The New Century Handbook (with CD and MyCompLab)

by Hult, Christine A.; Huckin, Thomas N.

• ISBN13: 9780321233929
• ISBN10: 0321233921
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

"The New Century, "Fourth Edition, meets students where they are-as writers and researchers in an electronic age. This handbook shows students how to use new technologies to make appropriate rhetorical choices and to become more successful college writers in all of their courses, while also providing clear, comprehensive coverage of handbook basics-writing, grammar and usage, research, and documentation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Part 1 Writing	1	(171)
Writing in the New Century	1	(15)
Why write?	2	(8)
How do we communicate effectively?	10	(2)
How has technology changed the way we write?	12	(3)
How can this handbook help you with your writing?	15	(1)
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Viewing	16	(26)
Think critically	16	(4)
Engage actively and critically in the reading process	20	(16)
Engage actively and critically in the viewing process	36	(6)
Preparing	42	(24)
An overview of the writing process	44	(2)
Experiment and explore	46	(5)
Invent and prewrite	51	(7)
Gather information	58	(1)
Plan and organize	59	(6)
Try computer prewriting software	65	(1)
Composing	66	(18)
Review	67	(4)
Draft	71	(3)
Collaborate	74	(3)
Try composing with a computer	77	(3)
Review a student draft	80	(4)
Rewriting	84	(30)
Shift from writer to reader	84	(5)
Revise	89	(8)
Edit	97	(5)
Proofread	102	(1)
Give and receive feedback	103	(5)
Review a model student paper	108	(6)
Structuring Paragraphs	114	(22)
Write unified paragraphs	115	(2)
Write coherent paragraphs with clear patterns of organization	117	(9)
Write coherent paragraphs with sentence-linking techniques	126	(3)
Be consistent with verb tense, person, and number	129	(1)
Use parallelism to make paragraphs coherent	130	(1)
Decide on appropriate paragraph length	131	(1)
Link paragraphs with key words	131	(1)
Construct effective introductory and concluding paragraphs	132	(4)
Formulating Arguments	136	(36)
Formulate an arguable thesis	137	(5)
Consider your purpose and audience	142	(1)
Generate good supporting evidence	143	(10)
Take note of evidence for alternative views	153	(2)
Develop and test your main points	155	(2)
Build a compelling case	157	(2)
Avoid logical and emotional fallacies	159	(5)
Structure the argument	164	(3)
Electronic argument	167	(2)
Visual argument	169	(3)
Part 2 Research	172	(223)
The Research Project	172	(33)
Become a researcher	172	(5)
Schedule a time frame	177	(3)
Create a research notebook	180	(4)
Create a working bibliography	184	(5)
Gather background information	189	(6)
Conduct focused research	195	(10)
Using the Internet for Research	205	(25)
Use Internet sources throughout the research process	205	(2)
Get to know the Internet and the Web	207	(7)
Search the Internet and the Web	214	(10)
Model searches of the Internet and library databases	224	(6)
Evaluating Electronic and Print Sources	230	(13)
Choose legitimate sources	231	(7)
Follow a student's evaluation of Web links	238	(5)
Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism	243	(22)
Use sources responsibly	244	(5)
Paraphrase sources accurately	249	(4)
Summarize sources briefly	253	(5)
Quote sources sparingly	258	(7)
Writing the Research Paper	265	(41)
Review your rhetorical stance and thesis	266	(3)
Plan a structure	269	(1)
Write a draft	270	(3)
Review and revise your draft	273	(1)
Follow formatting conventions	274	(5)
Review an annotated student research paper	279	(27)
MLA Documentation Format	306	(45)
Document using the MLA system	308	(28)
Electronic media in MLA style	336	(15)
APA Documentation Format	351	(23)
Document using the APA system	351	(18)
Electronic media in APA style	369	(5)
CMS, CBE, and COS Documentation Formats	374	(21)
Document using the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) system	375	(9)
Document using the CBE system	384	(8)
Document using the COS system	392	(3)
Part 3 Writing in the Disciplines	395	(80)
Disciplinary Discourse	395	(8)
Disciplinary research	396	(3)
Disciplinary discourse	399	(4)
Writing in the Humanities	403	(27)
Know the different types of writing in the humanities	403	(2)
Writing interpretively or analytically about literature	405	(5)
Review some model student papers	410	(15)
Look to the Internet and the library for resources	425	(5)
Writing in the Natural Sciences	430	(24)
Know the different types of writing in the natural sciences	431	(2)
Write objectively about science	433	(1)
An example of a research report in CBE format	434	(15)
Look to the Internet and the library for resources	449	(5)
Writing in the Social Sciences	454	(21)
Know the different types of writing in the social sciences	455	(1)
Write persuasively about social science	456	(2)
Review a sample research report in APA format	458	(12)
Look to the Internet and the library for resources	470	(5)
Part 4 Design in Print and on the Web	475	(88)
Design Principles and Graphics	475	(26)
Follow the three basic design principles	476	(2)
Use formatting tools	478	(13)
Use graphics	491	(9)
Respect different norms and preferences	500	(1)
Designing Print Documents	501	(14)
Produce a simple brochure	502	(4)
Produce a simple newsletter	506	(9)
Designing Web Documents	515	(18)
Generate a basic design for the Web	516	(2)
Plan your Web document	518	(15)
Writing Web Pages	533	(30)
Methods used to construct Web pages	534	(1)
HTML editors and HTML codes	535	(24)
Evaluate and refine your Web site	559	(3)
Transfer your site to an Internet server	562	(1)
Part 5 Writing for Different Purposes	563	(76)
Email and Electronic Communications	563	(25)
Build community through electronic mail	564	(8)
Build community through online networks	572	(6)
Build community through instant communication	578	(3)
Use classroom Web tools	581	(5)
Collaborative writing online	586	(2)
Business Correspondence and Reports	588	(20)
Write concise and professional business letters	589	(3)
Write specifically tailored letters of application	592	(2)
Write densely but appropriately packed resumes	594	(7)
Write clearly organized reports	601	(3)
Write focused memos	604	(4)
Oral Presentations Using PowerPoint and Other Tools	608	(10)
Prepare thoroughly	608	(2)
Select visual aids carefully	610	(1)
Practice, practice, practice	611	(2)
Speak with enthusiasm and focus	613	(1)
Design overhead transparencies	614	(1)
Use PowerPoint effectively	615	(3)
Essay Exams	618	(10)
Prepare for an essay exam	618	(5)
Attend to the writing process	623	(2)
Review sample student responses to an essay exam question	625	(3)
Writing Portfolios	628	(11)
Learn about types of portfolios	628	(3)
Develop a writing portfolio	631	(3)
Prepare the final portfolio	634	(1)
A sample reflective cover letter	635	(4)
Part 6 Sentence Grammar	639	(75)
Word-Processing Tools for Improving Sentences	639	(9)
Use a grammar checker with caution	639	(4)
Use sentence revision applications	643	(2)
Use other applications	645	(3)
Sentence Structure	648	(21)
Learn to identify parts of speech	648	(8)
Learn to identify basic sentence patterns	656	(4)
Learn to expand sentences	660	(5)
Learn how to classify sentences	665	(4)
Pronoun Case	669	(8)
Use the subjective case when a pronoun functions as a sentence subject, clause subject, or subject complement	670	(1)
Use the objective case when a pronoun functions as an object	670	(1)
Test for pronoun case in compound constructions by using the pronoun alone	671	(2)
Choose the form for an interrogative or relative pronoun based on how it functions in its clause	673	(1)
Distinguish between possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns	674	(1)
Choose the case for a pronoun in a comparison based on how it would function in its own clause	675	(2)
Verbs	677	(20)
Learn the regular verb forms	677	(2)
Learn common irregular verb forms	679	(3)
Know how to use auxiliary verbs	682	(2)
Learn the verb tenses	684	(4)
Observe sequence of tenses	688	(3)
Use transitive and intransitive verbs correctly	691	(1)
Favor active over passive voice	692	(2)
Make sure verbs are in the proper mood	694	(3)
Agreement	697	(10)
Make verbs agree in number and person with their grammatical subjects	697	(5)
Make pronouns agree in number and gender with their antecedents	702	(5)
Adjectives and Adverbs	707	(7)
Use adjectives to modify nouns	707	(1)
Avoid overuse of nouns as modifiers	708	(1)
Use adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and clauses	709	(1)
Be aware of some commonly confused adjectives and adverbs	709	(1)
Use comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs correctly	710	(4)
Part 7 Correct Sentences	714	(29)
Sentence Fragments	714	(7)
Make sentences grammatically complete	715	(2)
Connect dependent clauses	717	(1)
Connect phrases	717	(3)
Use sentence fragments only for special effect	720	(1)
Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences	721	(4)
Turn one clause into a subordinate clause	722	(1)
Separate clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction	723	(1)
Separate independent clauses with a semicolon	723	(1)
Separate independent clauses with a period	723	(2)
Pronoun Reference	725	(5)
Refer to a specific noun antecedent	725	(2)
Avoid vague use of this, that, which, and it	727	(1)
Avoid mixed uses of it	728	(1)
Be consistent with use of that, which, and who	728	(2)
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers	730	(6)
Position modifiers close to the words they modify	730	(1)
Avoid ambiguity	731	(1)
Try to put lengthy modifiers at the beginning or end	732	(1)
Avoid disruptive modifiers	732	(2)
Avoid dangling modifiers	734	(2)
Faulty Shifts	736	(7)
Avoid unnecessary shifts in person and number	736	(1)
Avoid unnecessary shifts in verb tense, mood, subject, and voice	737	(2)
Avoid shifts in tone	739	(1)
Avoid mixed constructions	740	(1)
Create consistency between subjects and predicates	741	(1)
Avoid unmarked shifts between direct and indirect discourse	741	(2)
Part 8 Effective Sentences	743	(38)
Clarity and Conciseness	743	(10)
Avoid excessively long sentences	743	(1)
Avoid unnecessary repetition and redundancy	744	(1)
Use expletives only where appropriate	745	(1)
Use passive voice only where appropriate	745	(1)
Eliminate wordy phrases	746	(1)
Avoid a noun-heavy style	747	(2)
Choose words that express your meaning precisely	749	(1)
Use that to clarify sentence structure	750	(1)
Make comparisons complete and clear	750	(1)
Avoid multiple negation	751	(2)
Coordination and Subordination	753	(6)
Look for a way to combine closely related sentences	753	(1)
Coordinate related sentences of equal value	754	(1)
Subordinate less important ideas	755	(4)
Parallelism	759	(9)
Put parallel content in parallel form	759	(3)
Make all items in a list or series parallel	762	(1)
Use parallelism with correlative conjunctions	763	(1)
Use parallelism for comparisons or contrasts	764	(1)
Make parallel constructions complete and clear	764	(1)
Use parallelism to enhance coherence	765	(3)
Emphasis	768	(6)
Create emphasis through end-weight	768	(1)
Create emphasis through selective repetition	769	(1)
Create emphasis through contrast	770	(1)
Create emphasis through careful word choice	771	(1)
Create emphasis through punctuation or typography	772	(2)
Variety	774	(7)
Vary sentence length	774	(2)
Vary sentence structure	776	(1)
Avoid excessive repetition	776	(4)
Respect different standards and purposes	780	(1)
Part 9 Effective Words	781	(56)
Choosing the Right Words	781	(14)
Choose the right denotation	781	(3)
Choose the right connotation	784	(1)
Find the right level of formality	785	(2)
Avoid jargon, slang, or dialect	787	(2)
Avoid pretentiousness	789	(1)
Try to please the ear	790	(1)
Use figurative language thoughtfully	791	(4)
Language and Power	795	(9)
``Correctness''	796	(1)
Language and identity	797	(1)
Avoid biased gender references	798	(2)
Avoid biased language about race and ethnicity	800	(1)
Avoid biased language about age	801	(1)
Avoid biased language about other differences	801	(3)
Building a Powerful Vocabulary	804	(9)
Learn roots, prefixes, and suffixes	804	(4)
Learn denotations and connotations	808	(1)
Learn related words	809	(4)
Using a Thesaurus and a Dictionary	813	(10)
Use a thesaurus to find the exact word	814	(4)
Use a dictionary to learn about words	818	(5)
Spelling	823	(14)
Use a spell checker	823	(2)
Master troublesome homophones	825	(4)
Guard against common spelling errors	829	(2)
Learn general spelling rules and patterns	831	(6)
Part 10 Punctuation	837	(52)
End Punctuation	837	(6)
The Period	837	(1)
Use a period to mark the end of a statement	837	(1)
Use periods to punctuate initials and many abbreviations	838	(1)
Use periods to mark basic divisions in units and computer names	838	(1)
Avoid common misuses of periods	838	(2)
The Question Mark	839	(1)
Use a question mark after a direct request	840	(1)
Do not use a question mark after an indirect question	840	(1)
The Exclamation Point	841	(1)
Use an exclamation point to signal a strong statement	841	(2)
The Comma	843	(15)
Use a comma to set off an introductory phrase or clause	843	(1)
Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction to separate independent clauses	844	(2)
Use commas between items in a series	846	(1)
Use commas to separate coordinate adjectives	846	(1)
Use commas to set off nonessential elements	847	(2)
Use commas to set off conjunctive adverbs	849	(1)
Use commas with dates, place names and addresses, titles and degrees, and numbers	849	(1)
Use commas with speaker tags	850	(1)
Use commas with markers of direct address	851	(1)
Avoid misuse of commas	852	(6)
The Semicolon	858	(4)
Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses not linked by a coordinating conjunction	858	(1)
Use a semicolon to separate independent clauses linked by a conjunctive adverb	859	(1)
Use semicolons in a series with internal punctuation	859	(1)
Place semicolons outside quotation marks	859	(1)
Avoid common semicolon errors	859	(3)
The Colon	862	(4)
Use a colon to introduce a list or an appositive	862	(1)
Use a colon to set off a second independent clause that explains the first	863	(1)
Use a colon to introduce a quotation	863	(1)
Use colons in titles	864	(1)
Use colons in business letters and memos	864	(1)
Use colons in numbers and addresses	864	(2)
The Apostrophe	866	(5)
Use apostrophes with nouns to indicate possession	866	(2)
Use apostrophes to indicate contractions and omitted letters	868	(1)
Use apostrophes to mark certain plural forms	868	(1)
Avoid misusing the apostrophe	869	(2)
Quotation Marks	871	(7)
Use quotation marks for exact direct quotations	871	(1)
Use quotation marks to suggest skepticism about a term	872	(1)
Use quotation marks to indicate shifts in register	873	(1)
Use quotation marks when citing titles of short works	873	(1)
Follow standard practice in using other punctuation with quotations	873	(3)
Avoid misusing quotation marks	876	(2)
Other Punctuation Marks	878	(11)
Parentheses	878	(1)
Use parentheses to insert parenthetical comments	878	(2)
Do not overuse parentheses	880	(1)
Use parentheses around letters or numbers to set off embedded lists	880	(1)
Dashes	881	(1)
Use dashes to highlight extra informational comments	881	(1)
Use dashes to set off important or surprising points	881	(1)
Confine yourself to one pair of dashes per sentence	882	(1)
Brackets	883	(1)
Use brackets to insert editorial comments or clarifications into quotations	883	(1)
Use brackets with the word sic	884	(1)
Use brackets to acknowledge editorial emphasis within a quotation	884	(1)
Use brackets for parenthetical comments within parentheses	885	(1)
Ellipses	885	(1)
Use an ellipsis to indicate a deletion from a quotation	885	(1)
Use an ellipsis to indicate a pause in a sentence	886	(1)
Use brackets around ellipses in quotations to differentiate them from the author's ellipses	886	(1)
Slashes	887	(1)
Use slashes to separate lines of poetry quoted within a sentence	887	(1)
Use a slash to show alternatives	887	(1)
Use a slash to indicate a fraction	887	(1)
Use slashes in Internet addresses	888	(1)
Use slashes in writing dates informally	888	(1)
Part 11 Mechanics	889	(23)
Capital Letters and Italics	889	(10)
Capital Letters	889	(1)
Capitalize the first word of all freestanding sentences	889	(2)
Capitalize all names, associated titles, and proper adjectives	891	(2)
Capitalize all significant words in titles	893	(1)
Follow the owner's preferences in capitalizing email addresses and URLs	893	(2)
Italics	894	(1)
Italicize titles of independent creative works	895	(1)
Italicize URLs and email addresses	895	(1)
Italicize names of vehicles	896	(1)
Italicize foreign words and phrases	896	(1)
Italicize words, letters, and numbers referred to as such	897	(1)
Italicize words for emphasis	897	(2)
Abbreviations and Numbers	899	(7)
Abbreviations	899	(1)
Abbreviate titles, ranks, and degrees only before or after full names	899	(1)
Use abbreviations after numerical dates and times	900	(1)
Use Latin abbreviations sparingly	900	(1)
Use acronyms and initialisms only if their meaning is clear	901	(1)
Avoid most other abbreviations in formal writing	901	(1)
Numbers	902	(1)
Use figures with abbreviations and conventionally numerical references	902	(1)
Write out other numbers that can be expressed in one or two words	903	(1)
Write out numbers that begin sentences	904	(1)
When one number modifies another, write one as a figure and the other as a word	904	(1)
Write related numbers alike	904	(2)
The Hyphen	906	(6)
Consult your dictionary on hyphenating compounds	906	(1)
Hyphenate compounds acting as adjectives before nouns	907	(1)
Hyphenate spelled-out fractions and numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine	908	(1)
Hyphenate to avoid ambiguity and awkward spellings	908	(1)
Use hyphens for end-of-line word division	908	(4)
Part 12 ESL Issues	912	(1)
Tips On Nouns and Articles	912	(8)
Use the plural only with count nouns	912	(2)
Use the for specific references	914	(2)
Use the with most proper nouns derived from common nouns	916	(1)
Use a or an in nonspecific references to singular count nouns	917	(1)
Use no article in nonspecific references to plural count nouns or noncount nouns	918	(1)
Use other determiners correctly	919	(1)
Tips on Verbs	920	(8)
Phrasal Verbs	920	(1)
Note phrasal verbs as you listen and read	921	(1)
Verb Complements	921	(1)
Learn which verbs take gerunds as complements	922	(1)
Learn which verbs take to infinitives as complements	922	(1)
Learn which verbs take both gerunds and to infinitives as complements	922	(1)
Learn which verbs take only unmarked infinitives as complements	923	(1)
Verbs of State	923	(1)
Do not use the progressive tense with verbs of state	924	(1)
Modal Auxiliary Verbs	924	(1)
Use only a base verb form immediately after a modal auxiliary	924	(1)
Do not use more than one modal at a time	925	(1)
Conditional Sentences	926	(1)
In factual conditionals, use the same verb tense in both parts	926	(1)
In predictive conditionals, use a present-tense verb in the if clause and an appropriate modal in the result clause	926	(1)
In hypothetical conditionals, use a past-tense verb in the if clause and would, could, or might in the result clause	927	(1)
Tips on Word Order	928	(8)
Use inverted word order in sentences	928	(1)
String adjectives in the order preferred in English	929	(2)
String nouns for easiest recognition	931	(1)
Use meaning to place adverbs that modify verbs	932	(1)
Place adverbs directly before adjectives or adverbs that they modify	933	(1)
Place adverbs before sentences or clauses that they modify	934	(1)
Do not put an adverb between a verb and its object	934	(2)
Tips on Vocabulary	936	(1)
Look for cognates, but watch out for ``false friends''	936	(1)
Try to get a feel for collocations	937	(2)
Learn idioms in their entirety	939
Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms	1	(16)
Glossary of Usage	17
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1