The New st Martin's Handbook

by Lunsford, Andrea

• ISBN13: 9780312189273
• ISBN10: 0312189273
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-08-01
• Publisher: St Martins Pr

Table of Contents

Preface	v
A Note to Students	xv
Introduction: Thinking Critically about Your Writing	i
Part 1 THE WRITING PROCESS	1	(134)
FAQ: Writing Online	2	(2)
Writing, Reading, and Research	4	(14)
Considering the process of writing	4	(5)
Considering the proces of reading	9	(2)
Some Guidelines for Reading	10	(1)
Doing research	11	(1)
Talking and listening	12	(2)
Taking notes	14	(1)
Benefiting from collaboration	14	(4)
Some Guidelines for Collaborating	15	(3)
Considering Rhetorical Situations	18	(14)
Deciding to write	18	(1)
Identifying a problem	18	(1)
Understanding writing assignments	19	(2)
Analyzing an Assignment	20	(1)
Deciding on your purposes	21	(1)
Considering Purposes	21	(1)
Considering genre	22	(1)
Considering language	23	(1)
Considering your rhetorical stance	23	(1)
Examining Your Rhetorical Stance	24	(1)
Focusing on your audience	24	(3)
Conidering your Audience	25	(2)
Considering online situations	27	(5)
Some Online Contexts	28	(4)
Exploring, Planning, and Drafting	32	(18)
Exploring a topic	33	(4)
Establishing a working thesis	37	(2)
Gathering information	39	(1)
Organizing information	39	(4)
Writing out a plan	43	(2)
Producing a draft	45	(4)
Some Guidelines for Drafting	46	(1)
A Sample First Draft	46	(3)
Reflecting on your writing process	49	(1)
Revising and Editing	50	(20)
Getting distance before revising	50	(1)
Rereading your draft	50	(2)
Getting response	52	(4)
Reviewing A Draft	52	(4)
Evaluating the thesis and its support	56	(1)
Analyzing organization	57	(1)
Title, introduction, conclusion	57	(2)
Paragraphs, sentences, words, tone	59	(6)
Determining format	65	(1)
Editing	65	(1)
Proofreading the final draft	66	(4)
A Sample Essay	67	(3)
Thinking Critically: Constructing and Analyzing Arguments	70	(32)
Thinking critically	70	(1)
Recognizing argument	71	(3)
Formulating an argumentative thesis	74	(2)
Formulating good reasons	76	(1)
Using narratives to support an argument	76	(1)
Checking Your use of Narrative	77	(1)
Establishing credibility	77	(3)
Appealing to logic	80	(6)
Appealing to emotion	86	(5)
Using sources in an argument	91	(1)
Organizing an argument	91	(8)
A Sample Essay	93	(6)
Analyzing an argument	99	(3)
The Classical System	99	(1)
The Toulmin System	100	(2)
Constructing Paragraphs	102	(33)
Paragraphing for readers	102	(1)
Constructing paragraphs	102	(2)
Editing Paragraphs	103	(1)
Making paragraphs unified	104	(4)
Making paragraphs coherent	108	(8)
Commonly Used Transitions	114	(2)
Developing paragraphs fully	116	(10)
Special-purpose paragraphs	126	(5)
Composing paragraphs online	131	(2)
Linking paragraphs	133	(2)
Part 2 SENTENCES: MAKING GRAMMATICAL CHOICES	135	(76)
FAQ: Grammar Online	136	(1)
Constructing Grammatical Sentences	137	(26)
Basic sentence grammar	137	(2)
Editing Your Own Sentences	138	(1)
Recognizing the parts of speech	139	(10)
Recognizing the parts of a sentence	149	(11)
Basic Sentence Patterns	149	(11)
Classifying sentences	160	(3)
Understanding Pronoun Case	163	(9)
Using the three cases	163	(3)
Editing Case	164	(2)
Who, whoever, whom, and whomever	166	(2)
Case in compound structures	168	(1)
Case in elliptical constructions	169	(1)
We and us before a noun	169	(3)
Using Verbs	172	(19)
Verb Forms	172	(1)
Editing Verbs	173	(1)
Editing -S and -ES Endings	174	(1)
Auxiliary verbs	175	(1)
Regular and Iregular verbs	175	(5)
Editing -ED or -D Endings	176	(1)
Some Common Irregular Verbs	176	(4)
Lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise	180	(2)
Verb Tenses	181	(1)
Present-tense forms	182	(1)
Past-tense forms	183	(1)
Future-tense forms	184	(1)
Editing Verb Tenses	184	(1)
Verb tenses in sequence	185	(4)
Voice	187	(1)
Mood	188	(1)
The Subjunctive	189	(2)
Maintaining Subject-Verb Agreement	191	(9)
Third-person singular subjects	191	(1)
Editing for Subject-Verb Agreement	192	(1)
Making the subject and verb agree	192	(1)
Compound subjects	193	(1)
Collective-noun subjects	194	(1)
Indefinite-pronoun subjects	195	(1)
Relative-pronoun subjects	196	(1)
With subjects, not complements	196	(1)
Subjects plural in form but singular in meaning	197	(1)
Subjects following verbs	197	(1)
With titles and words used as words	198	(2)
Maintaining Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement	200	(4)
Compound antecedents	200	(1)
Editing for Agreement	201	(1)
Collective-noun antecedents	201	(1)
Indefinite-pronoun antecedents	201	(1)
Checking for sexist pronouns	202	(2)
Avoiding Generic Use of he, His or Him	202	(2)
Using Adjectives and Adverbs	204	(7)
Adjectives and adverbs	204	(1)
Using adjectives	204	(1)
Editing Adjectives and Adverbs	205	(1)
Using adverbs	205	(2)
Comparatives and superlatives	207	(2)
Nouns as modifiers	209	(2)
Part 3 SENTENCES; MAKING CONVENTIONAL CHOICES	211	(36)
FAQ: Sentence Conventions Online	212	(1)
Maintaining Clear Pronoun Reference	213	(5)
Clear antecedents	213	(1)
Close antecedents	213	(1)
Editing for Pronoun Reference	214	(1)
Vague it, this, that, and which	214	(1)
Use of who, which, and that	215	(1)
Use of you and they	215	(1)
Implied antecedents	216	(2)
Recognizing Shifts	218	(5)
In tense	218	(1)
In mood	218	(1)
Editing out Shifts	219	(1)
In voice	219	(1)
In person and number	219	(1)
Between direct and indirect discourse	220	(1)
In tone and diction	221	(2)
Identifying Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	223	(6)
Revised as two sentences	223	(1)
Revised with a comma and coordinating conjunction	223	(2)
Editing Comma Splices, Fused Sentences	224	(1)
Revised with a semicolon	225	(1)
Revised as one independent clause	226	(1)
Revised as one independent clause and one dependent clause	226	(3)
Recognizing Sentence Fragments	229	(5)
Phrase fragments	229	(2)
Editing for Sentence Fragments	230	(1)
Compound-predicate fragments	231	(1)
Dependent-clause fragments	232	(2)
Placing Modifiers Appropriately	234	(8)
Misplaced modifiers	234	(3)
Editing Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers	235	(2)
Disruptive modifiers	237	(2)
Dangling modifiers	239	(3)
Maintaining Consistent and Complete Grammatical Structures	242	(5)
Consistent grammatical patterns	242	(1)
Editing for Consistency, Completeness	243	(1)
Subjects and predicates	243	(1)
Elliptical structures	244	(1)
Missing words	245	(1)
Comparisons	245	(2)
Part 4 SENTENCES: MAKING STYLISTIC CHOICES	247	(38)
FAQ: Sentence Style Online	248	(1)
Constructing Effective Sentences	249	(6)
Emphasizing main ideas	249	(2)
Editing for Emphasis and Conciseness	250	(1)
Being concise	251	(4)
Creating Coordinate and Subordinate Structures	255	(8)
Coordination	255	(3)
Editing Coordination and Subordination	256	(2)
Subordination	258	(5)
Creating and Maintaining Parallel Structures	263	(6)
In a series	263	(1)
Editing for Parallelism	264	(1)
With pairs	264	(2)
With all necessary words	266	(1)
For emphasis and effect	267	(2)
Varying Sentence Structures	269	(8)
Sentence length	269	(2)
Editing to Vary Sentence Length	270	(1)
Sentence openings	271	(2)
Editing to Vary Sentence Openings	273	(1)
Sentence types	273	(4)
Editing to Vary Sentence Types	276	(1)
Creating Memorable Prose	277	(8)
Strong verbs	277	(2)
Active and passive voice	279	(2)
Editing Verbs and Nouns	280	(1)
Special effects	281	(4)
Part 5 SELECTING EFFECTIVE WORDS	285	(64)
FAQ: Effective Words Online	286	(1)
Attending to Spelling	287	(14)
Commonly mispelled words	287	(2)
Fifty Commonly Misspelled Words	288	(1)
Homonyms	289	(3)
The Most Troublesome Homonyms	289	(1)
Other Frequently Confused Words	289	(3)
Spelling and Pronunciation	292	(1)
Spelling rules	293	(3)
Plurals	296	(2)
Spell checkers	298	(1)
Using a Spell Checker	299	(1)
Visualization and memory cues	299	(2)
Using Dictionaries	301	(6)
Exploring the dictionary	301	(2)
Distinguishing among dictionaries	303	(2)
Consulting specialized dictionaries	305	(2)
Eriching Vocabulary	307	(10)
Considering your vocabulary	307	(2)
Recognizing word roots	309	(1)
Recognizing prefixes and suffixes	310	(4)
Building your vocabulary	314	(3)
Tips for Becoming an Active Reader	315	(2)
Considering Diction	317	(13)
Choosing appropriate language	317	(4)
Editing for Precise Language	318	(3)
Denotation and connotation	321	(3)
Checking for Wrong Words	323	(1)
General and specific diction	324	(1)
Using figurative language	325	(5)
Considering Language Variety	330	(9)
Varieties of English	330	(1)
Standard varieties of English	331	(1)
Ethnic varieties of English	331	(2)
Occupational varieties of English	333	(1)
Regional varieties of English	334	(1)
Bringing in other languages	335	(2)
Language in academic writing	337	(2)
Considering Others: Building Common Ground	339	(10)
Remembering the golden rule	339	(1)
Editing to Build Common Ground	340	(1)
Stereotypes and other assumptions	340	(9)
Editing out Sexist Language	343	(6)
Part 6 PUNCTUATION CONVENTIONS	349	(54)
FAQ: Punctuation Online	350	(1)
Using Commas	351	(17)
Introductory elements	351	(2)
Editing for Commas	352	(1)
Compound sentences	353	(1)
Nonrestrictive elements	354	(4)
Items in a series	358	(2)
Parenthetical and transitional expressions	360	(1)
Contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, tag questions	360	(1)
Dates, addresses, titles, numbers	361	(2)
Quotations	363	(1)
To facilitate understanding	364	(1)
Unnecessary commas	365	(3)
Using Semicolons	368	(5)
To link idependent clauses	368	(2)
Editing for semicolons	369	(1)
To separate items in a series	370	(1)
Overused semicolons	370	(1)
Misused semicolons	371	(1)
With quotation marks	371	(2)
Using End Punctuation	373	(5)
Periods	373	(1)
Editing for End Punctuation	374	(1)
Question marks	374	(1)
Exclamation points	375	(3)
Using Apostrophes	378	(5)
Possessive case	378	(2)
Editing for Possessive Apostrophes	379	(1)
Contractions and other omissions	380	(1)
Editing for Misuse of Its and It's	381	(1)
Appropriate use in forming plurals	381	(2)
Using Quotation Marks	383	(7)
Direct quotations	383	(3)
Editing For Quotation Marks	384	(2)
Titles and definitions	386	(1)
Irony and coinages	386	(1)
Misused quotation marks	387	(1)
With other punctuation	388	(2)
Using Other Punctuation Marks	390	(13)
Parentheses	390	(2)
Editing for Punctuation	391	(1)
Brackets	392	(1)
Dashes	393	(2)
Colons	395	(2)
Slashes	397	(1)
Ellipses	398	(1)
Emoticons	399	(4)
Part 7 MECHANICAL CONVENTIONS	403	(26)
FAQ: Mechanics Online	404	(2)
Using Capitals	406	(6)
To begin a sentence or a line of poetry	406	(1)
Editing for Capitalization	407	(1)
Proper nouns and proper adjectives	407	(3)
Some Commonly Capitalized Terms	408	(2)
Titles of works	410	(1)
I and O	410	(1)
Unnecessary capitalization	410	(2)
Using Abbreviations and Numbers	412	(8)
Abbreviations	412	(1)
Titles and academic degrees	412	(1)
Editing Abbreviations and Numbers	413	(1)
Years and hours	413	(1)
Acronyms and initial abbreviations	413	(1)
Other kinds of abbreviations	414	(2)
Numbers	416	(1)
Spelling out numbers	416	(1)
Using figures for numbers	417	(1)
Conventional uses of figures	417	(3)
Using Italics	420	(4)
Titles	420	(1)
Editing for Italics	421	(1)
Words, letters, numbers as words	421	(1)
Foreign words and phrases	421	(1)
Vehicles	422	(1)
Special emphasis	422	(2)
Using Hyphens	424	(5)
To divide words at the end of a line	424	(1)
Editing for Hyphens	425	(1)
With compound words	425	(2)
With prefixes and suffixes	427	(2)
Part 8 DOING RESEARCH AND USING SOURCES	429	(190)
FAQ: Research Online	430	(5)
Becoming a Researcher	435	(9)
The research process	435	(2)
Analyzing a research assignment	437	(3)
Scheduling Research Project	439	(1)
Choosing a topic	440	(1)
Narrowing and focusing a topic	440	(2)
Investigating a topic	442	(1)
From hypothesis to working thesis	442	(2)
Conducting Research	444	(32)
Library and database resources	444	(1)
Directory of Library Resources	445	(1)
Developing a research strategy	445	(3)
Considering reference works	448	(7)
Using the library catalog	455	(3)
Searching databases	458	(4)
Navigating the Internet and the Web	462	(4)
Search Engines	464	(2)
Using other parts of the Internet	466	(4)
Conducting field research	470	(6)
Conducting Observation	471	(2)
Planning an Interview	473	(1)
Designing a Questionnaire	474	(2)
Using Sources	476	(23)
Choosing sources	476	(5)
Keeping a Working Bibliography	477	(4)
Reading sources with a critical eye	481	(3)
Taking notes	484	(10)
Taking Accurate Notes	484	(1)
Quote, Paraphrase, or Summary?	485	(2)
Quoting Accurately	487	(4)
Paraphrasing Accurately	491	(1)
Summarizing Accurately	492	(2)
Recognizing plagiarism, acknowledging sources	494	(3)
Acknowledging sources	497	(1)
Interpreting sources	497	(2)
Writing a Research Essay	499	(17)
Refining your plans	499	(2)
Organizing informataion	501	(2)
Drafting your essay	503	(2)
Incorporating source materials	505	(6)
Signal Verbs	508	(3)
Reviewing your draft	511	(1)
Revising and editing your draft	512	(2)
Preparing a list of sources	514	(1)
Preparing and proofreading final copy	514	(2)
Documenting Sources: MLA	516	(48)
Parenthetical citations	516	(6)
Directory to MLA Style	517	(5)
Explanatory and bibliographic notes	522	(1)
List of works cited	523	(16)
A sample research essay, MLA style	539	(25)
Documenting Sources: APA	564	(23)
Parenthetical citations	564	(4)
Directory to APA Style	565	(3)
Content notes	568	(1)
List of references	569	(8)
A sample research essay, APA style	577	(10)
Documenting Sources: CBE	587	(14)
In-text citations	587	(1)
List of references	588	(7)
CBE Style for a List of References	588	(7)
A sample research essay, CBE style	595	(6)
Documenting Sources: Chicago	601	(18)
In-text citations and notes	601	(8)
Directory to chicago style	602	(7)
Bibliographic entries	609	(3)
A sample research essay, Chicago style	612	(7)
Part 9 ACADEMIC WRITING	619	(24)
FAQ: Academic Writing Online	620	(2)
Understanding Disciplinary Discourse	622	(8)
Assignments and expectations	622	(2)
Analyzing Assignments	623	(1)
Disciplinary vocabularies	624	(2)
Identifying the style of a discipline	626	(1)
Understanding the use of evidence	626	(1)
Using conventional patterns	627	(3)
Writing about Literature	630	(13)
Becoming a strong reader of literature	630	(2)
For Reading Literature	630	(2)
The language of literary interpretation	632	(3)
A Glossary of Literary Terms	632	(3)
Considering your assignment, purpose, and audience	635	(1)
Developing a critical stance	636	(7)
A Sample Essay on a Work of Fiction	637	(4)
Editing Writing About Literature	641	(2)
Part 10 CONSIDERING MEDIA	643	(40)
FAQ: Considering Media Online	644	(1)
Making Oral Presentations	645	(7)
Considering purpose and audience	645	(1)
Editing Text for an Oral Presentation	646	(1)
Writing to be heard	646	(3)
Using visuals	649	(1)
Practicing the presentation	650	(1)
Making the presentation	650	(2)
Designing Documents	652	(20)
Creating a visual structure	652	(1)
Using consistency to guide readers	653	(2)
Using headings	655	(1)
Using visuals	656	(4)
Some Guidelines for Using Visuals	660	(1)
Sample documents	660	(12)
Working with Hypertext and Multimedia	672	(11)
Using hypertext	672	(4)
Making multimedia presentations	676	(7)
Part 11 FOR MULTILINGUAL WRITERS	683	(30)
FAQ: Multilingual Writers Online	684	(1)
Understanding Nouns and Noun Phrases	685	(7)
Count and noncount nouns	685	(1)
Stating plural forms explicitly	686	(1)
Using determiners	686	(2)
Choosing articles	688	(2)
Arranging modifiers	690	(2)
Understanding Verbs and Verb Phrases	692	(8)
Forming verb phrases	692	(2)
Using present and past tenses	694	(1)
Understanding perfect and progressive verb phrases	695	(2)
Using modals	697	(1)
Using participial adjectives	698	(2)
Understanding Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases	700	(4)
Using prepositions idiomatically	700	(2)
Using Prepositions Idiomatically	701	(1)
Using two-word verbs	702	(2)
Forming Clauses and Sentences	704	(9)
Expressing subjects and objects	704	(1)
Using English word order	705	(1)
Using noun clauses	706	(1)
Using infinitives and gerunds	706	(2)
Using adjective clauses	708	(2)
Understanding conditionals	710	(3)
Glossary of Grammatical and Computer Terms	713	(13)
Glossary of Usage	726	(9)
Directory of Web Sites	735	(18)
Index	753