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Preface | p. vii |
User's Guide | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xviii |
Path of Discovery Authors | p. xix |
Foundations | p. 1 |
Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 4 |
The Origins of Neuroscience | p. 4 |
Neuroscience Today | p. 13 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 20 |
Neurons and Glia | p. 23 |
Introduction | p. 24 |
The Neuron Doctrine | p. 24 |
The Prototypical Neuron | p. 28 |
Classifying Neurons | p. 45 |
Glia | p. 46 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 48 |
The Neuronal Membrane at Rest | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 52 |
The Cast of Chemicals | p. 53 |
The Movement of Ions | p. 59 |
The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential | p. 61 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 71 |
The Action Potential | p. 75 |
Introduction | p. 76 |
Properties of the Action Potential | p. 76 |
The Action Potential, in Theory | p. 80 |
The Action Potential, in Reality | p. 82 |
Action Potential Conduction | p. 93 |
Action Potentials, Axons, and Dendrites | p. 97 |
Divergence and Convergence in Neurotransmitter Systems | p. 164 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 164 |
The Structure of the Nervous System | p. 167 |
Introduction | p. 168 |
Gross Organization of the Mammalian Nervous System | p. 168 |
Understanding CNS Structure Through Development | p. 178 |
A Guide to the Cerebral Cortex | p. 195 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 199 |
An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy | p. 205 |
Sensory and Motor Systems | p. 249 |
The Chemical Senses | p. 251 |
Introduction | p. 252 |
Taste | p. 252 |
Smell | p. 263 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 98 |
Synaptic Transmission | p. 101 |
Introduction | p. 102 |
Types of Synapses | p. 103 |
Principles of Chemical Synaptic Transmission | p. 111 |
Principles of Synaptic Integration | p. 122 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 130 |
Neurotransmitter Systems | p. 133 |
Introduction | p. 134 |
Studying Neurotransmitter Systems | p. 135 |
Neurotransmitter Chemistry | p. 141 |
Transmitter-Gated Channels | p. 152 |
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Effectors | p. 157 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 274 |
The Eye | p. 277 |
Introduction | p. 278 |
Properties of Light | p. 279 |
The Structure of the Eye | p. 280 |
Image Formation by the Eye | p. 283 |
Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina | p. 288 |
Phototransduction | p. 292 |
Retinal Output | p. 300 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 306 |
The Central Visual System | p. 309 |
Introduction | p. 310 |
The Retinofugal Projection | p. 310 |
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | p. 315 |
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex | p. 318 |
Physiology of the Striate Cortex | p. 324 |
Beyond Striate Cortex | p. 333 |
From Single Neurons to Perception | p. 337 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 340 |
The Auditory and Vestibular Systems | p. 343 |
Introduction | p. 344 |
The Nature of Sound | p. 344 |
The Structure of the Auditory System | p. 347 |
The Middle Ear | p. 348 |
The Inner Ear | p. 351 |
Central Auditory Processes | p. 363 |
Encoding Sound Intensity and Frequency | p. 365 |
Mechanisms of Sound Localization | p. 368 |
Auditory Cortex | p. 372 |
The Vestibular System | p. 376 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 384 |
The Somatic Sensory System | p. 387 |
Introduction | p. 388 |
Touch | p. 388 |
Pain | p. 408 |
Temperature | p. 418 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 421 |
Spinal Control of Movement | p. 423 |
Introduction | p. 424 |
The Somatic Motor System | p. 424 |
The Lower Motor Neuron | p. 426 |
Excitation-Contraction Coupling | p. 432 |
Spinal Control of Motor Units | p. 437 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 449 |
Brain Control of Movement | p. 451 |
Introduction | p. 452 |
Descending Spinal Tracts | p. 453 |
The Planning of Movement by the Cerebral Cortex | p. 459 |
The Basal Ganglia | p. 464 |
The Initiation of Movement by Primary Motor Cortex | p. 468 |
The Cerebellum | p. 472 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 477 |
The Brain and Behavior | p. 479 |
Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior | p. 481 |
Introduction | p. 482 |
The Secretory Hypothalamus | p. 484 |
The Autonomic Nervous System | p. 490 |
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain | p. 498 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 507 |
Motivation | p. 509 |
Introduction | p. 510 |
The Hypothalamus, Homeostasis, and Motivated Behavior | p. 510 |
The Long-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior | p. 511 |
The Short-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior | p. 519 |
Why Do We Eat? | p. 522 |
Other Motivated Behaviors | p. 527 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 530 |
Sex and the Brain | p. 533 |
Introduction | p. 534 |
Sex and Gender | p. 534 |
The Hormonal Control of Sex | p. 537 |
The Neural Basis of Sexual Behaviors | p. 541 |
Why and How Male and Female Brains Differ | p. 546 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 560 |
Brain Mechanisms of Emotion | p. 563 |
Introduction | p. 564 |
What is Emotion? | p. 564 |
The Limbic System Concept | p. 568 |
The Amygdala and Associated Brain Circuits | p. 572 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 582 |
Brain Rhythms and Sleep | p. 585 |
Introduction | p. 586 |
The Electroencephalogram | p. 586 |
Sleep | p. 594 |
Circadian Rhythms | p. 607 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 615 |
Language | p. 617 |
Introduction | p. 618 |
The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain | p. 618 |
Types of Aphasia | p. 621 |
Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres | p. 628 |
Language Studies using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging | p. 632 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 641 |
Attention | p. 643 |
Introduction | p. 644 |
Physiological Effects of Attention | p. 649 |
How is Attention Directed? | p. 656 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 658 |
Mental Illness | p. 661 |
Introduction | p. 662 |
Mental Illness and the Brain | p. 662 |
Anxiety Disorders | p. 665 |
Affective Disorders | p. 673 |
Schizophrenia | p. 679 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 684 |
The Changing Brain | p. 687 |
Wiring the Brain | p. 689 |
Introduction | p. 690 |
The Genesis of Neurons | p. 691 |
The Genesis of Connections | p. 697 |
The Elimination of Cells and Synapses | p. 704 |
Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement | p. 708 |
Elementary Mechanisms of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity | p. 716 |
Why Critical Periods End | p. 720 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 722 |
Memory Systems | p. 725 |
Introduction | p. 726 |
Types of Memory and Amnesia | p. 726 |
The Search for the Engram | p. 731 |
The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory | p. 738 |
The Striatum and Procedural Memory | p. 751 |
The Neocortex and Working Memory | p. 754 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 758 |
Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory | p. 761 |
Introduction | p. 762 |
Procedural Learning | p. 763 |
Simple Systems: Invertebrate Models of Learning | p. 765 |
Vertebrate Models of Learning | p. 772 |
The Molecular Basis of Long-Term Memory | p. 787 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 792 |
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