Nutrition for Life

by Thompson, Janice; Manore, Melinda

• ISBN13: 9780805379686
• ISBN10: 0805379681
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Nutrition for Lifecapitalizes on studentsrs" natural interest in nutrition by demonstrating how nutrition relates to their health. A unique aspect of the text is its presentation of nutrients based on function, not on chemical classification. Nutrition: Making It Work for You, The Human Body: Are We Really What We Eat?, Carbohydrates: Bountiful Sources of Energy and Nutrients, Fat: An Essential Energy-Supplying Nutrient, Proteins: Crucial Components of All Body Tissues, Vitamins: Micronutrients with Macro Powers, Minerals: Tissue Builders and Impulse Transmitters, Fluids: The Inner River of Life, Achieving and Maintaining a Healthful Body Weight, Nutrition and Physical Activity: Keys to Good Health, Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle, Nutrition Issues: The Production, Safety, and Security of the Worldrs"s Food SupplyFor all readers interested in nutrition.

Table of Contents

Nutrition: Making it Work for You	1	(37)
What Is Nutrition, and Why Is It Important?	2	(4)
Nutrition Is One of Several Factors Contributing to Wellness	2	(1)
A Healthful Diet Can Prevent Some Diseases and Reduce Your Risk for Others	3	(1)
Healthy People 2010 Includes Nutrition-Related Goals for the United States	4	(2)
What Are Nutrients?	6	(3)
Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins Are Macronutrients That Provide Energy	7	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals Are Micronutrients	8	(1)
Water Supports All Body Functions	9	(1)
What Is a Healthful Diet?	9	(2)
A Healthful Diet Is Adequate	9	(1)
A Healthful Diet Is Moderate	10	(1)
A Healthful Diet Is Balanced	10	(1)
A Healthful Diet Is Varied	10	(1)
How Can You Design a Diet That Works for You?	11	(18)
Use the Dietary Reference Intakes to Figure Out Your Nutrient Needs	11	(1)
Follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans	12	(2)
Game Plan: Ways to Incorporate the Dietary Guidelines for Americans into Your Daily Life	14	(1)
Use MyPyramid to Help You Plan Meals and Snacks	15	(5)
Nutrition Label Activity: How Realistic Are the Serving Sizes Listed on Food Labels?	20	(6)
Read Food Labels	26	(3)
Who Can You Trust to Help You Choose Foods Wisely?	29	(9)
Trustworthy Experts Are Educated and Credentialed	29	(1)
Government Sources of Information Are Usually Trustworthy	30	(1)
Professional Organizations Provide Reliable Nutrition Information	30	(1)
Highlight: Research Study Results: Who Can You Believe?	31	(7)
The Human Body: Are We Really What We Eat?	38	(28)
Why Do We Want to Eat What We Want to Eat?	39	(4)
Food Stimulates Our Senses	39	(1)
External Cues Trigger Appetite	40	(1)
Various Factors Affect Hunger and Satiation	41	(1)
Learning Influences Our Food Choices	42	(1)
Are We Really What We Eat?	43	(4)
What About You?: Do You Eat in Response to External or Internal Cues?	44	(1)
Atoms Bond to Form Molecules	45	(1)
Food Is Composed of Molecules	45	(1)
Molecules Join to Form Cells	45	(1)
Cells Join to Form Tissues and Organs	46	(1)
Organs Make Up Functional Systems	46	(1)
What Happens to the Food We Eat?	47	(8)
Digestive Juices Begin to Flow Even Before We Eat	48	(1)
The Esophagus Transports Food into the Stomach	49	(1)
The Stomach Mixes, Digests, and Stores Food	50	(1)
Most of Digestion and Absorption Occurs in the Small Intestine	51	(3)
The Large Intestine Stores Food Waste Until It Is Excreted	54	(1)
How Does the Body Coordinate and Regulate Digestion?	55	(2)
Highlight: Probiotics: What Are They, Can They Improve Gastrointestinal Health, and Should You Eat Them?	56	(1)
Healthwatch: What Disorders Are Related to Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination?	57	(2)
Heartburn Is Caused by Reflux of Stomach Acid	57	(1)
An Ulcer Is An Area of Erosion in the GI Tract	58	(1)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Ulcers Are Caused by Stress and Spicy Foods	59	(7)
In Food Allergies, the Body Tries to Defend Against Foods	59	(1)
Diarrhea Results When Food Is Expelled Too Quickly	60	(1)
Constipation Results When Food Wastes are Expelled Too Slowly	60	(1)
Game Plan: Tips for Avoiding Traveler's Diarrhea	61	(1)
Irritable Bowl Syndrome Causes Intense Pain After Eating	62	(4)
Carbohydrates: Bountiful Sources of Energy and Nutrients	66	(32)
What Are Carbohydrates?	67	(5)
Most Carbohydrates Come from Plant Foods	67	(1)
Simple Carbohydrates Are Sugars	68	(1)
Complex Carbohydrates Are Starches and Fiber	69	(2)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Honey Is More Nutritious Than Table Sugar	71	(1)
Highlight: What Makes a Whole Grain Whole?	72	(1)
Why Do We Need to Eat Carbohydrates?	72	(3)
Carbohydrates Provide Energy	72	(1)
Fiber-Rich Carbohydrates Have Health Benefits	73	(2)
What Happens to the Carbohydrates We Eat?	75	(4)
Digestion Breaks Down Most Carbohydrates into Monosaccharides	75	(1)
The Liver Converts All Monosaccharides into Glucose	76	(1)
Fiber Is Excreted from the Large Intestine	76	(1)
Insulin and Glucagon Regulate the Level of Glucose in Blood	77	(1)
The Glycemic Index Shows How Foods Affect Our Blood Glucose Levels	77	(2)
How Much Carbohydrate Should We Eat?	79	(11)
Most Americans Eat Too Much Refined Carbohydrate	80	(2)
Highlight: What's the Story on Alternative Sweeteners?	82	(2)
Most Americans Eat Too Little Fiber-Rich Carbohydrate	84	(4)
Game Plan: Tips for Increasing Your Fiver Intake One Step at a Time	88	(2)
Nutrition Label Activity: Recognizing Carbohydrates on the Label	90	(1)
Healthwatch: What Is Diabetes, and Why Has It Become a Public Health Concern?	90	(8)
In Type 1 Diabetes, the Body Does Not Produce Enough Insulin	92	(1)
In Type 2 Diabetes, Cells Become Less Responsive to Insulin	93	(1)
Lifestyle Choices Can Help Control or Prevent Type 2 Diabetes	93	(1)
What About You?: Calculate Your Risk for Type 2 Diabetes	94	(4)
Fat: An Essential Energy-Supplying Nutrient	98	(32)
What Are Fats?	99	(6)
Lipids Come in Different Forms	99	(1)
Most of the Fat We Eat Is Triglycerides	99	(1)
Saturated Fats Contain the Maximum Amount of Hydrogen	100	(1)
Unsaturated Fats Contain Less Hydrogen	101	(1)
Trans Fats Are Harmful to Our Health	102	(1)
Many Foods Contain a Variety of Fatty Acids	102	(1)
Phospholipids Combine Lipids with Phosphate	103	(1)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Margarine is More Healthful Than Butter	104	(1)
Sterols Have a Ring Structure	105	(1)
Why Do We Need to Eat Fats?	105	(3)
Fats Provide Energy	105	(1)
Fats Store Energy for Later Use	106	(1)
Fats Provide Essential Fatty Acids	106	(1)
Fats Enable the Transport of Fat-Soluble Vitamins	107	(1)
Fats Help Maintain Cell Function and Provide Protection to the Body	107	(1)
Fats Contribute to the Flavor and Texture of Foods	108	(1)
Fats Help Us to Feel Satiated	108	(1)
When Are Fats Harmful?	108	(1)
Eating Too Much of Certain Fats Can Lead to Disease	108	(1)
Fats Limit the Shelf Life of Foods	108	(1)
What Happens to the Fats We Eat?	109	(2)
The Gallbladder, Liver, and Pancreas Assist in Fat Breakdown	109	(1)
Most Fat Is Absorbed in the Small Intestine	110	(1)
Fat Is Stored in Adipose Tissues for Later Use	111	(1)
How Much Fat Should We Eat?	111	(6)
Dietary Reference Intake for Total Fat	111	(1)
Dietary Reference Intakes for Essential Fatty Acids	112	(1)
Most Americans Eat the Recommended Amount of Fat, But the Wrong Types	112	(1)
Shoppers Guide: Choosing Foods with Healthful Fats	113	(2)
Highlight: Low-Fat, Reduced-Fat, Non-Fat . . . What's the Difference?	115	(1)
Nutrition Label Activity: How Much Fat Is in This Food?	116	(1)
Healthwatch: What Role Do Fats Play In Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer?	117	(13)
Dietary Fats Play an Important Role in Cardiovascular Disease	119	(2)
Highlight: Know Your Blood Lipid Levels!	121	(1)
Other Factors Also Play Important Roles in Cardiovascular Disease	121	(1)
Calculating Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease	122	(1)
Lifestyle Changes Can Prevent or Reduce Cardiovascular Disease	122	(1)
What About You?: Calculate Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease	123	(1)
Does a High-Fat Diet Cause Cancer?	124	(1)
Game Plan: Tips for Heart-Healthy Eating	125	(5)
Proteins: Crucial Components of All Body Tissues	130	(26)
What Are Proteins?	131	(2)
How Do Proteins Differ from Carbohydrates and Lipids?	131	(1)
The Building Blocks of Proteins Are Amino Acids	131	(2)
How Are Proteins Made?	133	(2)
Genes Tell Amino Acids How to Group into Proteins	133	(1)
Protein Shape Determines Function	133	(1)
Protein Synthesis Can Be Limited by Missing Amino Acids	134	(1)
Protein Synthesis Can Be Enhanced by Mutual Supplementation	134	(1)
Why Do We Need to Eat Proteins?	135	(3)
Proteins Contribute to Cell Growth, Repair, and Maintenance	135	(1)
Proteins Act as Enzymes and Hormones	136	(1)
Proteins Help Maintain Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	136	(1)
Proteins Help Maintain Acid-Base Balance	137	(1)
Proteins Help Maintain a Strong Immune System	137	(1)
Proteins Serve as an Energy Source	137	(1)
What Happens to the Proteins We Eat?	138	(1)
Stomach Acids and Pepsin Begin to Break Down Proteins	138	(1)
Enzymes in the Small Intestine Finish Breaking Proteins into Single Amino Acids	138	(1)
Digestibility Affects Protein Quality	139	(1)
How Much Protein Should We Eat?	139	(7)
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Protein	139	(1)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Athletes Need More Protein Than Inactive People	140	(1)
Too Much Dietary Protein Can Be Harmful	141	(1)
Highlight: High-Protein Diets: Are They the Key to Weight Loss?	142	(1)
Shopper's Guide: Good Food Sources of Protein	143	(1)
Highlight: What's So Great About Soy?	144	(2)
Game Plan: Tips for Adding Legumes to Your Daily Diet	146	(1)
Healthwatch: Can a Vegetarian Diet Provide Adequate Protein?	146	(10)
There Are Many Types of Vegetarian Diets	146	(1)
What About You?: How Much Protein Do You Eat?	147	(1)
Why Do People Become Vegetarians?	147	(2)
Highlight: Mad Cow Disease---What's the Beef?	149	(1)
What Are the Challenges of a Vegetarian Diet?	150	(1)
A Special Food Pyramid Can Help Vegetarians Consume Adequate Nutrients	151	(5)
Vitamins: Micronutrients with Macro Powers	156	(36)
What Are Vitamins?	157	(2)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins Are Stored in the Body	157	(1)
Water-Soluble Vitamins Should Be Consumed Daily or Weekly	158	(1)
Tissue Guardians: Vitamins A, D, and K	159	(13)
Vitamin A Protects Our Sight	159	(2)
Vitamin D Guards Our Bones	161	(3)
Vitamin K Protects Against Blood Loss	164	(1)
What About You?: Do You Get Enough Vitamin D?	165	(1)
The Mighty Antioxidants: Vitamins E and C	166	(1)
What Are Antioxidants, and How Do Our Bodies Use Them?	166	(1)
Highlight: Herbal Supplements: Use with Caution	167	(2)
Vitamin E Maintains Healthy Cells	169	(1)
Vitamin C Defends Against Airborne Pollutants	170	(2)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Vitamin C Can Prevent the Common Cold	172	(1)
The Energy Generators: B-Complex Vitamins	172	(9)
How Do Our Bodies Use B-Vitamins to Produce Energy?	172	(1)
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) Helps Metabolize Glucose	173	(1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Helps Break Down Carbohydrates and Fats	174	(1)
Niacin Helps Produce Energy and Build and Repair DNA	174	(1)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Helps Manufacture Nonessential Amino Acids	175	(1)
Folate Is Critical During the Earliest Weeks of Pregnancy	176	(1)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Maintains Healthy Nerves and Blood	176	(1)
Pantothenic Acid Assists in Building and Breaking Down Fatty Acids	177	(1)
Biotin Helps Metabolize All Macronutrients	177	(1)
Choline Is a Vitamin-like Substance Found in Many Foods	177	(1)
Highlight: Multivitamin Supplements: Necessity or Waste?	178	(3)
Healthwatch: Do Antioxidants Protect Against Cancer?	181	(11)
Genetic, Lifestyle, and Environmental Factors Can Increase Our Risk for Cancer	181	(2)
Game Plan: Simple Steps to Reduce Your Risk of Cancer	183	(1)
Antioxidants Play a Role in Preventing Cancer and Other Diseases	184	(1)
Phytochemicals Appear to Reduce Our Risk of Cancer and Other Diseases	184	(2)
Game Plan: Tips for Increasing Your Phytochemical Intake	186	(6)
Minerals: Building and Moving Our Bodies	192	(34)
What Are Minerals?	193	(1)
Major Minerals Are Required in Amounts Greater Than 100 mg per Day	193	(1)
Trace Minerals Are Required in Amounts Less Than 100 mg per Day	193	(1)
Essential Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Phosphorus	194	(7)
Sodium is Part of Table Salt	197	(1)
Game Plan: Tips for Sparing the Salt	198	(2)
Potassium Helps Maintain Healthful Blood Pressure	200	(1)
Chloride Assists Fluid Balance, Digestion, and Nerve Function	200	(1)
Phosphorus Assists Fluid Balance	201	(1)
Mineral Power Plants: Chromium, Manganese, Sulfur, Iodine, and Selenium	201	(4)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Chromium Supplements Enhance Body Composition	202	(1)
Chromium Plays an Important Role in Carbohydrate Metabolism	202	(1)
Manganese Assists in Energy Metabolism, Oxidation, and Many Other Processes	202	(1)
Sulfur Is a Component of Thiamin and Biotin and Helps Stabilize Proteins	203	(1)
Iodine Helps Make Thyroid Hormone	203	(1)
Selenium Spares Vitamin E and Helps Make Thyroid Hormone	204	(1)
The Blood Fortifiers: Iron, Zinc, and Copper	205	(7)
Iron Is a Key Component of the Blood Protein Hemoglobin	205	(3)
Zinc Assists the Work of a Multitude of Different Enzymes	208	(2)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Zinc Lozenges Help Fight the Common Cold	210	(1)
Copper Helps Produce Energy and Build Tissues	211	(1)
The Bone Builders: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Fluoride	212	(7)
Bones Are Made of Minerals and Proteins	212	(1)
How Do Bones Stay Healthy?	213	(1)
Calcium Is a Key Component of Our Bones	214	(3)
Phosphorus Is Part of the Mineral Complex of Bone	217	(1)
Magnesium Is Found in Bones and Soft Tissues	217	(1)
Fluoride Promotes the Development and Maintenance of Our Teeth and Bones	218	(1)
Healthwatch: Are You at Risk for Osteoporosis?	219	(7)
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis	220	(1)
What About You?: Calculate Your Risk for Osteoporosis	221	(5)
Fluid Balance, Water, and Alcohol	226	(24)
What Are Fluids, and What Are Their Functions?	227	(3)
Body Fluid Is the Liquid Portion of Cells and Tissues	228	(1)
Fluids Serve Many Critical Functions	229	(1)
How Do Our Bodies Maintain Fluid Balance?	230	(3)
The Thirst Mechanism Prompts Us to Drink Fluids	230	(1)
We Gain Fluids by Consuming Beverages and Foods and Through Metabolism	231	(1)
We Lose Fluids Through Urine and Feces, Sweat, Evaporation, and Exhalation	231	(2)
How Much Fluid Should We Drink---And What Kinds?	233	(4)
Mineral, Fizzy, or Tap: Water Is a Healthful Choice	233	(1)
All Beverages Are Not Created Equal	234	(1)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Bottled Water Is Safer Than Tap Water	235	(1)
Highlight: Sports Beverages: Help or Hype?	236	(1)
Healthwatch: Can Too Little or Too Much Fluid Intake Be Deadly?	237	(2)
Dehydration Is Common with Exercise in Hot Weather	237	(1)
Heat Stroke	238	(1)
Water Intoxication	238	(1)
How Much Alcohol Is Safe to Drink?	239	(6)
Alcohol Consumption Is Described as Drinks per Day	239	(1)
Fewer Than Half of Americans Surveyed Regularly Consume Alcohol	240	(1)
Alcohol Absorption Rates Vary	240	(1)
What About You?: Should You Be Concerned About How Much Alcohol You Drink?	241	(1)
Moderate Consumption of Alcohol Has Health Benefits	242	(1)
Moderate Alcohol Consumption Also Entails Health Risks	243	(1)
Alcohol Abuse Impairs Our Ability to Function	243	(1)
Alcohol Abuse Also Greatly Increases the Risk of Accidental Death	244	(1)
Game Plan: Strategies for Helping Someone with an Alcohol Problem Get Treatment	245	(1)
Healthwatch: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Is Caused by Maternal Consumption of Alcohol	245	(5)
Achieving and Maintaining a Healthful Body Weight	250	(43)
What Is a Healthful Body Weight?	251	(1)
Is Your Body Weight Healthful?	252	(4)
Determine Your Body Mass Index	252	(1)
Estimate Your Body Composition	252	(2)
Assess Your Fat Distribution Pattern	254	(2)
What Makes Us Gain and Lose Weight?	256	(10)
We Gain or Lose Weight When Our Energy Intake and Expenditure Are Out of Balance	256	(4)
Genetic Factors Affect Our Tendency to Gain or Lose Weight	260	(2)
Childhood Weight Influences Adult Weight	262	(1)
Behavioral Factors Affect Food Choices and Body Weight	262	(1)
Social Factors Influence Eating Behavior and Physical Activity	263	(1)
Game Plan: Tactics for Eating Smart When Eating Out	264	(2)
How Many Kilocalories Do You Need?	266	(1)
How Can You Achieve and Maintain a Healthful Body Weight?	267	(6)
Healthful Weight Change Involves Moderation and Consistency	267	(1)
Highlight: The Anatomy of Fad Diets	268	(1)
Game Plan: Steps Toward Sustained Weight Loss	269	(2)
Safe and Effective Weight Gain	271	(2)
Healthwatch: How Can You Avoid Obesity?	273	(5)
What Causes Obesity?	274	(2)
How Is Obesity Treated?	276	(2)
Healthwatch: Disordered Eating: Are You at Risk?	278	(15)
Eating Behaviors Occur on a Continuum	278	(1)
Many Factors Contribute to Disordered Eating Behaviors	278	(1)
What About You?: Are You at Risk for an Eating Disorder?	279	(2)
Anorexia Nervosa Is a Potentially Deadly Eating Disorder	281	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa Is Characterized by Binging and Purging	282	(1)
Game Plan: Discussing an Eating Disorder with a Friend or Family Member: What Do You Say?	283	(1)
Binge-Eating Disorder Can Cause Significant Weight Gain	284	(1)
The Female Athlete Triad Consists of Three Disorders	284	(2)
Treatment for Disordered Eating Requires a Multidisciplinary Approach	286	(1)
Highlight: Eating Disorders in Men: Are They Different?	286	(7)
Nutrition and Physical Activity: Keys to Good Health	293	(32)
Why Engage in Physical Activity?	294	(2)
Physical Activity Increases Our Fitness	294	(1)
Physical Activity Reduces Our Risk for Chronic Disease	295	(1)
Most Americans Are Inactive	296	(1)
What Is a Sound Fitness Program?	296	(7)
A Sound Fitness Program Meets Your Personal Goals	297	(1)
A Sound Fitness Program Is Fun	297	(1)
A Sound Fitness Program Includes Variety and Consistency	297	(2)
A Sound Fitness Program Appropriately Overloads the Body	299	(2)
What About You?: What's Your Maximal Heart Rate and Training Range?	301	(1)
A Sound Fitness Plan Includes Warm-Up and Cool-Down Periods	301	(1)
Game Plan: Tips for Increasing Your Physical Activity	302	(1)
What Fuels Our Activities?	303	(4)
Adenosine Triphosphate and Creatine Phosphate Stored in Our Muscles Fuel Brief Activities	303	(1)
The Breakdown of Carbohydrates Provides Energy for Long-Term Activity	304	(1)
Aerobic Breakdown of Fats Supports Exercise of Low Intensity and Long Duration	305	(1)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Lactic Acid Causes Muscle Fatigue and Soreness	306	(1)
Amino Acids Are Not Major Sources of Fuel During Exercise	306	(1)
What Kind of Diet Supports Physical Activity?	307	(9)
Vigorous Exercise Increases Energy Needs	307	(1)
Carbohydrate Needs Increase for Many Active People	307	(4)
Moderate Fat Consumption Is Enough to Support Most Activities	311	(1)
Active People Need More Protein, but Many Already Eat Enough	312	(1)
Regular Exercise Increases Our Need for Fluids	313	(2)
Inadequate Intakes of Some Vitamins and Minerals Can Diminish Health and Performance	315	(1)
Healthwatch: Are Ergogenic Aids Necessary for Athletes?	316	(9)
Highlight: Nine Deceptive Practices Used to Market Ergogenic Aids	317	(1)
Anabolic Products Are Promoted as Muscle and Strength Enhancers	317	(2)
Some Products Are Said to Optimize Fuel Use During Exercise	319	(6)
Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle	325	(53)
Starting Out Right: Healthful Nutrition in Pregnancy	326	(14)
Why Is Nutrition Important Before Conception?	326	(1)
Why Is Nutrition Important During Pregnancy?	327	(3)
How Much Weight Should a Pregnant Woman Gain?	330	(1)
What Are a Pregnant Woman's Nutrient Needs?	331	(4)
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Pregnant Women	335	(1)
Highlight: The Danger of Nonfood Cravings	336	(4)
Nutrition in Infancy	340	(8)
What Are the Benefits of Breastfeeding?	340	(3)
What Are a Breastfeeding Woman's Nutrient Needs?	343	(1)
What Is the Nutritional Quality of Infant Formula?	343	(1)
What Are an Infant's Nutrient Needs?	344	(1)
When Do Infants Begin to Need Solid Foods?	345	(1)
What Not to Feed an Infant	346	(1)
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Infants	347	(1)
Nutrition for Toddlers	348	(3)
What Are a Toddler's Nutrient Needs?	348	(1)
Encouraging Nutritious Food Choices with Toddlers	349	(1)
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Toddlers	350	(1)
Nutrition Throughout Childhood	351	(7)
What Are a Child's Nutrient Needs?	351	(1)
Nutrition Myth or Fact?: Vegan Diets Are Inappropriate for Young Children	352	(1)
Encouraging Nutritious Food Choices with Children	353	(2)
What Is the Effect of School Attendance on Nutrition?	355	(1)
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Children	355	(3)
Nutrition for Adolescents	358	(4)
Adolescent Growth and Activity Patterns	358	(1)
What Are an Adolescent's Nutrient Needs?	359	(1)
Encouraging Nutritious Food Choices with Adolescents	360	(1)
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents	360	(2)
Nutrition for Young and Middle Adults	362	(1)
What Are an Adult's Nutrient Needs?	362	(1)
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adults	362	(1)
Nutrition for Older Adults	362	(16)
Physiologic Changes That Accompany Aging	363	(1)
Age-Related Changes in Body Composition	364	(1)
Age-Related Changes in Organ Function	364	(1)
Factors That Accelerate the Aging Process	364	(1)
What Are an Older Adult's Nutrient Needs?	365	(2)
Fluid Recommendations for Older Adults	367	(1)
Nutrition-Related Concerns for Older Adults	368	(1)
What Social Programs Provide Food to Older Adults in Need?	369	(2)
Highlight: Can We Live Longer by Eating a Low-Energy Diet?	371	(7)
Nutrition Issues: The Safety and Security of the World's Food Supply	378
What Causes Food-Borne Illness?	379	(6)
Several Types of Microbes Contaminate Foods	379	(4)
Some Bacteria and Fungi Release Toxins	383	(1)
Toxins Occur Naturally in Potatoes Exposed to Light	383	(1)
Our Bodies Respond to Food-Borne Microbes and Toxins with Acute Illness	384	(1)
Certain Environmental Conditions Help Microbes Multiply in Foods	384	(1)
How Can You Prevent Food-Borne Illness?	385	(8)
Shop Defensively	386	(1)
Wash Hands and Surfaces Often	386	(1)
Isolate Raw Foods	387	(1)
Store Foods in the Refrigerator or Freezer	387	(3)
Cook Foods Thoroughly	390	(1)
Game Plan: Food Safety Tips for Your Next Barbecue	391	(1)
When Eating Out	392	(1)
When Traveling to Other Countries	393	(1)
How Is Food Spoilage Prevented?	393	(5)
Natural Methods of Preserving Foods Have Been Used for Thousands of Years	394	(1)
Many Food Producers Use Heat to Preserve Foods	395	(1)
New Techniques Expand Food Choices but Raise Concerns about Safety	395	(2)
Highlight: Genetically Modified Organisms: A Blessing or a Curse?	397	(1)
What Are Food Additives, and Are They Safe?	398	(2)
Food Additives Include Flavorings, Colorings, Nutrients, and Other Agents	398	(1)
Are Food Additives Safe?	399	(1)
Do Residues Harm Our Food Supply?	400	(2)
Persistent Organic Pollutants Can Pass into the Food Chain	400	(1)
Pesticides Protect Against Crop Losses	400	(2)
Growth Hormones Are Injected into Cows that Produce Meat and Milk	402	(1)
Are Organic Foods More Healthful?	402	(1)
To Be Labeled Organic, Foods Must Meet Federal Standards	402	(1)
The USDA Regulates Organic Farming	403	(1)
Studies Comparing Organic and Conventionally Grown Foods Are Limited	403	(1)
Malnutrition Is a Concern Shared Throughout the World	403	(4)
Food Security Is Elusive in the United States and Throughout the World	404	(1)
The Three Types of Malnutrition Are Undernutrition, Nutrient Deficiency, and Overnutrition	404	(1)
Several Factors Contribute to Malnutrition	405	(1)
Malnutrition and Infection Create a Vicious Cycle	405	(1)
What Can Be Done to Relieve Malnutrition?	406	(1)
Overweight and Its Associated Diseases Are Widespread Throughout the World	406	(1)
Highlight: Initiatives for Sustainable Food Production and Equitable Distribution	407	(1)
Healthwatch: What Diseases Commonly Result from Malnutrition?	407
Marasmus Results from Too Low an Intake of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein	407	(1)
What About You?: Do Your Actions Contribute to Global Food Security?	408	(2)
Kwashiorkor Results from Inadequate Consumption of Protein	410	(1)
Vitamin A Deficiency Causes Night Blindness	410	(1)
Iron Deficiency Is the Most Common Nutrient Deficiency in the World	411	(1)
Iodine Deficiency Causes Preventable Brain Damage in Children	411
Appendices
Appendix A: Nutrient Values of Foods	1	(1)
Appendix B: Calculations and Conversions	1	(1)
Appendix C: Nutrition and Physical Activity Recommendations for Canadians	1	(1)
Appendix D: Traditional Organization of Nutrients	1	(1)
Appendix E: Foods Containing Caffeine	1	(1)
Appendix F: U.S. Exchange Lists for Meal Planning	1	(1)
Appendix G: Stature-for-Age Charts	1	(1)
Appendix H: Organizations and Resources	1	(1)
Appendix I: Previous USDA Food Guide Pyramid	1	(1)
Answers to Review Questions	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1	(1)
Credits	1