Oceanography with Infotrac: An Invitation to Marine Science

by Garrison,Tom S.

• ISBN13: 9780534408879
• ISBN10: 0534408877
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-03-19
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This Fifth Edition of OCEANOGRAPHY conveys Garrison's enthusiasm for oceanography to non-science students and concentrates on maximizing student learning. Garrison brings focus and excitement to students' natural appreciation of the complexities of the ocean with integrated technology and a stunning visual program. Drawing on his more than thirty years of teaching experience, Garrison is intent on writing for how students learn best: he is the only oceanography author to consistently consult students about each new edition and incorporate their suggestions, creating a dynamic, current student focus. He provides students with a basic understanding of the scientific questions, complexities, and uncertainties involved in ocean use and the role and importance of the ocean in nurturing and sustaining life on the planet. Also, with a feel for students' excitement at discovering connections, Garrison increases the emphasis in this edition on the interdisciplinary nature of marine science, stressing its links to biology, chemistry, geology, physics, meteorology, astronomy, ecology, history, and economics. To further enrich the student experience, this edition is now fully integrated, on a concept level and with book-specific interactivities, with a FREE brand-new, student tutorial system called OceanographyNow. OceanographyNow is Web-based, assessment-driven, and completely flexible, offering a personalized learning plan based on each student's quiz results to help students focus on the concepts they don't yet understand. Enhanced illustrations, seamless integration of online resources, and a rich suite of student resources (with an optional regional emphasis) complete the Garrison learning experience. "This text is a must for any student searching for a detailed, yet easy to understand introduction to science." - Tanya Johnson, President of Associated Students at Skyline College, on Garrison's OCEANOGRAPHY.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
1 KNOWING THE OCEAN WORLD	1	(36)
Science and the Story of the Ocean	1	(31)
An Ocean World	1	(2)
Marine Science, Oceanography, and the Nature of Science	3	(3)
Early Voyaging and Discovery	6	(1)
Science for Voyaging	7	(9)
Alexandrian Contributions	8	(1)
Box 1.1: Latitude and Longitude	9	(1)
Voyages of the Oceanian Peoples	10	(2)
Meanwhile, Back in Europe...	12	(2)
Chinese Contributions	14	(1)
The Age of Discovery: From Prince Henry to Magellan	15	(1)
Voyaging for Science	16	(4)
James Cook	16	(2)
The Longitude Problem	18	(2)
The Sampling Problem	20	(1)
The First Scientific Expeditions	20	(5)
The United States Exploring Expedition	20	(1)
The Work of Matthew Maury	21	(2)
Charles Darwin and HMS Beagle	23	(1)
The Challenger Expedition	23	(2)
The Rise of Modern Sea Power	25	(1)
Voyages for Science in the Twentieth Century	25	(4)
Polar Exploration	25	(2)
Box 1.2: Marine Archaeology	27	(1)
Other Twentieth-Century Voyages	28	(1)
The Rise of Oceanographic Institutions	29	(1)
Satellite Oceanography	29	(1)
Alphabet Oceanography	30	(2)
History in Progress	32	(1)
Questions from Students	32	(3)
Chapter in Perspective	35	(1)
Key Ideas	35	(2)
2 ORIGINS	37	(16)
Stars and Seas	37	(13)
The Origin of Earth	38	(3)
Galaxies and Stars	38	(1)
The Lives of Stars	39	(1)
The Formation of the Solar System	39	(2)
Earth and Ocean	41	(3)
The Origin of Life	44	(2)
The Distant Future of Earth?	46	(1)
Box 2.1: Comparative Oceanography	47	(3)
Questions from Students	50	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	51	(1)
Key ideas	51	(2)
3 EARTH STRUCTURE AND PLATE TECTONICS	53	(34)
Fire and Ice	53	(30)
A Layered Earth	54	(1)
The Evidence for Layering	54	(4)
Primary and Secondary Seismic Waves	55	(1)
Shadow Zones	55	(1)
Alaska, 27 March 1964: The "Experiment" That Confirmed a Theory	55	(2)
Box 3.1: Echoes from the Core	57	(1)
Earth's Inner Structure	58	(3)
Classifying the Layers by Composition	58	(1)
Classifying the Layers by Physical Properties	58	(1)
Isostatic Equilibrium	59	(2)
Toward a New Understanding of Earth	61	(7)
Sources of Internal Heat	61	(1)
The Age Debate	61	(1)
A Puzzling Fit	62	(1)
Continental Drift	63	(1)
The Idea Transformed	64	(1)
The Breakthrough: From Seafloor Spreading to Plate Tectonics	65	(1)
Box 3.2: Absolute and Relative Dating	66	(2)
Plate Boundaries	68	(7)
Divergent Plate Boundaries: Forming Ocean Basins	70	(1)
Convergent Plate Boundaries: Recycling Crust, Building Island Arcs and Continents	70	(4)
Transform Plate Boundaries: Fracturing Crust	74	(1)
Plate Interactions-A Summary	75	(1)
The Confirmation of Plate Tectonics	75	(5)
Paleomagnetism	75	(2)
Apparent Polar Wandering	77	(1)
Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots	77	(1)
The Age and Distribution of Sediments	79	(1)
The Oceanic Ridges	79	(1)
Terranes	80	(1)
An Overview, Problems, and Implications	80	(3)
Questions from Students	83	(2)
Chapter in Perspective	85	(1)
Key Ideas	85	(2)
4 CONTINENTAL MARGINS AND OCEAN BASINS	87	(28)
Going Deep	87	(23)
Bathymetry	88	(4)
Echo Sounding	88	(2)
Multiheam Systems	90	(1)
Satellite Altimetry	90	(2)
The Topography of Ocean Floors	92	(2)
Continental Margins	94	(6)
Continental Shelves	94	(3)
Continental Slopes	97	(1)
Submarine Canyons	98	(1)
Continental Rises	99	(1)
Deep-Ocean Basins	100	(8)
Oceanic Ridges	100	(3)
Hydrothermal Vents	103	(1)
Abyssal Plains and Abyssal Hills	104	(1)
Seanounts and Guyots	105	(1)
Trenches and Island Arcs	105	(3)
The Grand Tour	108	(2)
Box 4.1 Trieste at the Bottom	110	(1)
Questions from Students	110	(3)
Chapter in Perspective	113	(1)
Key Ideas	113	(2)
5 SEDIMENTS	115	(22)
The Memory of the Ocean	115	(16)
What Sediments Look Like	116	(1)
Classifying Sediment by Particle Size	116	(2)
Classifying Sediment by Source	118	(3)
Terrigenous Sediments	118	(1)
Biogenous Sediments	119	(1)
Hydrogenous Sediments	119	(1)
Cosmogenous Sediments	120	(1)
The Distribution of Marine Sediments	121	(1)
The Sediments of Continental Margins	121	(2)
The Sediments of Deep-Ocean Basins	123	(5)
Turhidites	123	(1)
Clays	124	(1)
Oozes	124	(3)
Hydrogenous Materials	127	(1)
Evaporites	128	(1)
Oolite Sands	128	(1)
Sediments: An Overview	128	(1)
Studying Sediments	128	(2)
Sediments As Historical Records	130	(1)
Box 5.1: Deep-Ocean Cores	131	(2)
The Economic Importance of Marine Sediments	133
Questions from Students	131	(3)
Chapter in Perspective	134	(1)
Key Ideas	135	(2)
6 WATER AND OCEAN STRUCTURE	137	(25)
Familiar, Abundant, and Odd	137	(25)
The Water Molecule	138	(1)
Water and Heat	139	(7)
Heat and Temperature	139	(1)
Heat Capacity	139	(1)
Water Temperature and Density	140	(1)
Freezing Water	141	(1)
Evaporating Water	142	(1)
Seawater and Pure Water	143	(2)
Box 6.1: Does Hot Water Freeze Faster Than Cold?	145	(1)
Global Thermostatic Effects	146	(2)
Thermostatic Effects of Ice	147	(1)
Thermostatic Effects of Water and Air Movement	147	(1)
The Density Structure of the Ocean	148	(3)
The Density Zones	148	(1)
Temperature, Salinity, and Stratification	148	(2)
Density Stratification and Water Masses	150	(1)
Density Stratification and Vertical Water Movement	150	(1)
An Overview of Ocean Surface Conditions	150	(1)
Refraction, Light, and Sound	151	(1)
Light in the Ocean	152	(1)
Scattering and Absorption	152	(1)
Water Colors	153	(1)
Sound in the Ocean	153	(3)
Solar Layers and Shadow Zones	155	(1)
Box 6.2: Is Climate Change So far Away?	156	(9)
Sonar	156	(3)
Questions from Students	159	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	160	(1)
Key Ideas	160	(2)
7 SEAWATER CHEMISTRY	162	(15)
Cooking Up the Recipe for Water	162	(12)
The Dissolving Power of Water	163	(2)
Seawater	165	(6)
Salinity: Dissolved Solids and Water Together	165	(1)
The Components of Salinity	165	(1)
The Source of the Ocean's Salts	166	(1)
The Principle of Constant Proportions	167	(1)
Determining Salinity	167	(1)
Chemical Equilibrium and Residence Times	168	(1)
Mixing Time	169	(1)
Conservative and Nonconservative Constituents	169	(1)
Box 7.1: Recycling on a Grand Scale	170	(1)
Dissolved Gases	171	(1)
Nitrogen	171	(1)
Oxygen	171	(1)
Carbon Dioxide	171	(1)
Acid-Base Balance	172	(2)
Questions from Students	174	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	175	(1)
Key Ideas	175	(2)
8 CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE	177	(23)
Riding the Wind	177	(19)
Atmosphere and Ocean	178	(1)
Composition and Properties of the Atmosphere	178	(1)
Atmospheric Circulation	179	(6)
Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude	179	(1)
Uneven Solar Heating and the Seasons	180	(2)
Uneven Solar Heating and Atmospheric Circulation	182	(1)
The Coriolis Effect	182	(2)
The Coriolis Effect and Atmospheric Circulation Cells	184	(1)
Wind Patterns	185	(3)
Cell Circulation: Ideal Versus Actual	186	(1)
Monsoons	187	(1)
Sea Breezes and Land Breezes	188	(1)
Storms	188	(12)
Air Masses	190	(1)
Extratropical Cyclones	190	(1)
Tropical Cyclones	191	(4)
Box 8.1: The Galveston Disaster, 1900	195	(1)
Questions from Students	196	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	197	(1)
Key Ideas	198	(2)
9 CIRCULATION OF THE OCEAN	200	(28)
Palms Trees in Britain?	200	(25)
Surface Currents	201	(10)
Flow Within a Gyre	201	(3)
Geostrophic Gyres	204	(1)
Currents Within Gyres	204	(3)
Box 9.1: Streaming Along	207	(3)
Countercurrents and Undercurrents	210	(1)
Exceptional Surface Currents	211	(1)
Gyres: A Final Word	211	(1)
Effects of Surface Currents on Climate	211	(1)
Upwelling and Downwelling	212	(2)
Equatorial Upwelling	213	(1)
Coastal Upwelling	213	(1)
Downwelling	213	(1)
Langmuir Circulation	214	(1)
El Niño and La Niña	214	(3)
Thermohaline Circulation	217	(1)
Water Masses	217	(5)
The Temperature-Salinity Diagram	218	(1)
Formation and Downwelling of Deep Water	218	(1)
Thermohaline Circulation Patterns and Water Masses	219	(2)
Convergence Zones and the Surface and Central Water Masses	221	(1)
Thermohaline Flow and Surface Flow: The Global Heat Connection	221	(1)
Studying Currents	222	(3)
Questions from Students	225	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	225	(1)
Key Ideas	226	(2)
10 WAVES	228	(29)
Surfing	22	(231)
Ocean Waves	229	(1)
Classifying Waves	230	(2)
Disturbing Force	231	(1)
Free Waves, Forced Waves	231	(1)
Restoring Force	231	(1)
Wavelength	231	(1)
Deep-Water Waves, Shallow-Water Waves	232	(2)
Wind Waves	234	(5)
Swell Formation and Dispersion	234	(2)
Factors That Affect Wind Wave Development	236	(1)
Box 10.1: Theory Meets Experience on the Crest of a Wave	237	(1)
Wind Wave Height	238	(1)
Wavelength Records	238	(1)
Interference and Rogue Waves	239	(1)
Wind Waves Approaching Shore	240	(4)
Wave Refraction	241	(1)
Wave Diffraction	242	(1)
Wave Reflection	243	(1)
Internal Waves	244	(1)
A Word About "Tidal Waves"	244	(1)
Storm Surges	245	(2)
Seiches	247	(1)
Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves	247	(10)
Origins	248	(1)
Speed	248	(2)
Encountering Tsunami	250	(1)
Tsunami in History	250	(2)
The Tsunami Warning Network	252	(1)
Questions from Students	253	(2)
Chapter in Perspective	255	(1)
Key Ideas	255	(2)
11 TIDES	257	(18)
Tidal Bores	257	(15)
Tides and the Forces That Generate Them	258	(1)
The Equilibrium Theory of Tides	259	(4)
The Moon and Tractive Forces	259	(3)
The Sun's Role	262	(1)
Sun and Moon Together	262	(1)
The Dynamic Theory of Tides	263	(7)
Tidal Patterns and Amphidromic Points	264	(3)
Tidal Datum	267	(1)
Tides in Confined Basins	267	(1)
Tidal Currents	268	(1)
Box 11.1: Maelstrom!	269	(1)
Tidal Friction	270	(1)
Predicting and Studying Tides	270	(1)
Tides and Marine Organisms	270	(1)
Power from the Tides	271	(1)
Questions from Students	272	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	273	(1)
Key Ideas	273	(2)
12 COASTS	275	(29)
"...the finest harbour in the world."	275	(26)
Classifying Coasts	276	(1)
Erosional Coasts	277	(3)
Features of Erosional Coasts	278	(1)
Shore Straightening	278	(1)
Coasts Shaped by Land Erosion	278	(1)
Coasts Shaped by Volcanism and Earth Movements	278	(2)
Depositional Coasts and Their Beaches	280	(7)
Beaches	281	(1)
The Composition and Slope of Beaches	281	(1)
Beach Shape	282	(2)
Minor Beach Features	284	(1)
Longshore Transport	284	(1)
Rip Currents	285	(2)
Coastal Cells	287	(1)
Other Large-Scale Features of Depositional Coasts	287	(5)
Sand Spits and Bay Mouth Bars	287	(1)
Barrier Islands and Sea Islands	287	(2)
Box 12.1: Very Carefully!	289	(1)
Deltas	290	(2)
Coasts Formed by Biological Activity	292	(3)
Coral Reefs	292	(1)
Coral Reef Types	292	(2)
Mangrove Coasts	294	(1)
Estuaries	295	(2)
Classification of Estuaries	295	(1)
Characteristics of Estuaries	295	(1)
The Value of Estuaries	296	(1)
Lagoons and Wetlands	297	(1)
Characteristics of U.S. Coasts	297	(1)
The Pacific Coast	297	(1)
The Atlantic Coast	298	(1)
The Gulf Coast	298	(1)
Human Interference in Coastal Processes	298	(3)
Questions from Students	301	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	301	(1)
Key Ideas	302	(2)
13 LIFE IN THE OCEAN	304	(28)
The Ideal Place for Life	304	(24)
Being Alive	305	(1)
Life, Energy, and Food	305	(1)
Converting Energy to Food	306	(1)
Primary Productivity	306	(3)
Feeding (Trophic) Relationships	308	(1)
The Elements of Life	309	(1)
Elements in Cycles	309	(6)
Carbon	310	(2)
Nitrogen	312	(1)
Phosphorus and Silicon	313	(1)
Iron and Other Trace Metals	313	(2)
Physical and Biological Factors That Affect Marine Life	315	(5)
Light	315	(1)
Temperature	315	(2)
Dissolved Nutrients	317	(1)
Salinity	317	(1)
Dissolved Gases	317	(1)
Acid-Base Balance	318	(1)
Hydrostatic Pressure	318	(1)
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport	318	(2)
Surface-to-Volume Ratio	320	(1)
Limiting Factors	320	(5)
Classifications of the Marine Environment	321	(1)
Evolution and Life in the Ocean	322	(1)
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection	322	(1)
Box 13.1: Mass Extinctions	323	(2)
Evolution in the Marine Environment	325	(1)
Classification of Oceanic Life	325	(7)
Systems of Classification	325	(2)
Names	327	(1)
Questions from Students	328	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	329	(1)
Key Ideas	330	(2)
14 PLANKTON, ALGAE, AND PLANTS	332	(23)
Glowing Steps	332	(20)
Plankton: Ocean Wanderers	333	(1)
Collecting and Studying Plankton	333	(1)
Phytoplankton: The Autotrophs	333	(8)
Types of Phytoplankton	333	(6)
Box 14.1: HABs Can Be Trouble!	339	(1)
Measuring Primary Productivity	340	(1)
Box 14.2: Picoplankton!	341	(4)
Factors That Limit Productivity	342	(1)
Compensation Depth	343	(1)
Global Distribution of Plankton Productivity	343	(2)
Plankton Productivity Through the Seasons	345	(1)
Zooplankton: The Heterotrophs	345	(2)
Larger Marine Producers	347	(8)
Accessory Pigments	347	(1)
Structure of Seaweeds	348	(1)
Classification of Seaweeds	349	(1)
Seaweed Zonation	350	(1)
Marine Angiosperms	350	(2)
Commercial Importance	352	(1)
Questions from Students	352	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	353	(1)
Key Ideas	353	(2)
15 MARINE ANIMALS	355	(35)
Masters of the Storm	355	(31)
The Origin of Animals	356	(1)
Introducing the Invertebrates	357	(4)
Phylum Porifera	357	(1)
Phylum Cnidaria	358	(2)
The Worm Phyla	360	(1)
The Advanced Invertebrates	361	(7)
Phylum Mollusca	361	(1)
Box 15.1: If It Moves, Don't Eat It!	362	(2)
Phylum Arthropoda	364	(2)
Phylum Echinodermata	366	(2)
The Chordates	368	(1)
Invertebrate Chordates	368	(1)
Vertebrate Chordates	368	(1)
Vertebrate Evolution and Classification	369	(1)
Fishes	369	(4)
Class Agnatha	370	(1)
Class Chondrichthyes	371	(1)
Class Osteichthves	372	(1)
The Problems of Fishes	373	(4)
Movement, Shape, and Propulsion	373	(1)
Maintenance of Level	374	(1)
Gas Exchange	375	(1)
Osmotic Considerations	375	(1)
Feeding and Defense	376	(1)
Amphibians	377	(1)
Marine Reptiles	377	(1)
Sea Turtles	378	(1)
Marine Crocodiles	378	(1)
Marine Birds	378	(2)
The Tubenoses	379	(1)
The Pelicans and Their Relatives	379	(1)
The Gulls	379	(1)
The Penguins	379	(1)
Marine Mammals	380	(10)
Order Cetacea	380	(1)
Order Carnivora	381	(4)
Order Sirenia	385	(1)
Questions from Students	386	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	387	(1)
Key Ideas	387	(3)
16 MARINE COMMUNITIES	390	(23)
The Resourceful Hermit	390	(20)
Marine Communities	391	(1)
Organisms Within Communities	392	(2)
The Influence of Physical and Biological Factors	392	(1)
Competition	392	(1)
Growth Rate and Carrying Capacity	393	(1)
Distribution of Organisms	394	(1)
Change in Marine Communities	394	(1)
Examples of Marine Communities	395	(14)
Rocky Intertidal Communities	395	(2)
Seaweed Communities	397	(1)
Sand Beach and Cobble Beach Communities	398	(2)
Box 16.1: Steinbeck, Ricketts, and Communities	400	(1)
Salt Marshes and Estuaries	400	(3)
Coral Reef Communities	403	(1)
The Open Ocean	404	(1)
The Deep-Sea Floor	405	(1)
Deep Rock Communities	406	(1)
Hydrothermal Vent and Cold Seep Communities	407	(2)
Whale Fall Communities	409	(1)
Symbiotic Interactions	409	(1)
Questions from Students	410	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	411	(1)
Key Ideas	411	(2)
17 MARINE RESOURCES	413	(24)
An Endless Supply?	413	(21)
Marine Economics, Marine Resources	414	(1)
Physical Resources	414	(5)
Petroleum and Natural Gas	414	(1)
Methane Hydrate	415	(1)
Sand and Gravel	416	(1)
Magnesium and Magnesium Compounds	417	(1)
Salts	417	(1)
Manganese Nodules	418	(1)
Phosphorite Deposits	418	(1)
Metallic Sulfides and Muds	418	(1)
Fresh Water	418	(1)
Marine Energy	419	(2)
Wind	419	(1)
Waves and Currents	420	(1)
Thermal Gradient	420	(1)
Biological Resources	421	(9)
Fish, Crustaceans, and Mollusks	421	(3)
Fishery Mismanagement	424	(2)
"Madhouse Economics"	426	(1)
Whaling	426	(2)
Fur-Bearing Mammals	428	(1)
Botanical Resources	428	(1)
Aquaculture and Mariculture	428	(1)
Drugs	429	(1)
Nonextractive Resources	430	(1)
The Law of the Sea	430	(7)
The United Nations and the International Law of the Sea	431	(1)
Box 17.1: Containers, World Economics, and Your Shoes	432	(1)
The United States Exclusive Economic Zone	432	(2)
Questions from Students	434	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	435	(1)
Key Ideas	435	(2)
18 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS	437	(25)
A Cautionary Tale	437	(22)
Marine Pollution	438	(12)
Characteristics of a Pollutant	439	(1)
Oil	439	(3)
Heavy Metals	442	(1)
Box 18.1: Minarnata's Tragedy	443	(1)
Synthetic Organic Chemicals	443	(2)
Eutrophication	445	(2)
Solid Waste	447	(1)
Sediment	448	(1)
Sewage	448	(1)
Waste Heat	449	(1)
Introduced Species	449	(1)
The Costs of Pollution	450	(1)
Habitat Destruction	450	(1)
Bays and Estuaries	450	(1)
Coral Reefs	451	(1)
Other Habitats	451	(1)
Marine Sanctuaries	451	(1)
Global Changes	452	(4)
Ozone Layer Depletion	452	(1)
Global Warming	453	(3)
What Can Be Done?	456	(3)
Questions from Students	459	(1)
Chapter in Perspective	460	(1)
Key Ideas	460	(2)
Afterword	462	(1)
Appendix I/Measurements and Conversions	463	(3)
Appendix II/Geological Time	466	(1)
Appendix III/Latitude and Longitude, Time, and Navigation	467	(3)
Appendix IV/ Maps and Charts	470	(4)
Appendix V/The Coriolis Effect	474	(1)
Appendix VI/Taxonomic Classification of Marine Organisms	475	(2)
Appendix VII/Calculating the Tide-Generating Force	477	(1)
Appendix VIII/Periodic Table of the Elements	478	(1)
Appendix IX/Working in Marine Science	479	(4)
Glossary	483	(20)
Acknowledgments	503	(4)
Index	507