Nutrition Through the Life Cycle (with InfoTrac)

by Brown, Judith E.; Isaacs, Janet; Krinke, Bea; Murtaugh, Maureen; Sharbaugh, Carolyn

• ISBN13: 9780534589899
• ISBN10: 0534589898
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-07-15
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

One of the most respected nutrition life cycle texts in the higher education market, NUTRITION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE, Second Edition uses current research to explain the nutritional foundations necessary for the growth, development, and normal functioning of individuals in each stage of the life span. From preconception to the final stages of life, this text covers clinical and nutritional interventions for each part of the life cycle. The text is organized systematically, with clinical nutrition topics following normal nutrition topics. The text maintains a consistent level of pedagogy throughout, highlighting key nutrition concepts, nutritional needs, nutrition and health disease outcomes, model programs, and case studies. Featuring an expert author team, this text benefits from a broad range of normal and clinical nutrition expertise from registered dietitians and researchers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Nutrition Basics	1	(42)
Introduction	2	(1)
Principles of the Science of Nutrition	2	(28)
Essential and Nonessential Nutrients	3	(1)
Dietary Intake Standards	3	(1)
Carbohydrates	4	(1)
Protein	5	(1)
Fats (Lipids)	5	(6)
Vitamins	11	(1)
Other Substances in Food	11	(8)
Minerals	19	(8)
Water	27	(3)
Nutritional Labeling	30	(4)
Nutrition Facts Panel	30	(1)
Ingredient Label	31	(1)
Dietary Supplement Labeling	31	(1)
Herbal Remedies	31	(1)
Functional Foods	32	(2)
Meeting Nutritional Needs across the Life Cycle	34	(1)
Dietary Considerations Based on Ethnicity	34	(1)
Dietary Considerations Based on Religion	35	(1)
Nutritional Assessment	35	(2)
Community-Level Assessment	35	(1)
Individual-Level Nutritional Assessment	35	(1)
Dietary Assessment	36	(1)
Anthropometric Assessment	37	(1)
Biochemical Assessment	37	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	37	(1)
WIC	37	(1)
Nationwide Priorities for Improvements in Nutritional Health	38	(5)
Food Intake Recommendations	38	(5)
Preconception Nutrition	43	(18)
Introduction	44	(1)
Preconception Overview	44	(1)
2010 Nutrition Objectives for the Nation Related to the Preconceptional Period	44	(1)
Reproductive Physiology	45	(3)
Female Reproductive System	45	(2)
Male Reproductive System	47	(1)
Sources Of Disruptions In Fertility	48	(1)
Nutrition-Related Disruptions In Fertility	48	(6)
Undernutrition and Fertility	48	(2)
Body Fat and Fertility	50	(1)
Questions	50	(1)
Exercise and Infertility	51	(1)
Diet and Fertility	51	(1)
Other Factors Contributing to Infertility in Males	52	(2)
Nutrition And Contraceptives	54	(1)
Oral Contraceptives and Nutritional Status	54	(1)
Contraceptive Injections	54	(1)
Contraceptive Implants	54	(1)
Contraceptive Patches	55	(1)
Emerging Forms of Contraceptives	55	(1)
Other Preconceptual Nutrition Concerns	55	(2)
Very Early Pregnancy Nutrition Exposures	55	(1)
Recommended Dietary Intakes for Preconceptional Women	56	(1)
Model Preconceptional Nutrition Programs	57	(4)
Preconceptional Benefits of WIC	57	(1)
Decreasing Iron Deficiency in Preconceptional Women in Indonesia	57	(1)
Preconception Care	57	(4)
Preconception Nutrition	61	(12)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	62	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome	62	(1)
Caffeine Intake and PMS	62	(1)
Exercise and Stress Reduction	62	(1)
Magnesium, Calcium, and Vitamin B6 Supplements and PMS Symptoms	63	(1)
Obesity and Fertility	63	(1)
Central Body Fat and Fertility	63	(1)
Weight Loss and Fertility	63	(1)
Eating Disorders and Fertility	63	(1)
Interventions for Women with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa	64	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus Prior to Pregnancy	64	(3)
Questions	64	(1)
A Closer Look at Insulin Resistance	65	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes	65	(1)
Other Components of Nutrition Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes	66	(1)
Reducing the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes	66	(1)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	67	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Women with PCOS	67	(1)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism	68	(1)
PKU (Phenylketonuria)	68	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Women with PKU	68	(1)
Celiac Disease	68	(1)
Nutrition Management of Women with Celiac Disease	69	(1)
Herbal Remedies for Fertility-Related Problems	69	(4)
Questions	69	(4)
Nutrition during Pregnancy	73	(46)
Introduction	74	(1)
The Status of Pregnancy Outcomes	74	(2)
Infant Mortality	74	(2)
Low Birthweight, Preterm Delivery, and Infant Mortality	76	(1)
Reducing Infant Mortality and Morbidity	76	(1)
Health Objectives for the Year 2010	77	(1)
Physiology of Pregnancy	77	(5)
Maternal Physiology	77	(1)
Normal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy	78	(3)
The Placenta	81	(1)
Embryonic and Fetal Growth and Development	82	(7)
Critical Periods of Growth and Development	83	(2)
Fetal Body Composition	85	(1)
Variation in Fetal Growth	85	(1)
Nutrition, Miscarriages, and Preterm Delivery	86	(1)
The Fetal Origins Hypothesis of Chronic Disease Risk	87	(1)
How Is Disease Risk Increased in Utero?	87	(1)
Other In Utero Exposures That May Be Related to Later Disease Risk	88	(1)
Limitations of the Fetal Origins Hypothesis	88	(1)
Pregnancy Weight Gain	89	(3)
Pregnancy Weight Gain Recommendations	89	(1)
Composition of Weight Gain in Pregnancy	90	(1)
Postpartum Weight Retention	90	(2)
Nutrition and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy	92	(14)
Famine and Pregnancy Outcome	92	(1)
Contemporary Prenatal Nutrition Research Results	93	(1)
Energy Requirement in Pregnancy	93	(2)
Carbohydrate Intake during Pregnancy	95	(1)
Alcohol and Pregnancy Outcome	95	(1)
Protein Requirement	96	(1)
Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy	96	(1)
Maternal Intake of Essential Fatty Acids and Pregnancy Outcome	97	(2)
The Need for Water During Pregnancy	99	(1)
Questions	99	(1)
Folate and Pregnancy Outcome	100	(1)
Folate and Congenital Abnormalities	100	(2)
Vitamin A and Pregnancy Outcome	102	(1)
Vitamin D Requirement	102	(1)
Calcium Requirements in Pregnancy	103	(1)
Fluoride	103	(1)
Iron Status and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy	103	(3)
Zinc Requirement in Pregnancy	106	(1)
Iodine and Pregnancy Outcome	106	(1)
The Need for Sodium During Pregnancy	106	(1)
Caffeine Use in Pregnancy	106	(1)
Healthy Diets for Pregnancy	106	(4)
Effect of Taste and Smell Changes on Dietary Intake during Pregnancy	107	(1)
Pica	107	(1)
Assessment of Dietary Intake during Pregnancy	107	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation during Pregnancy	108	(1)
Herbal Remedies and Pregnancy	109	(1)
Exercise and Pregnancy Outcome	110	(1)
Exercise Recommendations for Pregnant Women	110	(1)
Food Safety Issues during Pregnancy	110	(1)
Mercury Contamination	111	(1)
Common Health Problems during Pregnancy	111	(1)
Nausea and Vomiting	111	(1)
Heartburn	112	(1)
Constipation	112	(1)
Model Nutrition Programs for Risk Reduction in Pregnancy	112	(7)
The Montreal Diet Dispensary	112	(1)
The WIC Program	113	(6)
Nutrition during Pregnancy	119	(24)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	120	(1)
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy	120	(5)
Chronic Hypertension	121	(1)
Gestational Hypertension	121	(1)
Preeclampsia-Eclampsia	121	(3)
Preeclampsia Case Presentation	124	(1)
Nutritional Recommendations and Interventions for Preeclampsia	124	(1)
Diabetes in Pregnancy	125	(9)
Gestational Diabetes	125	(1)
Questions	125	(2)
Consequences of Poorly Controlled Gestational Diabetes	127	(1)
Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes	127	(1)
Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes	127	(1)
Treatment of Gestational Diabetes	128	(1)
Presentation of a Case Study	129	(1)
Exercise Benefits and Recommendations	129	(1)
Nutritional Management of Women with Gestational Diabetes	129	(2)
Consumption of Foods with a Low Glycemic Index	131	(1)
Questions	131	(1)
Postpartum Follow-up	132	(1)
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes	132	(1)
Type I Diabetes during Pregnancy	132	(2)
Multifetal Pregnancies	134	(4)
Background Information about Multiple Fetuses	134	(1)
Risks Associated with Multifetal Pregnancy	134	(1)
Interventions and Services for Risk Reduction	135	(1)
Nutrition and the Outcome of Multifetal Pregnancy	136	(1)
Dietary Intake in Twin Pregnancy	136	(1)
Nutritional Recommendations for Women with Multifetal Pregnancy	137	(1)
HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy	138	(1)
Treatment of HIV/AIDS	138	(1)
Consequences of HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy	138	(1)
Nutritional Factors and HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy	138	(1)
Nutritional Management of Women with HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy	138	(1)
Eating Disorders in Pregnancy	139	(1)
Consequences of Eating Disorders in Pregnancy	139	(1)
Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders during Pregnancy	139	(1)
Nutritional Interventions for Women with Eating Disorders	139	(1)
Nutritional and Adolescent Pregnancy	139	(1)
Growth during Adolescent Pregnancy	140	(1)
Dietary Recommendations for Pregnant Adolescents	140	(1)
Evidence-Based Practice	140	(3)
Nutrition during Lactation	143	(30)
Introduction	144	(1)
Benefits of Breastfeeding	144	(2)
Breastfeeding Benefits for Mothers	144	(1)
Breastfeeding Benefits for Infants	144	(2)
Breastfeeding Goals for the United States	146	(1)
Lactation Physiology	147	(2)
Functional Unit of the Mammary Gland	147	(1)
Mammary Gland Development	147	(1)
Lactogenesis	147	(1)
Hormonal Control of Lactation	148	(1)
Secretion of Milk	148	(1)
The Letdown Reflex	149	(1)
Breast Milk Supply and Demand	149	(2)
Can Women Make Enough Milk?	149	(1)
Does the Size of the Breast Limit a Woman's Ability to Nurse Her Infant?	150	(1)
Is Feeding Frequency Related to the Amount of Milk a Woman Can Make?	150	(1)
Pumping or Expressing Milk	150	(1)
Can Women Breastfeed after Breast Reduction or Augmentation Surgery?	150	(1)
Does Silicone from Breast Implants Leach into the Milk?	150	(1)
Human Milk Composition	151	(3)
Colostrum	151	(1)
Water	151	(1)
Energy	151	(1)
Lipids	151	(1)
Protein	152	(1)
Milk Carbohydrates	152	(1)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins	152	(1)
Water-Soluble Vitamins	153	(1)
Minerals in Human Milk	153	(1)
Taste of Human Milk	154	(1)
The Breastfeeding Infant	154	(3)
Optimal Duration of Breastfeeding	154	(1)
Reflexes	154	(1)
Breastfeeding Positioning	154	(1)
Identifying Hunger and Satiety	155	(1)
Feeding Frequency	155	(1)
Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition	155	(1)
Infant Supplements	156	(1)
Tooth Decay	156	(1)
Questions	156	(1)
Maternal Diet	157	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	157	(1)
Maternal Energy Balance and Milk Composition	158	(2)
Maternal Weight Loss during Breastfeeding	158	(1)
Exercise and Breastfeeding	159	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements	159	(1)
Functional Foods	159	(1)
Fluids	159	(1)
Alternative Diets	159	(1)
Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration	160	(1)
Breastfeeding Promotion, Facilitation, and Support	160	(5)
Role of the Health Care System in Supporting Breastfeeding	160	(1)
Prenatal Breastfeeding Education and Support	160	(2)
Lactation Support in Hospitals and Birthing Centers	162	(1)
Lactation Support after Discharge	162	(1)
The Workplace	162	(2)
The Community	164	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	165	(1)
National Breastfeeding Policy	165	(1)
USDA WIC Program	165	(1)
Model Breastfeeding Promotion Programs	166	(7)
WIC National Breastfeeding Promotion Project---Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work	166	(1)
Wellstart International	167	(6)
Nutrition and Lactation	173	(26)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	174	(1)
Common Breastfeeding Conditions	174	(3)
Sore Nipples	174	(1)
Letdown Failure	174	(1)
Overactive Letdown	174	(1)
Engorgement	175	(1)
Plugged Duct	175	(1)
Infection	175	(1)
Questions	176	(1)
Maternal Medications	177	(1)
Herbal Remedies	178	(2)
Specific Herbs Used in the United States	180	(1)
Alcohol and Other Drugs	180	(3)
Alcohol	180	(1)
Nicotine (Smoking Cigarettes)	181	(1)
Marijuana	182	(1)
Caffeine	182	(1)
Other Drugs of Abuse	183	(1)
Environmental Exposures	183	(1)
Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus	183	(4)
Bilirubin Metabolism	184	(1)
Physiologic versus Pathologic Newborn Jaundice	184	(1)
Hyperbilirubinemia and Breastfeeding	185	(2)
Treatment for Jaundice	187	(1)
Information for Parents	187	(1)
Breastfeeding Multiples	187	(1)
Infant Allergies	188	(1)
Food Intolerance	189	(1)
Near-Term Infants	189	(1)
Human Milk and Preterm Infants	189	(2)
Questions	190	(1)
Medical Contraindications to Breastfeeding	191	(2)
Breastfeeding and HIV Infection	191	(2)
Human Milk Collection and Storage	193	(1)
Milk Banking	193	(1)
Model Programs	193	(6)
Loving Support for a Bright Future Breastfeeding Support Kits	193	(1)
Breastfeeding Promotion in Physicians' Office Practices	194	(1)
The Rush Mothers' Milk Club	194	(5)
Infant Nutrition	199	(24)
Introduction	200	(1)
Assessing Newborn Health	200	(1)
Birthweight As an Outcome	200	(1)
Infant Mortality	200	(1)
Combating Infant Mortality	200	(1)
Standard Newborn Growth Assessment	201	(1)
Infant Development	201	(3)
Motor Development	201	(1)
Critical Periods	201	(1)
Cognitive Development	202	(1)
Digestive System Development	202	(1)
Parenting	203	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	204	(2)
Caloric Needs	204	(1)
Protein Needs	204	(1)
Fats	205	(1)
Metabolic Rate, Calories, Fats, and Protein---How Do They All Tie Together?	205	(1)
Other Nutrients and Nonnutrients	205	(1)
Physical Growth Assessment	206	(2)
Interpretation of Growth Data	207	(1)
Feeding in Early Infancy	208	(1)
Breast Milk and Formula	208	(1)
Cow's Milk during Infancy	208	(1)
Development of Infant Feeding Skills	209	(6)
Introduction of Solid Foods	211	(1)
The Importance of Infant Feeding Position	211	(1)
Preparing for Drinking from a Cup	212	(1)
Questions	212	(1)
Food Texture and Development	213	(1)
First Food	213	(1)
Inappropriate and Unsafe Food Choices	213	(1)
Water	214	(1)
How Much Food Is Enough for Infants?	215	(1)
How Infants Learn Food Preferences	215	(1)
Nutrition Guidance	215	(1)
Infants and Exercise	216	(1)
Supplements for Infants	216	(1)
Common Nutritional Problems and Concerns	216	(3)
Failure to Thrive	216	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Failure to Thrive	217	(1)
Colic	217	(1)
Iron-Deficiency Anemia	218	(1)
Diarrhea and Constipation	218	(1)
Prevention of Baby-Bottle Caries and Ear Infections	218	(1)
Food Allergies and Intolerances	219	(1)
Lactose Intolerance	219	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	219	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	220	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	220	(3)
Model Program: Newborn Screening and Expanded Newborn Screening	220	(1)
WIC	220	(3)
Infant Nutrition	223	(18)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	224	(1)
Infants at Risk	224	(1)
Families of Infants with Special Health Care Needs	225	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	225	(2)
Energy Needs	225	(1)
Protein Requirements	225	(1)
Fats	226	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	226	(1)
Growth	227	(2)
Growth in Preterm Infants	227	(1)
Does Intrauterine Growth Predict Growth Outside?	228	(1)
Interpretation of Growth	229	(1)
Common Nutritional Problems	229	(2)
Nutrition Risks to Development	229	(2)
Severe Preterm Birth and Nutrition	231	(2)
How Sick Babies Are Fed	231	(1)
What to Feed Preterm Infants	231	(1)
Preterm Infants and Feeding	232	(1)
Infants with Congenital Anomalies and Chronic Illness	233	(4)
Questions	234	(1)
Infants with Genetic Disorders	235	(1)
Questions	236	(1)
Feeding Problems	237	(1)
Nutrition Interventions	237	(1)
Nutrition Services	238	(3)
Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition	241	(28)
Introduction	242	(1)
Definitions of the Life-Cycle Stage	242	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	242	(1)
Tracking Toddler and Preschooler Health	242	(1)
Healthy People 2010	242	(1)
Normal Growth and Development	242	(2)
The 2000 CDC Growth Charts	243	(1)
Common Problems with Measuring and Plotting Growth Data	244	(1)
Physiological and Cognitive Development	244	(7)
Toddlers	244	(3)
Preschool Age Children	247	(1)
Questions	247	(2)
Temperament Differences	249	(1)
Food Preference Development, Appetite, and Satiety	249	(2)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	251	(1)
Energy Needs	251	(1)
Protein	251	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	251	(1)
Common Nutrition Problems	251	(4)
Iron-Deficiency Anemia	251	(2)
Dental Caries	253	(1)
Constipation	253	(1)
Lead Poisoning	254	(1)
Food Security	254	(1)
Food Safety	255	(1)
Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders	255	(2)
Overweight and Obesity in Toddlers and Preschoolers	255	(1)
Prevention and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity	256	(1)
Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Toddlers and Preschoolers	256	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements	256	(1)
Herbal Supplements	257	(1)
Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations	257	(6)
Dietary Guidelines	257	(1)
Food Guide Pyramid	258	(1)
Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber, Fat, and Calcium	258	(2)
Fluids	260	(1)
Recommended versus Actual Food Intake	261	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	261	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	262	(1)
Child Care Nutrition Standards	263	(1)
Physical Activity Recommendations	263	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	263	(1)
Model Program	263	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	264	(5)
WIC	264	(1)
WIC's Farmers' Market Nutrition Program	264	(1)
Head Start and Early Head Start	264	(1)
Food Stamps	264	(5)
Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition	269	(13)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	270	(1)
Who Are Children with Special Health Care Needs?	270	(1)
Nutrition Needs of Toddlers and Preschoolers with Chronic Conditions	271	(1)
Growth Assessment	271	(1)
Feeding Problems	272	(3)
Behavioral Feeding Problems	273	(1)
Excessive Fluid Intake	273	(1)
Feeding Problems and Food Safety	273	(1)
Feeding Problems from Disabilities Involving Neuromuscular Control	274	(1)
Questions	274	(1)
Nutrition-Related Conditions	275	(3)
Failure to Thrive	275	(1)
Toddler Diarrhea and Celiac Disease	275	(1)
Autism	275	(1)
Muscle Coordination Problems and Cerebral Palsy	276	(1)
Pulmonary Problems	276	(1)
Questions	277	(1)
Developmental Delay and Evaluations	278	(1)
Food Allergies and Intolerance	278	(1)
Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies	279	(1)
Sources of Nutrition Services	279	(3)
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition	282	(25)
Introduction	282	(1)
Definitions of the Life-Cycle Stage	282	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	282	(1)
Tracking Child and Preadolescent Health	282	(1)
Healthy People 2010	283	(1)
Normal Growth and Development	283	(1)
The 2000 CDC Growth Charts	283	(1)
Physiological and Cognitive Development of School-Age Children	284	(4)
Physiological Development	284	(2)
Cognitive Development	286	(1)
Development of Feeding Skills	286	(2)
Energy and Nutrient Needs of School-Age Children	288	(1)
Energy Needs	288	(1)
Protein	288	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	288	(1)
Common Nutrition Problems	288	(1)
Iron Deficiency	288	(1)
Dental Caries	289	(1)
Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders in School-Age Children	289	(4)
Overweight and Obesity in School-Age Children	289	(2)
Prevention of Overweight and Obesity	291	(1)
Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in School-Age Children	291	(1)
Questions	292	(1)
Dietary Supplements	293	(1)
Dietary Recommendations	293	(4)
Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber, Fat, and Calcium	293	(1)
Recommended versus Actual Food Intake	294	(2)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	296	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	296	(1)
Physical Activity Recommendations	297	(1)
Recommendations versus Actual Activity	297	(1)
Determinants of Physical Activity	297	(1)
Organized Sports	298	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	298	(3)
Nutrition Integrity in Schools	299	(1)
Model Programs	299	(1)
Model Program: High 5 Alabama	300	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	301	(6)
The National School Lunch Program	301	(1)
School Breakfast Program	302	(1)
Summer Food Service Program	303	(1)
Team Nutrition	303	(4)
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition	307	(18)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	308	(1)
``Children Are Children First''---What Does That Mean?	308	(1)
Nutritional Requirements of Children with Special Health Care Needs	309	(1)
Energy Needs	309	(1)
Protein Needs	309	(1)
Other Nutrients	309	(1)
Growth Assessment	310	(1)
Growth Assessment and Interpretation in Children with Chronic Conditions	310	(1)
Body Composition and Growth	310	(1)
Nutrition Recommendations	311	(3)
Questions	312	(1)
Methods of Meeting Nutritional Requirements	313	(1)
Fluids	314	(1)
Eating and Feeding Problems in Children with Special Health Care Needs	314	(6)
Specific Disorders	315	(5)
Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies	320	(1)
Sources of Nutrition Services	320	(5)
USDA Child Nutrition Program	320	(1)
Maternal and Child Health Block Program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)	320	(1)
Public Schools Regulations: 504 Accommodation and IDEA	320	(1)
Questions	321	(1)
Nutrition Intervention Model Program	322	(3)
Adolescent Nutrition	325	(28)
Introduction	326	(1)
Nutritional Needs in a Time of Change	326	(1)
Normal Physical Growth and Development	326	(3)
Changes in Weight, Body Composition, and Skeletal Mass	328	(1)
Normal Psychosocial Development	329	(1)
Health and Eating-Related Behaviors during Adolescence	330	(4)
Vegetarian Diets	331	(2)
Dietary Intake and Adequacy among Adolescents	333	(1)
Questions	333	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Adolescents	334	(6)
Energy	335	(1)
Protein	336	(1)
Carbohydrates	336	(1)
Dietary Fiber	336	(1)
Fat	337	(1)
Calcium	337	(1)
Iron	338	(1)
Zinc	339	(1)
Folate	339	(1)
Vitamin A	339	(1)
Vitamin E	340	(1)
Vitamin C	340	(1)
Nutrition Screening, Assessment, and Interventions	340	(5)
Nutrition Education and Counseling	341	(4)
Physical Activity and Sports	345	(3)
Factors Affecting Physical Activity	346	(2)
Promoting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Behaviors	348	(5)
Effective Nutrition Messages for Youth	348	(1)
Parent Involvement	348	(1)
School Programs	348	(2)
Community Involvement in Nutritionally Supportive Environments	350	(1)
Model Nutrition Program	350	(3)
Adolescent Nutrition	353	(26)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	354	(1)
Overweight and Obesity	354	(2)
Health Implications of Adolescent Overweight	355	(1)
Special Concerns among Adolescent Athletes	356	(4)
Fluids and Hydration	356	(1)
Special Dietary Practices	357	(1)
Questions	358	(1)
Part Two	359	(1)
Questions	359	(1)
Dietary Supplements	360	(1)
Adolescent Pregnancy	360	(3)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	360	(2)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements	362	(1)
Pregnancy Weight Gain	362	(1)
Substance Use	363	(1)
Dietary Supplements	364	(1)
Vitamin-Mineral Supplements	364	(1)
Herbal Remedies	364	(1)
Iron-Deficiency Anemia	364	(1)
Hypertension	365	(1)
Hyperlipidemia	366	(1)
Eating Disorders	366	(7)
The Continuum of Eating Concerns and Disorders	366	(1)
Prevalence of Eating Disorders	366	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	366	(2)
Bulimia Nervosa	368	(1)
Binge-Eating Disorder	368	(1)
Other Disordered Eating Behaviors	368	(1)
Dieting Behaviors	369	(1)
Body Dissatisfaction	370	(1)
Etiology of Eating Disorders	370	(1)
Treating Eating Disorders	371	(1)
Preventing Eating Disorders	371	(2)
Eating Disorders among Adolescents: Summing Things Up	373	(1)
Children and Adolescents with Chronic Health Conditions	373	(6)
Adult Nutrition	379	(26)
Introduction	380	(1)
Definition of Adulthood in the Life Cycle	380	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	380	(1)
Year 2010 Health Objectives	380	(1)
Physiological Changes of Adulthood	380	(4)
Physiological Changes in Males: Climacteric	381	(1)
Physiological Changes in Females: Menopause	381	(1)
Nutritional Remedies for Symptoms of Menopause	382	(1)
Benefits of Dietary Phytoestrogens	382	(1)
Disadvantages of Adding Phytoestrogens to the Diet	383	(1)
Other Alternatives	383	(1)
Maintaining a Healthy Body	384	(4)
Energy for Weight Management	384	(1)
Determining Energy Needs	384	(1)
Energy for Weight Change	385	(1)
Actual Energy Intake	385	(1)
Achieving Wellness: Linking Food, Nutrition, and Disease	386	(1)
Diet and Health	387	(1)
Dietary Recommendations	388	(4)
Dietary Recommendations to Combat Nutritional Concerns	388	(1)
Food Advice	388	(1)
The Pyramid	389	(1)
Food Advice Reflects Cultural Food Patterns	389	(1)
Alcohol: Food, Drug, and Nutrient	390	(1)
Fluids	391	(1)
Diuretic Effects of Caffeine and Alcohol	391	(1)
International Guidance Related to Fluids	392	(1)
Nutrient Recommendations	392	(8)
Nutrients of Public Health Concern	392	(2)
Actual Intake of Food	394	(1)
Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals	395	(1)
Supplements: Herbal Products	395	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	395	(2)
Cross-Cultural Dietary Guidance	397	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	397	(2)
Questions	399	(1)
Physical Activity Recommendations	400	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	400	(5)
A Model Health-Promotion Program	400	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	400	(1)
Nutrition and Health Promotion	401	(4)
Adult Nutrition	405	(14)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	406	(1)
Cancer	406	(1)
Definition	406	(1)
Prevalence/Etiology	406	(1)
Risk Factors	406	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Cancer	406	(1)
Alternative Medicine and Cancer Treatment	406	(1)
Cardiovascular Diseases: Coronary Heart Disease	407	(3)
Etiology of CHD	407	(1)
Effects of CHD	408	(1)
Risk Factors for CHD	408	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for CHD	408	(1)
Questions	409	(1)
Dietary Supplements and CHD	410	(1)
Overweight and Obesity	410	(2)
Definition of Overweight and Obesity	410	(1)
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity	411	(1)
Etiology of Overweight and Obesity	411	(1)
Effects of Overweight and Obesity	411	(1)
Nutritional Interventions for Overweight and Obesity	411	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	412	(2)
Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus	412	(1)
Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus	413	(1)
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus	413	(1)
Questions	413	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes	414	(1)
HIV/AIDS	414	(5)
Definition	414	(1)
Prevalence	415	(1)
Etiology	415	(1)
Effects	415	(1)
Nutrition Interventions	415	(4)
Nutrition and the Elderly	419	(32)
Introduction	420	(1)
What Counts as Old?	420	(1)
Food Matters: Nutrition Contributes to a Long and Healthy Life	420	(1)
A Picture of the Aging Population: Vital Statistics	421	(1)
Global Population Trends: Life Expectancy and Life Span	421	(1)
Nutrition: A Component of Health Objectives for the Older Adult Population	422	(1)
Theories of Aging	422	(2)
Programmed Aging	423	(1)
Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging	423	(1)
Calorie Restriction and Longevity	423	(1)
Physiological Changes	424	(2)
Body Composition Changes	424	(1)
Changing Sensual Awareness: Taste and Smell, Chewing and Swallowing, Appetite and Thirst	425	(1)
Nutritional Risk Factors	426	(3)
Dietary Recommendations	429	(2)
Food-Based Guidance: The Pyramid	429	(1)
Actual Food Group Intake	430	(1)
Eating Occasions	430	(1)
Nutrient Recommendations	431	(10)
Estimating Energy Needs	431	(1)
Nutrient Recommendations: Macro- and Micronutrients of Concern	432	(2)
Recommendations for Fluid	434	(1)
Age-Associated Changes in Metabolism: Nutrients of Concern	434	(2)
Low Dietary Intake: Nutrients of Concern	436	(1)
Nutrient Supplements: Why, When, Who, What, and How Much?	437	(1)
Dietary Supplements, Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals: Special Interest for Older Adults	438	(2)
Nutrient Recommendations: Using the Food Label	440	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations in Making Dietary Recommendations	440	(1)
Food Safety and Diet Recommendations	441	(1)
Physical Activity Recommendations	441	(2)
Exercise Guidelines	442	(1)
Nutrition Policy and Intervention for Risk Reduction	443	(2)
Nutrition Education	443	(1)
Questions	443	(1)
Model Programs Exemplify Intervention Goals	444	(1)
Community Food and Nutrition Programs	445	(6)
Elderly Nutrition Programs	445	(1)
Senior Nutrition Program	445	(1)
The Promise of Prevention: Health Promotion	446	(5)
Nutrition and the Elderly	451	(1)
Conditions and Interventions
Introduction	452	(1)
Nutrition and Health	452	(1)
Nutrition and Oral Health	452	(1)
Heart Disease/Cardiovascular Disease	453	(1)
Risk Factors	453	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Cardiovascular Diseases	453	(1)
Stroke	453	(2)
Effects of Stroke	454	(1)
Risk Factors for Stroke	454	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Stroke	455	(1)
Hypertension	455	(2)
Effects of Hypertension	456	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Hypertension	456	(1)
Questions	456	(1)
Cancer	457	(1)
Effects of Cancer	457	(1)
Risk Factors for Cancer	457	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Cancer	458	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	458	(3)
Effects of Diabetes	459	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Diabetes	460	(1)
Metabolic Syndrome	461	(1)
Obesity	461	(1)
Osteoporosis	462	(4)
Etiology of Osteoporosis	462	(1)
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis	463	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Osteoporosis	464	(2)
Gastrointestinal Diseases	466	(3)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)	466	(2)
Constipation	468	(1)
Inflammatory Diseases	469	(1)
Etiology of Inflammatory Diseases	469	(1)
Effects of Inflammatory Diseases	469	(1)
Risk Factors for Inflammatory Diseases	469	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Inflammatory Diseases	469	(1)
Traditional and Alternative Therapies	470	(1)
Effects of Medications	470	(1)
Mental Health and Cognitive Disorders	470	(2)
Etiology of Cognitive Disorders	470	(1)
Effects of Cognitive Disorders	470	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Cognitive Disorders	471	(1)
Low Body Weight/Underweight	472	(1)
Etiology of Underweight	472	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Underweight	472	(1)
Dehydration	473	(2)
Etiology of Dehydration	473	(1)
Questions	473	(1)
Effects of Dehydration	474	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Dehydration	474	(1)
Bereavement	475
Appendix A CDC Growth Charts	1	(8)
Appendix B Nutrient Intakes of Adults Aged 70 and Older	9	(2)
Appendix C Measurement Abbreviations and Equivalents	11	(2)
Appendix D Case Study Questions and Answers	13	(12)
Appendix E Body Mass Index (BMI)	25
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1