Nursing Research Principles and Methods

by Polit, Denise F.; Beck, Cheryl Tatano

• ISBN13: 9780781737333
• ISBN10: 0781737338
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-11
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

This graduate level nursing research textbook continues the expansion of coverage on qualitative research, including important issues for specific qualitative traditions such as grounded theory, phenomenology and ethnography. Developing solid evidence for practice will be emphasized throughout the text, and important evaluative concepts like reliability, validity, and trustworthiness will be introduced. Other new features include stronger international content (with an emphasis on Canadian and Australian research), inclusion of "tips" in boxes located in appropriate places throughout the chapters, and the use of summary bullet points. This edition will now offer a free Connection Website, connection.LWW.com/go/polit.

Table of Contents

PART 1 Foundations of Nursing Research	1	(62)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing Research	3	(23)
Nursing Research in Perspective	3	(2)
Nursing Research: Past, Present, and Future	5	(6)
Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice	11	(2)
Paradigms for Nursing Research	13	(5)
The Purposes of Nursing Research	18	(3)
Research Examples	21	(1)
Summary Points	22	(4)
Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Terms in Qualitative and Quantitative Research	26	(20)
The Faces and Places of Research	26	(3)
The Building Blocks of a Study	29	(6)
Key Challenges of Conducting Research	35	(6)
Research Examples	41	(1)
Summary Points	42	(4)
Chapter 3 Overview of the Research Process in Qualitative and Quantitative Studies	46	(17)
Major Classes of Quantitative and Qualitative Research	46	(1)
Major Steps in a Quantitative Study	47	(8)
Activities in a Qualitative Study	55	(3)
Research Examples	58	(2)
Summary Points	60	(3)
PART 2 Conceptualizing a Research Study	63	(76)
Chapter 4 Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses	65	(23)
Overview of Research Problems	65	(2)
Sources of Research Problems	67	(2)
Development and Refinement of Research Problems	69	(4)
Communicating the Research Problem	73	(4)
Research Hypotheses	77	(7)
Research Examples	84	(1)
Summary Points	85	(3)
Chapter 5 Reviewing the Literature	88	(26)
Purposes of a Literature Review	88	(1)
Scope of a Literature Search	89	(2)
Locating Relevant Literature for a Research Review	91	(5)
Reading Research Reports	96	(7)
Preparing a Written Literature Review	103	(6)
Research Examples of Research Literature Reviews	109	(2)
Summary points	111	(3)
Chapter 6 Developing a Conceptual Context	114	(25)
Theories, Models, and Frameworks	114	(5)
The Nature of Theories and Conceptual Models	119	(1)
Conceptual Models Used in Nursing Research	120	(5)
Testing, Using, and Developing a Theory or Framework	125	(8)
Research Examples	133	(1)
Summary Points	134	(5)
PART 3 Designs for Nursing Research	139	(176)
Chapter 7 Designing Ethical Research	141	(21)
The Need for Ethical Guidelines	141	(2)
The Principle of Beneficence	143	(4)
The Principle of Respect for Human Dignity	147	(2)
The Principle of Justice	149	(1)
Informed Consent	150	(4)
Vulnerable Subjects	154	(2)
External Reviews and the Protection of Human Rights	156	(1)
Building Ethics into the Design of the Study	157	(1)
Research Examples	158	(1)
Summary Points	159	(3)
Chapter 8 Designing Quantitative Studies	162	(39)
Aspects of Quantitative
Research Design	162	(2)
Overview of Research Design Types	164	(4)
Experiments	168	(13)
Quasi-Experiments	181	(7)
Nonexperimental Research	188	(7)
Designs and Research Evidence	195	(1)
Summary Points	196	(5)
Chapter 9 Enhancing Rigor in Quantitative Research	201	(22)
Controlling the Research Situation	201	(2)
Controlling Intrinsic Subject Factors	203	(6)
Characteristics of Good Design	209	(10)
Research Example	219	(1)
Summary Points	220	(3)
Chapter 10 Quantitative Research for Various Purposes	223	(22)
Studies That Are Typically Experimental or Quasi-Experimental	223	(7)
Studies That Can Be Either Experimental or Nonexperimental	230	(4)
Studies That Are Typically Nonexperimental	234	(5)
Research Examples of Various Types of Quantitative Studies	239	(1)
Summary Points	240	(5)
Chapter 11 Qualitative Research Design and Approaches	245	(28)
The Design of Qualitative Studies	245	(3)
Qualitative Research Traditions	248	(11)
Other Types of Qualitative Research	259	(4)
Research With Ideological Perspectives	263	(3)
Research Examples	266	(2)
Summary Points	268	(5)
Chapter 12 Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Designs	273	(16)
Rationale for Multimethod Research	273	(2)
Applications of Multimethod Research	275	(4)
Multimethod Research Designs	279	(1)
Strategies for Multimethod Research	280	(3)
Obstacles to Multimethod Research	283	(1)
Research Examples	284	(2)
Summary Points	286	(3)
Chapter 13 Sampling Designs	289	(26)
Basic Sampling Concepts in Quantitative Studies	289	(3)
Nonprobability Sampling	292	(3)
Probability Sampling	295	(5)
Sample Size in Quantitative Studies	300	(3)
Implementing a Sampling Plan in Quantitative Studies	303	(2)
Sampling in Qualitative Research	305	(5)
Research Examples	310	(1)
Summary Points	311	(4)
PART 4 Measurement and Data Collection	315	(134)
Chapter 14 Designing and Implementing a Data Collection Plan	317	(23)
Existing Data Versus Original Data	317	(1)
Dimensions of Data Collection Approaches	318	(1)
Major Types of Data Collection Methods	319	(3)
Converting Quantitative and Qualitative Data	322	(1)
Developing a Data Collection Plan in a Quantitative Study	323	(7)
Implementing a Data Collection Plan in a Quantitative Study	330	(2)
Data Collection Issues in Qualitative Studies	332	(4)
Research Examples	336	(1)
Summary Points	337	(3)
Chapter 15 Collecting Self-Report Data	340	(35)
Qualitative Self-Report Techniques	340	(9)
Quantitative Self-Report Instruments	349	(3)
Using and Preparing Structured Self-Report Instruments	352	(13)
Administering Structured Self-Report Instruments	365	(3)
Research Examples	368	(1)
Summary Points	369	(6)
Chapter 16 Collecting Observational Data	375	(23)
Observational Issues	375	(3)
Qualitative Observational Methods: Participant Observation	378	(7)
Observational Methods: Structured Observations	385	(5)
Mechanical Aids in Observations	390	(1)
Observer Biases	391	(1)
Research Examples	392	(1)
Summary Points	393	(5)
Chapter 17 Collecting Biophysiologic and Other Data	398	(15)
Biophysiologic Measures	398	(4)
Records, Documents, and Available Data	402	(1)
Q Methodology	403	(2)
Projective Techniques	405	(2)
Vignettes	407	(1)
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests	408	(1)
Examples of Studies Using Alternative Data Collection Methods	409	(1)
Summary Points	410	(3)
Chapter 18 Assessing Data Quality	413	(36)
Measurement	413	(3)
Reliability of Measuring Instruments	416	(6)
Validity	422	(6)
Other Criteria for Assessing Quantitative Measures	428	(2)
Assessment of Qualitative Data and Their Interpretation	430	(7)
Research Examples	437	(6)
Summary Points	443	(6)
PART 5 The Analysis of Research Data	449	(150)
Chapter 19 Analyzing Quantitative Data: Descriptive Statistics	451	(26)
Levels of Measurement	451	(4)
Frequency Distributions	455	(4)
Central Tendency	459	(1)
Variability	460	(5)
Bivariate Descriptive Statistics: Contingency Tables and Correlation	465	(4)
The Computer and Descriptive Statistics	469	(4)
Research Example	473	(2)
Summary Points	475	(2)
Chapter 20 Analyzing Quantitative Data: Inferential Statistics	477	(34)
Sampling Distributions	477	(2)
Estimation of Parameters	479	(1)
Hypothesis Testing	480	(6)
Testing Differences Between Two Group Means	486	(3)
Testing Differences Between Three or More Group Means	489	(4)
Testing Differences in Proportions	493	(1)
Testing Relationships Between Two Variables	494	(1)
Power Analysis	495	(7)
The Computer and Inferential Statistics	502	(3)
Guide to Bivariate Statistical Tests	505	(2)
Research Example	507	(1)
Summary Points	507	(4)
Chapter 21 Analyzing Quantitative Data: Multivariate Statistics	511	(36)
Simple Linear Regression	511	(3)
Multiple Linear Regression	514	(7)
Analysis of Covariance	521	(5)
Factor Analysis	526	(4)
Other Least-Squares Multivariate Techniques	530	(2)
Causal Modeling	532	(4)
Other Multivariate Statistical Procedures	536	(2)
The Computer and Multivariate Statistics	538	(2)
Guide to Multivariate Statistical Tests	540	(3)
Research Example	543	(1)
Summary Points	543	(4)
Chapter 22 Designing and Implementing a Quantitative Analysis Strategy	547	(23)
Phases in the Analysis of Quantitative Data	547	(1)
Preanalysis Phase	547	(6)
Preliminary Assessments and Actions	553	(7)
Principal Analyses	560	(2)
Interpretation of Results	562	(4)
Research Example	566	(2)
Summary Points	568	(2)
Chapter 23 Analyzing Qualitative Data	570	(29)
Introduction to Qualitative Analysis	570	(2)
Qualitative Data Management and Organization	572	(6)
Analytic Procedures	578	(13)
Interpretation of Qualitative Findings	591	(1)
Research Examples	592	(2)
Summary Points	594	(5)
PART 6 Communicating Research	599	(52)
Chapter 24 Summarizing and Sharing Research Findings	601	(28)
Getting Started on Dissemination	601	(3)
Content of Research Reports	604	(13)
The Style of Research Reports	617	(1)
Types of Research Reports	618	(8)
Summary Points	626	(3)
Chapter 25 Writing a Research Proposal	629	(22)
Overview of Research Proposals	629	(6)
Proposals for Theses and Dissertations	635	(2)
Funding for Research Proposals	637	(2)
Grant Applications to the National Institutes of Health	639	(8)
Research Examples	647	(1)
Summary Points	648	(3)
PART 7 Using Research Results	651	(54)
Chapter 26 Evaluating Research Reports	653	(18)
The Research of Critique	653	(1)
Elements of a Research Critique	654	(12)
Conclusion	666	(1)
Research Examples	667	(2)
Summary Points	669	(2)
Chapter 27 Utilizing Research: Putting Research Evidence Into Nursing Practice	671	(34)
Research Utilization Versus Evidence-Based Practice	671	(6)
Barriers to Using Research in Nursing Practice	677	(4)
The Process of Using Research in Nursing Practice	681	(9)
Research Integration and Synthesis	690	(6)
Research Example	696	(1)
Summary Points	697	(8)
Appendix : Statistical Tables	705	(6)
Glossary	711	(26)
Index	737