Nutrition

by Sizer, Frances Sienkiewicz; Whitney, Eleanor Noss

• ISBN13: 9780534578398
• ISBN10: 053457839X
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Undergraduate textbook provides complete information on nutrition, knowledge to decide between truthful and fictional nutrition, and how to apply good nutrition. Full-color text offers margin notes, self-checks, activities, and much more. For nutrition students. Previous edition: c1999. Softcover.

Table of Contents

Food Choices and Human Health	1	(28)
A Lifetime of Nourishment	2	(2)
How Powerful Is a Nutritious Diet in Preventing Diseases?	3	(1)
Genetics and Individuality	3	(1)
Lifestyle Choices	4	(1)
The Human Body and Its Food	4	(3)
The Nutrients in Foods	4	(1)
Can I Forgo Food and Live Just on Supplements?	5	(2)
The Challenge of Choosing Foods	7	(4)
The Variety of Foods to Choose From	7	(1)
How, Exactly, Can I Recognize a Nutritious Diet?	7	(3)
Why People Choose Foods	10	(1)
Dietary Guidelines and Nutrition Objectives	11	(3)
Dietary Guidelines	12	(1)
Think Fitness Why Be Physically Active?	13	(1)
Healthy People 2010: Nutrition Objectives for the Nation	14	(1)
The Science of Nutrition	14	(5)
If the Scientists Don't Know, How Can I?	14	(2)
Scientific Challenge	16	(1)
Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition News?	17	(1)
Consumer Corner Reading Nutrition News with an Educated Eye	18	(1)
Conclusion	19	(10)
Food Feature How Can I Get Enough Nutrients without Consuming Too Many Calories?	20	(2)
Do It! Analyze Nutrition News	22	(1)
Self Check	23	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	23	(1)
Controversy 1 Sorting the Impostors from the Real Nutrition Experts	24	(5)
Nutrition Tools---Standards and Guidelines	29	(38)
Nutrient Recommendations	30	(5)
Goals of the DRI Committee	30	(2)
Understanding the DRI Intake Recommendations	32	(1)
How the Committee Establishes DRI Values---An RDA Example	33	(1)
Why Are Daily Values Used on Labels?	34	(1)
Other Nutrient Standards	35	(1)
Think Fitness Recommendations for Daily Physical Activity	35	(1)
Diet Planning with the Daily Food Guide and the Food Guide Pyramid	35	(32)
The Daily Food Guide	35	(3)
How Can the Food Guide Pyramid Help Me to Eat Well?	38	(1)
A Note about Exchange Systems	39	(3)
How Many Servings Do I Need Each Day?	42	(1)
Serving Sizes versus Helpings	42	(3)
Consumer Corner Checking Out Food Labels	45	(5)
Food Feature Getting a Feel for the Nutrients in Foods	50	(3)
Do It! Score Your Diet With the Food Guide Pyramid	53	(4)
Self Check	57	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	57	(1)
Controversy 2 Phytochemicals and Functional Foods: What Do They Promise? What Do They Deliver?	58	(9)
The Remarkable Body	67	(32)
The Body's Cells	68	(1)
The Body Fluids and the Cardiovascular System	69	(3)
The Hormonal and Nervous Systems	72	(2)
What Do Hormones Have to Do with Nutrition?	72	(1)
How Does the Nervous System Interact with Nutrition?	73	(1)
The Immune System	74	(1)
The Digestive System	75	(12)
Why Do People Like Sugar, Fat, and Salt?	75	(1)
The Digestive Tract	76	(1)
The Mechanical Aspect of Digestion	77	(3)
The Chemical Aspect of Digestion	80	(1)
If ``I Am What I Eat,'' Then How Does a Sandwich Become ``Me''?	81	(2)
Absorption and Transportation of Nutrients	83	(2)
A Letter from Your Digestive Tract	85	(2)
The Excretory System	87	(1)
Storage Systems	87	(1)
When I Eat More Than My Body Needs, What Happens to the Extra Nutrients?	87	(1)
Variations in Nutrient Stores	88	(1)
Conclusion	88	(11)
Self Check	89	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	89	(1)
Controversy 3 Alcohol and Nutrition: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?	90	(9)
The Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, Glycogen, and Fiber	99	(38)
A Close Look at Carbohydrates	100	(4)
Sugars	100	(2)
Starch	102	(1)
Glycogen	103	(1)
Fiber	103	(1)
The Need for Carbohydrates	104	(3)
If I Want to Lose Weight, Should I Avoid Carbohydrates?	104	(1)
How Does Fiber in Food Affect My Health, and How Much Do I Need to Stay Healthy?	104	(3)
Can My Diet Have Too Much Fiber?	107	(1)
From Carbohydrates to Glucose	107	(1)
Consumer Corner: Refined, Enriched, and Whole-Grain Bread	108	(3)
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate	111	(3)
Why Do Some People Have Trouble Digesting Milk?	113	(1)
The Body's Use of Glucose	114	(3)
Splitting Glucose for Energy	114	(1)
Storing Glucose as Glycogen	114	(1)
Returning Glucose to the Blood	115	(1)
Converting Glucose to Fat	116	(1)
Think Fitness What Can I Eat to Make Workouts Easier?	116	(1)
Diabetes and Hypoglycemia	117	(20)
What Is Diabetes?	117	(2)
If I Feel Dizzy Between Meals, Do I Have Hypoglycemia?	119	(2)
Food Feature Finding the Carbohydrates in Foods	121	(4)
Do It! Investigate Your Fiber Intake	125	(3)
Self Check	128	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	128	(1)
Controversy 4 Sugar and Alternative Sweeteners: Are They Bad for You?	129	(8)
The Lipids: Fats, Oils, Phospholipids, and Sterols	137	(40)
Introducing the Lipids	138	(2)
Usefulness of Fats in the Body	138	(1)
Usefulness of Fats in Food	139	(1)
A Close Look at Fats	140	(4)
Triglycerides: Fatty Acids and Glycerol	140	(1)
Saturated versus Unsaturated Fatty Acids	141	(2)
Other Members of the Lipid Family	143	(1)
Lipids in the Body	144	(10)
Digestion of Fats	144	(1)
If Fat Floats, How Does It Travel around the Body in the Watery Blood?	145	(2)
How Can I Use My Stored Fat for Energy?	147	(1)
What, Exactly, Do Fat and Cholesterol Have to Do with Health?	148	(3)
What Is the Significance of LDL and HDL in Blood?	151	(1)
Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids	152	(2)
The Effects of Processing on Unsaturated Fats	154	(3)
What Is ``Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil,'' and What's It Doing in My Chocolate Chip Cookies?	155	(1)
What Are Trans-Fatty Acids, and Are They Harmful?	156	(1)
Fat in the Diet	157	(20)
Added Fats	157	(1)
Consumer Corner Fat Replacers	158	(3)
Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts	161	(1)
Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese	162	(1)
Bread, Cereal, Rice, and Pasta	162	(3)
Food Feature Defensive Dining	165	(3)
Do It! Read about Fats on Food Labels	168	(3)
Self Check	171	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	171	(1)
Controversy 5 The Mediterranean Diet: Does It Hold the Secret for a Healthy Heart?	172	(5)
The Proteins and Amino Acids	177	(34)
The Structure of Proteins	178	(5)
Amino Acids	178	(1)
How Do Amino Acids Build Proteins?	179	(1)
The Variety of Proteins	180	(1)
Denaturation of Proteins	181	(2)
Think Fitness Can Eating Extra Protein Make Muscles Grow Larger?	183	(1)
Digestion and Absorption of Protein	183	(2)
Protein Digestion	183	(1)
After Protein Is Digested, What Happens to Amino Acids?	184	(1)
The Roles of Proteins in the Body	185	(7)
Supporting Growth and Maintenance	185	(1)
Building Enzymes, Hormones, and Other Compounds	185	(1)
Building Antibodies	186	(1)
Maintaining Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	187	(1)
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance	187	(1)
Providing Energy	188	(1)
The Fate of an Amino Acid	189	(1)
Consumer Corner Protein and Amino Acid Supplements	190	(2)
Food Proteins: Quality, Use, and Need	192	(4)
Which Kinds of Protein-Rich Foods Are Easiest to Digest and Use?	192	(1)
Protein Quality	192	(2)
Measuring Protein Quality	194	(1)
How Much Protein Do People Really Need?	194	(2)
Protein Deficiency and Excess	196	(15)
What Happens When People Consume Too Little Protein?	196	(2)
Is It Possible to Consume Too Much Protein?	198	(2)
Food Feature Getting Enough, But Not Too Much Protein	200	(2)
Do It! Add Up the Protein in a Day's Meals	202	(2)
Self Check	204	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	204	(1)
Controversy 6 Vegetarians versus Meat Eaters: Whose Diet Is Best?	205	(6)
The Vitamins	211	(54)
Definition and Classification of Vitamins	212	(1)
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins	213	(11)
Vitamin A	213	(5)
Vitamin D	218	(3)
Vitamin E	221	(2)
Vitamin K	223	(1)
The Water-Soluble Vitamins	224	(16)
Think Fitness Vitamins for Athletes	225	(1)
The B Vitamins	225	(1)
B Vitamin Roles in Metabolism	225	(2)
B Vitamin Deficiencies	227	(1)
The B Vitamins as Individuals	227	(8)
Non-B Vitamins	235	(1)
Vitamin C	236	(3)
Consumer Corner Vitamin C and the Common Cold	239	(1)
Vitamin Supplements	240	(25)
Do I Need to Take a Vitamin Supplement?	240	(1)
Which Supplement Doses May Be Helpful, and Which Should I Avoid?	240	(2)
Supplements Must Be Safe, or the Government Would Not Allow Their Sales, Right?	242	(1)
Selection of a Multinutrient Supplement	242	(8)
Food Feature Choosing Foods Rich in Vitamins	250	(4)
Do It! Find the Vitamins on a Menu	254	(2)
Self Check	256	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	256	(1)
Controversy 7 Dietary Antioxidants: Best from Food of from Pills?	257	(8)
Water and Minerals	265	(46)
Water	267	(7)
Why Is Water the Most Indispensable Nutrient?	267	(1)
The Body's Water Balance	268	(1)
Quenching Thirst and Balancing Losses	269	(1)
How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?	269	(1)
Are Some Kinds of Water Better for My Health than Others	270	(1)
Consumer Corner Which Type of Water Is Safest?	271	(3)
Body Fluids and Minerals	274	(1)
The Major Minerals	275	(10)
Calcium	275	(2)
Phosphorus	277	(1)
Magnesium	278	(2)
Sodium	280	(4)
Potassium	284	(1)
Chloride	285	(1)
Sulfur	285	(1)
The Trace Minerals	285	(26)
Iodine	285	(1)
Iron	286	(1)
Think Fitness Exercise Deficiency Fatigue	287	(4)
Zinc	291	(2)
Selenium	293	(1)
Fluoride	293	(1)
Chromium	294	(1)
Copper	294	(1)
Other Trace Minerals and Some Candidates	295	(3)
Food Feature Meeting the Need for Calcium	298	(3)
Do It! Find the Minerals in Snack Foods	301	(2)
Self Check	303	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	303	(1)
Controversy 8 Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Choices Reduce the Risks?	304	(7)
Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight	311	(48)
The Problems of too Little or too Much Body Fat	312	(3)
What Are the Risks from Underweight?	312	(1)
How Fat Is Too Fat?	312	(3)
The Body's Energy Balance	315	(3)
Energy In	315	(1)
Energy Out	315	(2)
How Many Calories Do I Need Each Day?	317	(1)
Body Weight versus Body Fatness	318	(3)
Body Mass Index	318	(1)
Estimating Body Fatness	319	(2)
How Much Body Fat is Ideal?	321	(1)
The Mystery of Obesity	321	(10)
Why Did I Eat That?	321	(3)
Inside-the-Body Causes of Obesity	324	(2)
Outside-the-Body Causes of Obesity	326	(2)
Consumer Corner Choices in an Obesity-Prone Society	328	(2)
Think Fitness Activity for a Healthy Body Weight	330	(1)
How the Body Loses and Gains Weight	331	(5)
Moderate Weight Loss versus Rapid Weight Loss	332	(3)
Weight Gain	335	(1)
Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight	336	(23)
Drugs and Surgery	340	(5)
Food Feature Behavior Modification for Weight Control	345	(2)
Do It! Control the Calories in a Day's Meals	347	(3)
Self Check	350	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	350	(1)
Controversy 9 The Perils of Eating Disorders	351	(8)
Nutrients, Physical Activity, and the Body's Responses	359	(34)
The Essentials of Fitness and Training	361	(2)
How Do My Muscles Become Physically Fit?	361	(1)
Can I Expect Any Health Benefits from Weight Training?	362	(1)
How Does Cardiorespiratory Training Benefit the Heart?	363	(1)
The Active Body's Use of Fuels	363	(9)
Glucose Use and Storage	365	(1)
Activity Intensity, Glucose Use, and Glycogen Stores	365	(2)
Activity Duration Affects Glucose Use	367	(2)
Degree of Training Affects Glycogen Use	369	(1)
To Burn More Fat during Activity, Should Athletes Eat More Fat?	369	(1)
Using Protein and Amino Acids to Build Muscles and to Fuel Activity	370	(1)
Think Fitness Can Physical Training Speed Up an Athlete's Metabolism?	371	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals---Keys to Performance	372	(3)
Do Nutrient Supplements Benefit Athletic Performance?	373	(1)
Excessive Physical Activity and Bone Loss	374	(1)
Iron and Performance	374	(1)
Other Minerals	375	(1)
Fluids and Temperature Regulation in Physical Activity	375	(18)
Temperature Regulation	376	(1)
Fluid Needs during Physical Activity	376	(1)
Water	376	(2)
Consumer Corner What Do Sports Drinks Have to Offer?	378	(1)
Other Beverages	379	(1)
Food Feature Choosing a Performance Diet	380	(4)
Do It! Detect Fitness Deception	384	(1)
Self Check	385	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	385	(1)
Controversy 10 Ergogenic Aids: Breakthroughs, Gimmicks, or Dangers?	386	(7)
Diet and Health	393	(42)
Nutrition and Immunity	395	(3)
Lifestyle Choices and Risks of Degenerative Disease	396	(2)
Nutrition and Atherosclerosis	398	(9)
How Atherosclerosis Develops	398	(3)
Risk Factors for CVD	401	(4)
What Else, Besides Controlling Diet, Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of CVD?	405	(1)
Think Fitness Ways to Include Physical Activity in a Day	406	(1)
Nutrition and Hypertension	407	(4)
How Does Blood Pressure Work in the Body, and What Makes It Too High?	408	(1)
How Does Nutrition Affect Hypertension?	409	(2)
Nutrition and Cancer	411	(10)
How Does Cancer Develop?	412	(2)
How Powerful Is Diet in Influencing a Person's Risk of Developing Cancer?	414	(4)
Consumer Corner Complementary, Alternative, and Herbal Medicine	418	(3)
Conclusion	421	(14)
Food Feature Diet as Preventive Medicine	422	(3)
Do It! Practice Eyeballing a Meal	425	(3)
Self Check	428	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	428	(1)
Controversy 11 Nutrient-Drug Interactions: Who Should Be Concerned?	429	(6)
Life Cycle Nutrition: Mother and Infant	435	(38)
Pregnancy: The Impact of Nutrition on the Future	436	(9)
Preparing for Pregnancy	436	(2)
The Events of Pregnancy	438	(1)
Increased Need for Nutrition	439	(5)
How Much Weight Should a Woman Gain during Pregnancy?	444	(1)
Should Pregnant Women Be Physically Active?	445	(1)
Think Fitness Physical Activities for the Pregnant Woman	445	(1)
Teen Pregnancy	445	(4)
Why Do Some Women Crave Pickles and Ice Cream While Others Can't Keep Anything Down?	446	(1)
What Substances or Behaviors Should Pregnant Women Avoid?	446	(3)
Drinking during Pregnancy	449	(2)
Alcohol's Effects	449	(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	449	(2)
Experts' Advice	451	(1)
Troubleshooting	451	(1)
Lactation	452	(2)
Nutrition during Lactation	452	(1)
When Should a Woman Not Breastfeed?	453	(1)
Feeding the Infant	454	(19)
Nutrient Needs	455	(1)
Breastfeeding	455	(1)
Why Is Breast Milk So Good for Babies?	455	(3)
Formula Feeding	458	(2)
Consumer Corner Formula's Advertising Advantage	460	(1)
An Infant's First Foods	461	(2)
Looking Ahead	463	(2)
Food Feature Mealtimes with Infants	465	(1)
Self Check	466	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	466	(1)
Controversy 12 Fetal and Infant Nutrition: Emerging Links with Chronic Disease	467	(6)
Child, Teen, and Older Adult	473	(36)
Early and Middle Childhood	474	(12)
Growth and Nutrient Needs of Young Children	474	(2)
Mealtimes and Snacking	476	(1)
Can Nutrient Deficiencies Impair a Child's Thinking or Cause Misbehavior?	477	(1)
The Problem of Lead	478	(1)
Food Allergy, Intolerance, and Aversion	479	(3)
Does Diet Affect Hyperactivity?	482	(1)
Television and Children's Nutrition Problems	482	(2)
Is Breakfast Really the Most Important Meal of the Day for Children?	484	(1)
How Nourishing Are the Lunches Served at School?	484	(2)
The Teen Years	486	(4)
Growth and Nutrient Needs of Teenagers	486	(2)
Consumer Corner Nutrition and PMS	488	(1)
Eating Patterns and Food Choices	489	(1)
Acne	489	(1)
The Later Years	490	(1)
Nutrition in the Later Years	490	(19)
Energy and Activity	491	(1)
Think Fitness Benefits of Physical Activity in Aging	492	(1)
Carbohydrates and Fiber	492	(1)
Fats and Arthritis	493	(1)
Protein	493	(1)
Vitamins	493	(1)
Water and the Minerals	494	(1)
Can Nutrition Help People to Live Longer?	495	(2)
Can Foods or Supplements Affect the Course of Alzheimer's Disease?	497	(1)
Food Choices of Older Adults	498	(2)
Food Feature Single Survival and Nutrition on the Run	500	(2)
Self Check	502	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	502	(1)
Controversy 13 Can Food or Supplements Affect Mind and Memory?	503	(6)
Food Safety and Food Technology	509	(48)
Microbes and Food Safety	511	(17)
How Do Germs in Food Cause Illness in the Body?	511	(3)
Food Safety from Farm to Table	514	(3)
Food Safety in the Kitchen	517	(3)
Which Foods Are Most Likely to Make People Sick?	520	(3)
How Can I Avoid Illness When Traveling?	523	(2)
Consumer Corner Irradiation and Food Safety	525	(3)
Natural Toxins in Foods	528	(1)
Environmental Contaminants	528	(2)
Pesticides	530	(4)
Do Pesticides on Foods Pose a Hazard to Consumers?	531	(1)
Regulation of Pesticides	532	(1)
Consumer Concerns	532	(2)
Growth Hormone in Meat and Milk	534	(1)
Effects of Food Processing on the Nutrients in Foods	535	(3)
Modified Atmosphere Packaging	536	(1)
Do Canned Foods Contain Any Nutrients?	536	(1)
Freezing	537	(1)
Drying	537	(1)
Extrusion	538	(1)
Food Additives	538	(19)
Regulations Governing Additives	539	(1)
Antimicrobial Agents	540	(1)
Artificial Colors	541	(1)
Are Artificial Flavors and the Flavor Enhancer MSG Safe to Eat?	542	(1)
Incidental Food Additives	542	(1)
Nutrient Additives	543	(1)
Food Feature Making Wise Food Choices and Cooking to Preserve Nutrients	544	(3)
Self Check	547	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	547	(1)
Controversy 14 Organic Foods or Products of Biotechnology: Which Are Best for Our Future?	548	(9)
Hunger and the Global Environment	557
The Challenge to Change	559	(1)
Hunger	560	(5)
What U.S. Food Programs Are Directed at Stopping Domestic Hunger?	561	(2)
What Is the State of World Hunger?	563	(2)
Environmental Degradation and Hunger	565	(2)
Moving toward Solutions	567
Sustainable Development Worldwide	568	(1)
How Can People Engage in Activism and Simpler Lifestyles at Home?	568	(1)
Consumer Corner Saving Money and Protecting the Environment	569	(3)
Self Check	572	(1)
Nutrition on the Net	572	(1)
Controversy 15 Agribusiness and Food Production: How to Go Forward?	573
Appendix
A Table of Food Composition	1	(1)
B Canadiana: Recommendations, Choice System, and Labels	1	(1)
C Aids to Calculations	1	(1)
D U.S. Food Exchange System	1	(1)
E Nutrition Resources	1	(1)
F Notes	1	(1)
G Answers to Self Check Questions	1	(1)
Glossary	1
Index