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9781852335519

Ontological Engineering: With Examples from the Areas of Knowledge Management, E-Commerce and Semantic Web

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781852335519

  • ISBN10:

    1852335513

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2002-10-01
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Summary

Ontologies provide a common vocabulary of an area and define, with different levels of formality, the meaning of the terms and the relationships between them. Ontological engineering refers to the set of activities concerning the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tool suites and languages that support them. During the last decade, increasing attention has been focused on ontologies. Ontologies are now widely used in knowledge engineering, artificial intelligence and computer science; in applications related to areas such as knowledge management, natural language processing, e-commerce, intelligent information integration, bio-informatics, education; and in new emerging fields like the semantic web. The book presents the major issues of ontological engineering and describes the most outstanding ontologies currently available. It covers the practical aspects of selecting and applying methodologies, languages, and tools for building ontologies. Ontological Engineering will be of great value to students and researchers, and to developers who want to integrate ontologies in their information systems.

Table of Contents

1 Theoretical Foundations of Ontologies 1(46)
1.1 From Ontology Towards Ontological Engineering
3(3)
1.2 What is an Ontology?
6(3)
1.3 Which are the Main Components of an Ontology?
9(16)
1.3.1 Modeling heavyweight ontologies using frames and first order logic
11(6)
1.3.2 Modeling heavyweight ontologies using description logits
17(4)
1.3.3 Modeling ontologies with software engineering techniques
21(2)
1.3.4 Modeling ontologies with database technology
23(2)
1.3.5 Conclusions
25(1)
1.4 Types of Ontologies
25(11)
1.4.1 Categorization of ontologies
26(8)
1.4.1.1 Types of ontologies based on the richness of their internal structure
28(1)
1.4.1.2 Types of ontologies based on the subject of the conceptualization
29(5)
1.4.2 Ontologies and ontology library systems
34(2)
1.5 Ontological Commitments
36(2)
1.6 Principles for the Design of Ontologies
38(6)
1.7 Bibliographical Notes and Further Reading
44(3)
2 The Most Outstanding Ontologies 47(60)
2.1 Knowledge Representation Ontologies
47(24)
2.1.1 The Frame Ontology and the OKBC Ontology
48(4)
2.1.2 RDF and RDF Schema knowledge representation ontologies
52(4)
2.1.3 OIL knowledge representation ontology
56(5)
2.1.4 DAML+OIL knowledge representation ontology
61(4)
2.1.5 OWL knowledge representation ontology
65(6)
2.2 Top-level Ontologies
71(8)
2.2.1 Top-level ontologies of universals and particulars
72(3)
2.2.2 Sowa's top-level ontology
75(1)
2.2.3 Cyc's upper ontology
76(1)
2.2.4 The Standard Upper Ontology (SUO)
77(2)
2.3 Linguistic Ontologies
79(6)
2.3.1 WordNet
79(1)
2.3.2 EuroWordNet
80(2)
2.3.3 The Generalized Upper Model
82(1)
2.3.4 The Mikrokosmos ontology
83(1)
2.3.5 SENSUS
84(1)
2.4 Domain Ontologies
85(20)
2.4.1 E-commerce ontologies
86(6)
2.4.2 Medical ontologies
92(4)
2.4.3 Engineering ontologies
96(2)
2.4.4 Enterprise ontologies
98(2)
2.4.5 Chemistry ontologies
100(2)
2.4.6 Knowledge management ontologies
102(3)
2.5 Bibliographical Notes and Further Reading
105(2)
3 Methodologies and Methods for Building Ontologies 107(92)
3.1 Ontology Development Process
109(2)
3.2 Ontology Methodology Evolution
111(2)
3.3 Ontology Development Methods and Methodologies
113(41)
3.3.1 The Cyc method
113(2)
3.3.2 Uschold and King's method
115(4)
3.3.3 Grüninger and Fox's methodology
119(5)
3.3.4 The KACTUS approach
124(1)
3.3.5 METHONTOLOGY
125(17)
3.3.5.1 Ontology crossed life cycles
126(4)
3.3.5.2 Conceptual modeling in METHONTOLOGY
130(12)
3.3.6 SENSUS-based method
142(4)
3.3.7 On-To-Knowledge
146(2)
3.3.8 Comparing ontology development methods and methodologies
148(9)
3.3.8.1 Comparison framework
148(5)
3.3.8.2 Conclusions
153(1)
3.4 Method for Re-engineering Ontologies
154(3)
3.5 Ontology Learning Methods
157(6)
3.5.1 Maedche and colleagues' method
160(1)
3.5.2 Aussenac-Gilles and colleagues' method
161(2)
3.6 Ontology Merging Methods and Methodologies
163(12)
3.6.1 ONIONS
164(2)
3.6.2 FCA-Merge
166(5)
3.6.3 PROMPT
171(4)
3.7 Co4: a Protocol for Cooperative Construction of Ontologies
175(3)
3.8 Methods for Evaluating Ontologies
178(17)
3.8.1 Ontology evaluation terminology
178(2)
3.8.2 Taxonomy evaluation
180(5)
3.8.3 OntoClean
185(10)
3.9 Conclusions
195(1)
3.10 Bibliographical Notes and Further Reading
196(3)
4 Languages for Building Ontologies 199(94)
4.1 Ontology Language Evolution
200(2)
4.2 The Selection of an Ontology Language
202(2)
4.2.1 Knowledge representation
203(1)
4.2.2 Reasoning mechanisms
204(1)
4.3 Traditional Ontology Languages
204(32)
4.3.1 Ontolingua and KIF
204(12)
4.3.1.1 Knowledge representation
206(10)
4.3.1.2 Reasoning mechanisms
216(1)
4.3.2 LOOM
216(6)
4.3.2.1 Knowledge representation
216(6)
4.3.2.2 Reasoning mechanisms
222(1)
4.3.3 OKBC
222(4)
4.3.3.1 Knowledge representation
223(3)
4.3.3.2 Reasoning mechanisms
226(1)
4.3.4 OCML
226(5)
4.3.4.1 Knowledge representation
227(3)
4.3.4.2 Reasoning mechanisms
230(1)
4.3.5 FLogic
231(5)
4.3.5.1 Knowledge representation
232(3)
4.3.5.2 Reasoning mechanisms
235(1)
4.4 Ontology Markup Languages
236(49)
4.4.1 SHOE
241(5)
4.4.1.1 Knowledge representation
241(4)
4.4.1.2 Reasoning mechanisms
245(1)
4.4.2 XOL
246(4)
4.4.2.1 Knowledge representation
247(3)
4.4.2.2 Reasoning mechanisms
250(1)
4.4.3 RDF(S): RDF and RDF Schema
250(8)
4.4.3.1 Knowledge representation
251(7)
4.4.3.2 Reasoning mechanisms
258(1)
4.4.4 OIL
258(6)
4.4.4.1 Knowledge representation
259(4)
4.4.4.2 Reasoning mechanisms
263(1)
4.4.5 DAML+OIL
264(10)
4.4.5.1 Knowledge representation
265(8)
4.4.5.2 Reasoning mechanisms
273(1)
4.4.6 OWL
274(11)
4.4.6.1 Knowledge representation
275(9)
4.4.6.2 Reasoning mechanisms
284(1)
4.5 Conclusion
285(6)
4.5.1 Knowledge representation
286(4)
4.5.2 Using ontology languages in ontology-based applications
290(1)
4.6 Bibliographical Notes and Further Reading
291(2)
5 Ontology Tools 293(70)
5.1 Ontology Tools Evolution
296(3)
5.2 Ontology Development Tools and Tool Suites
299(39)
5.2.1 Language-dependent ontology development tools
299(14)
5.2.1.1 The Ontolingua Server
300(4)
5.2.1.2 OntoSaurus
304(3)
5.2.1.3 WebOnto
307(3)
5.2.1.4 OilEd
310(3)
5.2.2 Extensible language-independent ontology development tools and tool suites
313(23)
5.2.2.1 Protégé-2000
313(6)
5.2.2.2 WebODE
319(9)
5.2.2.3 OntoEdit
328(4)
5.2.2.4 KAON
332(4)
5.2.3 Some other ontology tools
336(2)
5.3 Ontology Merge Tools
338(6)
5.3.1 The PROMPT plug-in
338(4)
5.3.2 Some other ontology merge tools
342(2)
5.4 Ontology-based Annotation Tools
344(10)
5.4.1 COHSE
346(2)
5.4.2 MnM
348(2)
5.4.3 OntoMat-Annotizer and OntoAnnotate
350(1)
5.4.4 SHOE Knowledge Annotator
351(2)
5.4.5 UBOT AeroDAML
353(1)
5.5 Conclusions
354(7)
5.6 Bibliographical Notes and Further Reading
361(2)
Bibliography 363(26)
Index 389(8)
Index of figures 397(6)
Index of tables 403

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