Nutrition and Obesity Assessment, Management and Prevention

by Kazaks, Alexandra; Stern, Judith S.

• ISBN13: 9780763778507
• ISBN10: 0763778508
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-07-27
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Summary

Nutrition and Obesity: Assessment, Management and Prevention is a necessary, timely, and comprehensive text that provides an up-to-date, scientifically accurate study of our current understanding of the causes, consequences, and potential of individual and public responses to the serious health issue of obesity. It presents major concepts about obesity including new knowledge gained from recent advances in research on health risks, energy balance, eating behaviors, the biology of hunger and satiety, and pharmacotherapy and surgery as treatments for obesity. Additionally, the text sets obesity in a public health context that includes local, national, and international environmental policy approaches to assessment and prevention.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
About the Authors	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Epidemiology, Assessment, Causes, and Risks Associated with Presence of Overweight and Obesity	p. 1
Current Obesity Trends	p. 3
Obesity Prevalence in the United States	p. 4
Obesity Definition	p. 4
How Obesity Data Are Collected	p. 6
Trends in Obesity: Increasing or Levelling Off?	p. 6
Extreme Obesity	p. 7
Childhood Obesity	p. 7
Disparities According to Sex and Ethnicity	p. 8
Effects of Socioeconomic Status	p. 10
Global Trends	p. 10
Summary	p. 11
Assessment of Body Weight and Body Composition	p. 15
Anthropometric Assessment of Optimal Body Weight	p. 16
Height-Weight Tables	p. 16
Calculating Ideal Body Weight	p. 16
Comprehensive and Consistent Assessment of Overweight and Obesity Recommended by National Institutes of Health (NIH)	p. 17
How is BMI Useful?	p. 18
Calculating BMI	p. 18
BMI Categories	p. 19
BMI Variation According to Ethnicity	p. 19
BMI Limitations	p. 21
Assessment of Body Composition and Fat Distribution	p. 22
Air and Water Displacement Techniques	p. 22
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)	p. 23
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)	p. 24
Skinfold Measurement	p. 25
What Is a Normal Body Fat Percentage?	p. 25
Is Waist Circumference Measurement Better at Assessing Risk Than BMI?	p. 25
Presence of Other Risk Factors or Disease Comorbidities	p. 27
Methods to Assess Childhood and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity	p. 29
Summary	p. 29
Causes of Obesity	p. 33
Factors That Contribute to Obesity	p. 34
Energy Balance	p. 34
Metabolic Rate	p. 35
Energy Expenditure Terminology, Measurement, and Equations	p. 37
Equations for Calculation of BMR	p. 38
Thermic Effect of Food	p. 38
Energy Used During Physical Activity	p. 39
Environmental Contributors to Increased Energy Intake	p. 39
Food Availability	p. 40
Beverages Add More Calories	p. 40
Increased Portion Sizes	p. 41
Eating Away from Home	p. 41
Impact of Socioeconomic Status	p. 42
Reduced Opportunity for Physical Activity	p. 42
Metabolic and Genetic Contributions to Eating Behavior	p. 42
Homeostatic Controls	p. 42
Hendonic Systems	p. 44
Genetic Contributions to Obesity	p. 44
Summary	p. 45
Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity	p. 51
Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity	p. 52
Characteristics of Obesity Comorbidities	p. 52
An Increase in Frequency and Severity of the Disease Occurs When Adiposity Is Present	p. 52
An Improvement or Resolution of the Disease Occurs with Weight Loss	p. 52
A Plausible Explanation Exists for the Association of Obesity with the Disease State	p. 52
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome	p. 53
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	p. 54
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	p. 55
Type 2 Diabetes	p. 55
Cardiovascular Disease	p. 56
Respiratory Disease	p. 58
Obstructive Sleep Apnea	p. 58
Asthma	p. 58
Malignancies	p. 58
Musculoskeletal Disorders	p. 58
Longevity	p. 59
Controversies About Obesity and Longevity	p. 59
Psychosocial Correlates of Obesity	p. 59
Quality of Life	p. 59
Discrimination and Bias	p. 60
Psychological Implications	p. 61
Economic Costs of Obesity	p. 61
Summary	p. 62
Strategies and Research for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention	p. 67
Dietary Interventions for Obesity Prevention and Management	p. 69
Energy Requirements for Weight Management	p. 70
Dietary Recommendations for Weights Management	p. 71
Food Groups and Energy Density	p. 72
Fruits and Vegetables Food Group	p. 72
Grains Food Group	p. 72
Dairy Food Group	p. 73
Protein Food Group	p. 73
Solid Fats and Added Sugars	p. 73
Alcoholic Beverages	p. 75
Portion Control	p. 75
Food Labels	p. 77
Timing of Meals	p. 78
Specific Diet Plans	p. 78
Calorie-Reduced Diets	p. 78
Recommended Macronutrient Distribution	p. 78
Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate, High-Fiber Diets	p. 79
High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diets	p. 79
Medically Supervised Very-Low-Calorie Diets	p. 79
Research Comparison of Diets	p. 80
Popular Diet Plans	p. 80
How Do We Know What Works?	p. 82
Summary	p. 83
Physical Activity	p. 87
Energy Balance and Physical Activity	p. 88
Definitions of Physical Activity	p. 88
Trends in Physical Activity	p. 89
How Physical Activity Data Are Collected	p. 90
Recommendations for Physical Activity	p. 93
Physical Activity for Good Health, Fitness, and Prevention of Obesity	p. 93
Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Youth	p. 94
Physical Activity for Weight Loss	p. 94
Physical Activity to Prevent Weight Regain	p. 95
Physical Activity and the National Weight Control Registry Participants	p. 96
Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Physical Activity	p. 97
Metabolic Health	p. 97
Risks	p. 98
Costs	p. 99
Summary	p. 99
Pharmacologic Agents in Obesity Management	p. 103
Medications for Weight Loss	p. 104
Incidence: How Many People Use Weight-Loss Medications?	p. 104
How Are Prescription Weight-Loss Medications Regulated?	p. 105
Pharmacological Mechanisms of Prescription Weight-Loss Medications	p. 105
Products That Work Systematically as Appetite Suppressants	p. 105
Products That Inhibit Absorption of Fat from the Gastrointestinal Tract	p. 107
Availability of Prescription Medications for Weight Loss/Management	p. 107
Appetite Suppressants	p. 107
Lipase Inhibitors	p. 109
Other Types of Medications Used for Obesity Treatment	p. 110
Potential Benefits of Weight-Loss Medications	p. 110
Potential Risks Associated with Weight-Loss Medications	p. 110
Treatment Guidelines	p. 111
Will Insurance Cover the Cost of Weight-Loss Medications?	p. 112
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications for Weight Loss/Management	p. 112
Dietary Supplement Therapies for Weight Loss	p. 114
Supplements Regulation and FDA Oversight	p. 114
How is Advertising of Weight-Loss Products Regulated?	p. 115
Red Flag Campaign	p. 115
Summary	p. 115
Surgical Options for Obesity	p. 119
Surgery for Severe Obesity	p. 120
History	p. 120
Incidence	p. 120
Indications	p. 120
Age Limits	p. 121
Contraindications	p. 121
Before Surgery	p. 121
Weight Loss Before Surgery	p. 122
Categories of Procedures	p. 123
Malabsorptive Versus Restyrictive	p. 123
Open Versus Laparoscopic	p. 123
Gastric Bypass Surgery	p. 124
Complications and Risks of Gastric Bypass Surgery	p. 124
Centers of Excellence	p. 126
Benefits/Outcomes of Gastric Bypass Surgery	p. 126
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding	p. 127
Outcomes Associated with Gastric Banding	p. 127
Long-Term Success	p. 127
Insurance Coverage and Accessibility	p. 129
Future Techniques	p. 129
Summary	p. 131
Behavioral Aspects of Weight Management	p. 135
Behavior Therapy Assumptions and Characteristics	p. 136
Assess Readiness to Lose Weight	p. 136
Set Goals	p. 136
SMART Goals for Weight Management	p. 137
Realistic Expectations	p. 137
Apply Behavior Modification Techniques	p. 139
Self-Monitoring	p. 139
Stimulus Control	p. 141
Cognitive Behavior Therapy	p. 142
Social Support Network	p. 143
Treatment Delivery Options	p. 143
Individual Versus Group Therapy	p. 143
Internet-Based Programs	p. 144
Long-Term Weight Maintenance	p. 144
Health at Every Size	p. 145
Summary	p. 146
Where Does Responsibility Lie?	p. 151
Where Does Responsibility Lie?	p. 152
Individuals	p. 152
Families	p. 152
Environment: Food and Physical Activity Accessibility	p. 153
Schools	p. 153
Worksites	p. 154
Advertising	p. 154
Stakeholder Responses to Obesity Issues	p. 155
Healthcare Providers	p. 155
Schools	p. 156
Worksites	p. 157
Public Health	p. 159
State and Community Government and Organizations	p. 159
National Programs	p. 162
Industry	p. 164
Summary	p. 165
New Insights and Future Directions in Obesity Research	p. 171
New Insights for Future Obesity Research	p. 172
Links Between Intenstinal Bacteria and Obesity	p. 172
Introduction to Microbiota	p. 172
Variations in Microbiota	p. 173
Mechanisms of Action Related to Obesity	p. 175
New Discoveries Based on Microbial DNA Sequencing	p. 175
Viruses Potentially Causes Obesity	p. 177
Viruses and Obesity in Animals	p. 177
Adenovirus-36	p. 177
Viruses and Obesity in Humans	p. 177
Areas for Future Research	p. 178
Environmental Obesogens	p. 179
Obesogen Exposure	p. 179
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Mechanisms of Action	p. 180
Embryonic and Perinatal Exposures	p. 181
Sleep Disturbances and Energy Balance	p. 183
Changes in Sleep over Time	p. 183
Variations in Measurement of Sleep Duration	p. 184
Causes of Short Sleep	p. 184
Studies Relating Sleep Duration to Obesity	p. 184
Obesity Spreads Within Social Networks	p. 186
Framingham Heart Study Social Network	p. 186
Study Results	p. 186
Reasons for Social Influence on Obesity	p. 187
Glossary	p. 191
Index	p. 195
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