Observing Children in Their Natural Worlds: A Methodological Primer, Second Edition

by Pellegrini; Anthony D.

• ISBN13: 9780805846898
• ISBN10: 0805846891
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 3/8/2004
• Publisher: Lawrence Erlbau

Summary

This second edition updates the methods based on new technologies, updates and increases the number of examples, and reorganizes so the theoretical material is up front. The author's decisions were guided by having used the first edition in classes at two universities. Consequently, he received feedback on the book from a variety of different perspectives--from groups of very conscientious and competent students and from colleagues around the world who have used the book. By consensus, the most popular aspect of the first edition was the organization of the book, where the student/researcher is guided through conceptualizing, designing, implementing, and writing up the research project. This basic organization is the same as in the first edition, however, within this organizational frame things have changed. The discussion of the place of direct observational methods in relation to different "qualitative" and "quantitative" research traditions has been kept, but expanded. Discussions of the use of direct observations in naturalistic settings (drawing from research methods in ethology and ethnography) and in more contrived settings (drawing from experimental psychology) are extended. Relatedly, an extended discussion has been added on theories of science guiding different research assumptions. In addition, sections of validity, reliability, and the ethics surrounding the research enterprise are also expanded. These constructs are not specific to observational methods but relevant to the general research process. In revised chapters in these areas the author provides grounding in the general concepts and then draws more specific focus to observational methods. The extended discussion of ethics is important, since issues related to who gets authorship on papers, how to complete Institutional Review Board forms, and honesty in reporting findings are all issues that face both junior and senior researchers alike. Practical issues of writing research papers are expanded in this edition, providing discussions of writing both review and empirical articles. Lastly, a new and extensive chapter on using technology in direct observational methods has been added, which reviews the available hardware and software in direct observational methods.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
The ``Whys'' and ``Whens'' of Using Observational Methods	1	(12)
Science, Psychology, and Research	13	(21)
Ethics in Research	34	(19)
Choosing a Perspective: Qualitative-Insider and Quantitative-Outsider Distinctions	53	(29)
Design and Specification in Observational Research: Some Important Issues to Consider	82	(9)
Initial Considerations: Entering the Field, Looking Around, and Refining the Plan	91	(13)
Observations: Coming Up With Categories	104	(20)
Measuring Behavior and Rules for Sampling and Recording	124	(16)
Reliability	140	(21)
Validity	161	(34)
Indirect Observational Methods	195	(19)
Computer-Assisted Recording and Observational Software Programs	214	(15)
John Hoch
Frank J. Symons
The Research Report	229	(27)
Summing Up: Using Observational Methods in Applied Settings	256	(11)
References and Suggested Readings	267	(12)
Glossary	279	(16)
Author Index	295	(2)
Subject Index	297