Operating Systems

by Deitel, Harvey M.; Deitel, Paul J.; Choffnes, David R.

• ISBN13: 9780131828278
• ISBN10: 0131828274
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-12-12
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

The third edition ofOperating Systems has been entirely updated to reflect current core operating system concepts and design considerations. To complement the discussion of operating system concepts, the book features two in-depth case studies on Linux and Windows XP. The case studies follow the outline of the book, so readers working through the chapter material can refer to each case study to see how a particular topic is handled in either Linux or Windows XP. Using Java code to illustrate key points,Operating Systems introduces processes, concurrent programming, deadlock and indefinite postponement, mutual exclusion, physical and virtual memory, file systems, disk performance, distributed systems, security and more. New to this edition are a chapter on multithreading and extensive treatments of distributed computing, multiprocessing, performance, and computer security. An ideal up-to-date book for beginner operating systems readers.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations	xvii
Preface	xxxvii
Part 1 Introduction to Hardware, Software and Operating Systems	1	(105)
Introduction to Operating Systems	3	(50)
Introduction	6	(1)
What Is an Operating System?	6	(1)
Early History: The 1940s and 1950s	7	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Innovation	8	(1)
The 1960s	9	(4)
Operating Systems Thinking: Relative Value of Human and Computer Resources	10	(2)
Biographical Note: Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie	12	(1)
The 1970s	13	(2)
Anecdote: Abraham Lincoln's Technology Caution	14	(1)
The 1980s	15	(1)
History of the Internet and World Wide Web	16	(3)
Biographical Note: Doug Engelbart	16	(2)
Biographical Note: Tim Berners-Lee	18	(1)
The 1990s	19	(4)
Biographical Note: Linus Torvalds	21	(1)
Biographical Note: Richard Stallman	22	(1)
2000 and Beyond	23	(2)
Application Bases	25	(1)
Operating System Environments	26	(2)
Operating System Components and Goals	28	(5)
Core Operating System Components	28	(2)
Operating System Goals	30	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Performance	31	(2)
Operating System Architectures	33	(20)
Operating Systems Thinking: Keep It Simple (KIS)	33	(1)
Monolithic Architecture	33	(1)
Anecdote: System Architect vs. System Engineer	34	(1)
Layered Architecture	35	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Architecture	35	(1)
Microkernel Architecture	36	(2)
Networked and Distributed Operating Systems	38	(15)
Hardware and Software Concepts	53	(53)
Introduction	56	(1)
Evolution of Hardware Devices	56	(3)
Biographical Note: Gordon Moore and Moore's Law	57	(2)
Hardware Components	59	(13)
Mainboards	59	(1)
Processors	60	(2)
Clocks	62	(1)
Memory Hierarchy	63	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Caching	65	(1)
Main Memory	65	(1)
Secondary Storage	66	(1)
Buses	67	(1)
Direct Memory Access (DMA)	68	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Legacy Hardware and Software	70	(1)
Peripheral Devices	70	(2)
Hardware Support for Operating Systems	72	(6)
Processor	72	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Principle of Least Privilege	73	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Protection	74	(1)
Anecdote: Origins of the Term ``Glitch''	75	(1)
Timers and Clocks	76	(1)
Bootstrapping	76	(1)
Plug and Play	77	(1)
Caching and Buffering	78	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Heuristics	79	(1)
Software Overview	80	(5)
Machine Language and Assembly Language	80	(1)
Interpreters and Compilers	81	(1)
High-Level Languages	82	(1)
Structured Programming	83	(1)
Object-Oriented Programming	83	(2)
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)	85	(1)
Compiling, Linking and Loading	86	(7)
Compiling	86	(1)
Linking	87	(3)
Mini Case Study: Mach	90	(1)
Loading	91	(2)
Firmware	93	(1)
Middleware	93	(13)
Part 2 Processes and Threads	106	(268)
Process Concepts	109	(36)
Introduction	111	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Customers Ultimately Want Applications	111	(1)
Definition of Process	111	(1)
Mini Case Study: CTSS and Multics	112	(1)
Biographical Note: Fernando J. Corbato	113	(1)
Process States: Life Cycle of a Process	113	(1)
Process Management	114	(9)
Process States and State Transitions	115	(1)
Process Control Blocks (PCBs)/Process Descriptors	116	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Data Structures in Operating Systems	118	(1)
Process Operations	118	(2)
Suspend and Resume	120	(2)
Context Switching	122	(1)
Interrupts	123	(6)
Operating Systems Thinking: Asynchronism vs. Synchronism	124	(1)
Interrupt Processing	125	(2)
Interrupt Classes	127	(2)
Interprocess Communication	129	(3)
Signals	130	(1)
Message Passing	130	(2)
Case Study: UNIX Processes	132	(13)
Mini Case Study: UNIX Systems	133	(12)
Thread Concepts	145	(40)
Introduction	147	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Concurrency	147	(1)
Definition of Thread	148	(2)
Motivation for Threads	150	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Parallelism	151	(1)
Thread States: Life Cycle of a Thread	152	(2)
Thread Operations	154	(1)
Threading Models	155	(6)
User-Level Threads	155	(2)
Kernel-Level Threads	157	(2)
Combining User- and Kernel-Level Threads	159	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Standards Conformance	159	(2)
Thread Implementation Considerations	161	(4)
Thread Signal Delivery	161	(2)
Anecdote: Engineering	163	(2)
Thread Termination	165	(1)
Posix and Pthreads	165	(2)
Anecdote: Standards and Conformance: Plug-to-Plug Compatibility	166	(1)
Linux Threads	167	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Scalability	168	(1)
Windows XP Threads	169	(3)
Java Multithreading Case Study, Part I: Introduction to Java Threads	172	(13)
Asynchronous Concurrent Execution	185	(60)
Introduction	187	(1)
Mutual Exclusion	187	(12)
Java Multithreading Case Study, Part II: A Producer/Consumer Relationship in Java	188	(9)
Critical Sections	197	(1)
Mutual Exclusion Primitives	198	(1)
Implementing Mutual Exclusion Primitives	199	(1)
Software Solutions to the Mutual Exclusion Problem	200	(21)
Dekker's Algorithm	200	(11)
Peterson's Algorithm	211	(1)
Anecdote: Why Should You Believe That Your Software Is Functioning Correctly?	211	(4)
N-Thread Mutual Exclusion: Lamport's Bakery Algorithm	215	(1)
Biographical Note: Leslie Lamport	216	(5)
Hardware Solutions to the Mutual Exclusion Problem	221	(6)
Disabling Interrupts	221	(1)
Test-and-Set Instruction	222	(2)
Swap Instruction	224	(3)
Semaphores	227	(18)
Biographical Note: Edsger W. Dijkstra	227	(1)
Mutual Exclusion with Semaphores	228	(1)
Thread Synchronization with Semaphores	229	(2)
Counting Semaphores	231	(1)
Implementing Semaphores	232	(1)
Anecdote: Unclear Requirements	233	(12)
Concurrent Programming	245	(44)
Introduction	247	(2)
Anecdote: Exhaustive Testing Is Impossible	248	(1)
Monitors	249	(11)
Operating Systems Thinking: Information Hiding	250	(1)
Condition Variables	251	(1)
Simple Resource Allocation with Monitors	252	(1)
Biographical Note: Per Brinch Hansen	252	(2)
Monitor Example: Circular Buffer	254	(3)
Monitor Example: Readers and Writers	257	(3)
Java Monitors	260	(1)
Java Multithreading Case Study, Part III: Producer/Consumer Relationship in Java	261	(9)
Java Multithreading Case Study, Part IV: Circular Buffer in Java	270	(19)
Deadlock and Indefinite Postponement	289	(44)
Introduction	291	(1)
Examples of Deadlock	291	(7)
Traffic Deadlock	292	(1)
Simple Resource Deadlock	293	(1)
Anecdote: One-Lane Bridge	293	(1)
Deadlock in Spooling Systems	294	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Waiting, Deadlock and Indefinite Postponement	295	(1)
Example: Dining Philosophers	296	(2)
Related Problem: Indefinite Postponement	298	(1)
Resource Concepts	298	(1)
Four Necessary Conditions for Deadlock	299	(1)
Deadlock Solutions	300	(1)
Deadlock Prevention	301	(5)
Denying the ``Wait-For'' Condition	302	(1)
Anecdote: No Nuts, Bolts or Screws Allowed	302	(1)
Denying the ``No-Preemption'' Condition	303	(1)
Denying the ``Circular-Wait'' Condition	304	(2)
Deadlock Avoidance with Dijkstra's Banker's Algorithm	306	(6)
Anecdote: Acronyms	307	(2)
Example of a Safe State	309	(1)
Example of an Unsafe State	309	(1)
Example of Safe-State-to-Unsafe-State Transition	310	(1)
Banker's Algorithm Resource Allocation	311	(1)
Weaknesses in the Banker's Algorithm	312	(1)
Deadlock Detection	312	(4)
Resource-Allocation Graphs	313	(1)
Reduction of Resource-Allocation Graphs	314	(2)
Deadlock Recovery	316	(2)
Deadlock Strategies in Current and Future Systems	318	(15)
Processor Scheduling	333	(41)
Introduction	335	(1)
Scheduling Levels	335	(2)
Preemptive vs. Nonpreemtpive Scheduling	337	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Overhead	338	(1)
Priorities	339	(1)
Scheduling Objectives	340	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Predictability	341	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Fairness	342	(1)
Scheduling Criteria	342	(2)
Scheduling Algorithms	344	(12)
First-In-First-Out (FIFO) Scheduling	344	(1)
Round-Robin (RR) Scheduling	345	(3)
Shortest-Process-First (SPF) Scheduling	348	(1)
Highest-Response-Ratio-Next (HRRN) Scheduling	349	(1)
Shortest-Remaining-Time (SRT) Scheduling	349	(1)
Multilevel Feedback Queues	350	(4)
Fair Share Scheduling	354	(2)
Deadline Scheduling	356	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Intensity of Resource Management vs. Relative Resource Value	357	(1)
Real-Time Scheduling	357	(3)
Mini Case Study: Real-Time Operating Systems	358	(2)
Java Thread Scheduling	360	(14)
Part 3 Physical and Virtual Memory	374	(148)
Real Memory Organization and Management	377	(36)
Introduction	379	(1)
Memory Organization	379	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: There Are No Upper Limits to Processing Power, Memory, Storage and Bandwidth	380	(1)
Memory Management	380	(2)
Memory Hierarchy	382	(1)
Memory Management Strategies	383	(1)
Contiguous vs. Noncontiguous Memory Allocation	384	(1)
Single-User Contiguous Memory Allocation	385	(5)
Overlays	386	(1)
Protection in a Single-User System	387	(2)
Single-Stream Batch Processing	389	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Change Is the Rule Rather Than the Exception	389	(1)
Fixed-Partition Multiprogramming	390	(5)
Anecdote: Compartmentalization	393	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Spatial Resources and Fragmentation	394	(1)
Variable-Partition Multiprogramming	395	(6)
Variable-Partition Characteristics	395	(4)
Memory Placement Strategies	399	(2)
Multiprogramming with Memory Swapping	401	(12)
Virtual Memory Organization	413	(64)
Introduction	415	(3)
Mini Case Study: Atlas	415	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Virtualization	416	(1)
Biographical Note: Peter Denning	417	(1)
Virtual Memory: Basic Concepts	418	(2)
Anecdote: Virtual Memory Unnecessary	418	(2)
Block Mapping	420	(4)
Paging	424	(18)
Paging Address Translation by Direct Mapping	428	(1)
Paging Address Translation by Associative Mapping	429	(1)
Paging Address Translation with Direct/Associative Mapping	430	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Empirical Results: Locality-Based Heuristics	432	(1)
Multilevel Page Tables	433	(3)
Inverted Page Tables	436	(3)
Sharing in a Paging System	439	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Lazy Allocation	441	(1)
Segmentation	442	(9)
Segmentation Address Translation by Direct Mapping	444	(2)
Sharing in a Segmentation System	446	(1)
Protection and Access Control in Segmentation Systems	447	(4)
Segmentation/Paging Systems	451	(4)
Dynamic Address Translation in a Segmentation/Paging System	451	(4)
Sharing and Protection in a Segmentation/Paging System	455	(1)
Case Study: IA-32 Intel Architecture Virtual Memory	455	(22)
Mini Case Study: IBM Mainframe Operating Systems	459	(2)
Mini Case Study: Early History of the VM Operating System	461	(16)
Virtual Memory Management	477	(45)
Introduction	479	(1)
Locality	479	(1)
Demand Paging	480	(3)
Operating Systems Thinking: Computer Theory in Operating Systems	481	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Space-Time Trade-offs	482	(1)
Anticipatory Paging	483	(2)
Page Replacement	485	(1)
Page-Replacement Strategies	486	(10)
Random Page Replacement	486	(1)
First-In-First-Out (FIFO) Page Replacement	487	(1)
FIFO Anomaly	488	(1)
Least-Recently-Used (LRU) Page Replacement	489	(2)
Least-Frequently-Used (LFU) Page Replacement	491	(1)
Not-Used-Recently (NUR) Page Replacement	491	(2)
Modifications to FIFO: Second-Chance and Clock Page Replacement	493	(1)
Far Page Replacement	494	(2)
Working Set Model	496	(4)
Page-Fault-Frequency (PFF) Page Replacement	500	(2)
Page Release	502	(1)
Page Size	502	(3)
Program Behavior under Paging	505	(2)
Global vs. Local Page Replacement	507	(1)
Case Study: Linux Page Replacement	508	(14)
Part 4 Secondary Storage, Files and Databases	522	(116)
Disk Performance Optimization	525	(58)
Introduction	528	(1)
Evolution of Secondary Storage	528	(1)
Characteristics of Moving-Head Disk Storage	529	(2)
Why Disk Scheduling Is Necessary	531	(2)
Disk Scheduling Strategies	533	(9)
First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) Disk Scheduling	535	(1)
Shortest-Seek-Time-First (SSTF) Disk Scheduling	536	(1)
Anecdote: Every Problem Has a Solution and Every Solution Has a Problem	536	(1)
SCAN Disk Scheduling	537	(1)
C-SCAN Disk Scheduling	538	(1)
FSCAN and N-Step SCAN Disk Scheduling	539	(2)
LOOK and C-LOOK Disk Scheduling	541	(1)
Rotational Optimization	542	(4)
SLTF Scheduling	542	(1)
SPTF and SATF Scheduling	543	(3)
System Considerations	546	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Saturation and Bottlenecks	546	(2)
Caching and Buffering	548	(1)
Other Disk Performance Techniques	549	(3)
Operating Systems Thinking: Compression and Decompression	550	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Redundancy	551	(1)
Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID)	552	(31)
RAID Overview	552	(2)
Operating Systems Thinking: Fault Tolerance	554	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Mission-Critical Systems	554	(1)
Level 0 (Striping)	555	(1)
Level 1 (Mirroring)	556	(2)
Level 2 (Bit-Level Hamming ELL Parity)	558	(2)
Level 3 (Bit-Level XOR ELL Parity)	560	(2)
Level 4 (Block-Level XOR ELL Parity)	562	(1)
Level 5 (Block-Level Distributed XOR ELL Parity)	563	(20)
File and Database Systems	583	(55)
Introduction	586	(1)
Data Hierarchy	586	(1)
Files	587	(2)
File Systems	589	(9)
Operating Systems Thinking: Encryption and Decryption	590	(1)
Directories	590	(4)
Metadata	594	(2)
Mounting	596	(2)
File Organization	598	(1)
File Allocation	599	(9)
Contiguous File Allocation	599	(1)
Linked-List Noncontiguous File Allocation	600	(2)
Tabular Noncontiguous File Allocation	602	(2)
Mini Case Study: MS-DOS	604	(1)
Indexed Noncontiguous File Allocation	605	(3)
Free Space Management	608	(2)
File Access Control	610	(2)
Access Control Matrix	610	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Security	610	(1)
Access Control by User Classes	611	(1)
Data Access Techniques	612	(1)
Data Integrity Protection	613	(6)
Backup and Recovery	613	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Backup and Recovery	614	(1)
Data Integrity and Log-Structured File Systems	615	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Murphy's Law and Robust Systems	616	(3)
File Servers and Distributed Systems	619	(1)
Database Systems	619	(19)
Advantages of Database Systems	620	(1)
Data Access	620	(1)
Relational Database Model	621	(2)
Operating Systems and Database Systems	623	(15)
Part 5 Performance, Processors and Multiprocessor Management	638	(108)
Performance and Processor Design	641	(42)
Introduction	643	(1)
Important Trends Affecting Performance Issues	643	(1)
Why Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Are Needed	644	(1)
Performance Measures	645	(2)
Performance Evaluation Techniques	647	(11)
Tracing and Profiling	648	(1)
Timings and Microbenchmarks	649	(1)
Application-Specific Evaluation	650	(2)
Analytic Models	652	(1)
Benchmarks	652	(2)
Synthetic Programs	654	(1)
Simulation	655	(1)
Performance Monitoring	656	(2)
Bottlenecks and Saturation	658	(1)
Feedback Loops	659	(1)
Negative Feedback	659	(1)
Positive Feedback	659	(1)
Performance Techniques in Processor Design	660	(23)
Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)	661	(1)
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)	662	(3)
Post-Risc Processors	665	(3)
Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)	668	(15)
Multiprocessor Management	683	(63)
Introduction	686	(2)
Mini Case Study: Supercomputers	686	(1)
Biographical Note: Seymour Cray	687	(1)
Multiprocessor Architecture	688	(10)
Classifying Sequential and Parallel Architectures	688	(2)
Processor Interconnection Schemes	690	(6)
Loosely Coupled vs. Tightly Coupled Systems	696	(2)
Multiprocessor Operating System Organizations	698	(3)
Master/Slave	698	(1)
Separate Kernels	699	(1)
Symmetrical Organization	700	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Graceful Degradation	701	(1)
Memory Access Architectures	701	(6)
Uniform Memory Access	702	(1)
Nonuniform Memory Access	703	(1)
Cache-Only Memory Architecture	704	(1)
No Remote Memory Access	705	(2)
Multiprocessor Memory Sharing	707	(6)
Operating Systems Thinking: Data Replication and Coherency	707	(1)
Cache Coherence	708	(1)
Page Replication and Migration	709	(1)
Shared Virtual Memory	710	(3)
Multiprocessor Scheduling	713	(6)
Job-Blind Multiprocessor Scheduling	714	(1)
Job-Aware Multiprocessor Scheduling	715	(4)
Process Migration	719	(4)
Flow of Process Migration	719	(2)
Process Migration Concepts	721	(1)
Process Migration Strategies	722	(1)
Load Balancing	723	(6)
Static Load Balancing	724	(1)
Dynamic Load Balancing	725	(4)
Multiprocessor Mutual Exclusion	729	(17)
Spin Locks	729	(1)
Sleep/Wakeup Locks	730	(1)
Read/Write Locks	731	(15)
Part 6 Networking and Distributed Computing	746	(120)
Introduction to Networking	749	(32)
Introduction	751	(1)
Network Topology	751	(3)
Mini Case Study: Symbian OS	754	(1)
Network Types	754	(1)
TCP/IP Protocol Stack	755	(1)
Application Layer	756	(2)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)	757	(1)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)	758	(1)
Transport Layer	758	(4)
Anecdote: Unreliable Communication Lines Can Lead to Embarrassment	759	(1)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	760	(1)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	761	(1)
Network Layer	762	(2)
Internet Protocol (IP)	763	(1)
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)	763	(1)
Link Layer	764	(4)
Ethernet	765	(1)
Token Ring	766	(1)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)	766	(2)
IEEE 802.11 (Wireless)	768	(1)
Client/Server Model	768	(13)
Introduction to Distributed Systems	781	(34)
Introduction	783	(1)
Attributes of Distributed Systems	784	(4)
Performance and Scalability	784	(1)
Connectivity and Security	784	(1)
Reliability and Fault Tolerance	785	(1)
Transparency	786	(1)
Network Operating Systems	787	(1)
Distributed Operating Systems	787	(1)
Communication in Distributed Systems	788	(6)
Middleware	788	(1)
Anecdote: Consequences of Errors	789	(1)
Remote Procedure Call (RPC)	790	(1)
Remote Method Invocation (RMI)	791	(1)
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)	792	(1)
DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model)	793	(1)
Process Migration in Distributed Systems	793	(1)
Synchronization in Distributed Systems	794	(1)
Mutual Exclusion in Distributed Systems	795	(2)
Mutual Exclusion without Shared Memory	795	(1)
Agrawala and Ricart's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm	796	(1)
Deadlock in Distributed Systems	797	(6)
Distributed Deadlock	797	(1)
Deadlock Prevention	798	(2)
Deadlock Detection	800	(1)
A Distributed Resource Deadlock Algorithm	801	(2)
Case Study: The Sprite Distributed Operating System	803	(1)
Case Study: The Amoeba Distributed Operating System	804	(11)
Distributed Systems and Web Services	815	(51)
Introduction	817	(1)
Distributed File Systems	817	(13)
Distributed File System Concepts	817	(3)
Network File System (NFS)	820	(2)
Andrew File System (AFS)	822	(2)
Coda File System	824	(3)
Sprite File System	827	(3)
Multicomputer Systems	830	(1)
Clustering	831	(5)
Clustering Types	832	(1)
Clustering Benefits	833	(1)
Clustering Examples	833	(3)
Peer-to-Peer Distributed Computing	836	(6)
Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Applications	836	(1)
Centralized vs. Decentralized PZP Applications	836	(3)
Peer Discovery and Searching	839	(1)
JXTA	840	(2)
Grid Computing	842	(1)
Java Distributed Computing	843	(7)
Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP)	843	(2)
Jini	845	(2)
Java Spaces	847	(2)
Java Management Extensions (JMX)	849	(1)
Web Services	850	(16)
Microsoft's Net Platform	852	(1)
Sun Microsystems and the Sun ONE Platform	853	(13)
Part 7 Security	866	(70)
Security	869	(67)
Introduction	872	(1)
Operating Systems Thinking: Ethical Systems Design	872	(1)
Cryptography	873	(7)
Secret-Key Cryptography	875	(2)
Public-Key Cryptography	877	(3)
Biographical Note: Rivest, Shamir and Adleman	880	(1)
Authentication	880	(6)
Basic Authentication	881	(1)
Biometrics and Smart Cards	882	(2)
Kerberos	884	(1)
Single Sign-On	885	(1)
Access Control	886	(6)
Access Rights and Protection Domains	886	(1)
Access Control Models and Policies	887	(1)
Access Control Mechanisms	888	(4)
Security Attacks	892	(5)
Cryptanalysis	892	(1)
Viruses and Worms	892	(2)
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks	894	(2)
Software Exploitation	896	(1)
System Penetration	896	(1)
Attack Prevention and Security Solutions	897	(10)
Firewalls	897	(2)
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs)	899	(1)
Antivirus Software	900	(2)
Security Patches	902	(1)
Secure File Systems	903	(1)
Mini Case Study, OpenBSD	904	(1)
Mini Case Study: Macintosh	905	(1)
Orange Book Security	906	(1)
Secure Communication	907	(1)
Key Agreement Protocols	908	(3)
Key Management	908	(2)
Digital Signatures	910	(1)
Public-Key Infrastructure, Certificates and Certificate Authorities	911	(2)
Secure Communication Protocols	913	(4)
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)	913	(1)
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and IP Security (IPSec)	914	(1)
Wireless Security	915	(2)
Steganography	917	(1)
Proprietary and Open-Source Security	918	(1)
Case Study: UNIX Systems Security	919	(17)
Part 8 Operating System Case Studies	936	(202)
Case Study: Linux	939	(94)
Introduction	942	(1)
History	942	(3)
Linux Overview	945	(3)
Development and Community	945	(1)
Distributions	946	(1)
User Interface	947	(1)
Standards	947	(1)
Kernel Architecture	948	(4)
Hardware Platforms	950	(1)
Mini Case Study: User-Mode Linux (UML)	951	(1)
Loadable Kernel Modules	952	(1)
Process Management	952	(9)
Process and Thread Organization	953	(2)
Process Scheduling	955	(6)
Memory Management	961	(10)
Memory Organization	961	(5)
Physical Memory Allocation and Deallocation	966	(2)
Page Replacement	968	(2)
Swapping	970	(1)
File Systems	971	(12)
Virtual File System	972	(3)
Virtual File System Caches	975	(2)
Second Extended File System (extzfs)	977	(5)
Proc File System	982	(1)
Input/Output Management	983	(14)
Device Drivers	983	(3)
Character Device I/O	986	(1)
Block Device I/O	987	(4)
Network Device I/O	991	(1)
Unified Device Model	992	(3)
Interrupts	995	(2)
Kernel Synchronization	997	(3)
Spin Locks	997	(1)
Reader/Writer Locks	998	(1)
Seqlocks	998	(1)
Kernel Semaphores	999	(1)
Interprocess Communication	1000	(8)
Signals	1001	(1)
Pipes	1002	(1)
Sockets	1003	(2)
Message Queues	1005	(1)
Shared Memory	1005	(2)
System V Semaphores	1007	(1)
Networking	1008	(2)
Packet Processing	1008	(2)
Netfilter Framework and Hooks	1010	(1)
Scalability	1010	(4)
Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)	1011	(1)
Nonuniform Memory Access (NUMA)	1012	(1)
Other Scalability Features	1013	(1)
Embedded Linux	1014	(1)
Security	1014	(19)
Authentication	1015	(1)
Access Control Methods	1015	(2)
Cryptography	1017	(16)
Case Study: Windows XP	1033	(105)
Introduction	1036	(1)
History	1036	(5)
Biographical Note: Bill Gates	1037	(2)
Biographical Note: David Cutler	1039	(1)
Mini Case Study: OSIZ	1040	(1)
Design Goals	1041	(1)
System Architecture	1042	(2)
System Management Mechanisms	1044	(7)
Registry	1044	(1)
Object Manager	1045	(1)
Interrupt Request Levels (IRQLs)	1046	(2)
Asynchronous Procedure Calls (APCs)	1048	(1)
Deferred Procedure Calls (DPCs)	1049	(2)
System Threads	1051	(1)
Process and Thread Management	1051	(13)
Process and Thread Organization	1052	(3)
Thread Scheduling	1055	(4)
Thread Synchronization	1059	(5)
Memory Management	1064	(9)
Memory Organization	1065	(2)
Memory Allocation	1067	(4)
Page Replacement	1071	(2)
File Systems Management	1073	(7)
File System Drivers	1074	(1)
NTFS	1074	(6)
Input/Output Management	1080	(11)
Device Drivers	1081	(3)
Input/Output Processing	1084	(5)
Interrupt Handling	1089	(1)
File Cache Management	1090	(1)
Interprocess Communication	1091	(8)
Pipes	1091	(2)
Mailslots	1093	(1)
Shared Memory	1094	(1)
Local and Remote Procedure Calls	1094	(3)
Component Object Model (COM)	1097	(1)
Drag-and-Drop and Compound Documents	1098	(1)
Networking	1099	(7)
Network Input/Output	1099	(2)
Network Driver Architecture	1101	(2)
Network Protocols	1103	(2)
Network Services	1105	(1)
.NET	1105	(1)
Scalability	1106	(2)
Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)	1106	(2)
Windows XP Embedded	1108	(1)
Security	1108	(30)
Authentication	1109	(1)
Authrization	1110	(1)
Internet Connection Firewall	1111	(1)
Other Features	1112	(26)
Glossary	1138	(50)
Index	1188