766	(1)
Box A Stroke	767	(1)
The Meninges	768	(2)
The Ventricular System	770
Glossary
Illustration Source References
Index