Organic and Biochemistry for Today

by Seager, Spencer L.; Slabaugh, Michael R.

• ISBN13: 9780534395827
• ISBN10: 0534395821
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-14
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

1. Organic Compounds: Alkanes. 2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. 3. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers. 4. Aldehydes and Ketones. 5. Carboxylic Acids and Esters. 6. Amines and Amides. 7. Carbohydrates. 8. Lipids. 9. Proteins. 10. Enzymes. 11. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. 12. Nutrition and Energy for Life. 13. Carbohydrate Metabolism. 14. Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism. 15. Body Fluids. Appendix A. The International System of Measurements. Appendix B. Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises. Appendix C. Solutions to Learning Checks. Glossary. Index.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes	1	(38)
1.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds	2	(1)
1.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared	3	(2)
Study Skills 1.1 Changing Gears for Organic Chemistry	4	(1)
1.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism	5	(2)
1.4 Functional Groups: The Organization of Organic Chemistry	7	(4)
Chemistry and Your Health 1.1 Are Organic Foods Better for You?	10	(1)
1.5 Alkane Structures	11	(2)
1.6 Conformations of Alkanes	13	(2)
1.7 Alkane Nomenclature	15	(6)
1.8 Cycloalkanes	21	(2)
1.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes	23	(2)
1.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes	25	(3)
Chemistry Around Us 1.1 Petroleum	27	(1)
Over the Counter 1.1 Hydrating the Skin	28	(1)
1.11 Alkane Reactions	28	(2)
Chemistry Around Us 1.2 Carbon Monoxide: Silent and Deadly	29	(1)
For Future Reference Medicines Removed from the Market	30	(1)
Concept Summary	30	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	31	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	31	(1)
Key Reactions	31	(1)
Exercises	32	(5)
Chemistry for Thought	37	(2)
Chapter 2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	39	(34)
2.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes	40	(3)
Chemistry Around Us 2.1 Seeing the Light	42	(1)
2.2 The Geometry of Alkenes	43	(4)
Chemistry Around Us 2.2 Watermelon: A Source of Lycopene	44	(3)
2.3 Properties of Alkenes	47	(6)
Study Skills 2.1 Keeping a Reaction Card File	50	(3)
2.4 Addition Polymers	53	(3)
Study Skills 2.2 A Reaction Map for Alkenes	53	(1)
How Reactions Occur The Hydration of Alkenes: An Addition Reaction	54	(2)
2.5 Alkynes	56	(2)
2.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure	58	(1)
2.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives	59	(3)
Chemistry and Your Health 2.1 How to Lower Your Cancer Risk	61	(1)
2.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds	62	(9)
Over the Counter 2.1 Smoking: It's Quitting Time	63	(2)
For Future Reference Drugs That May Cause Photosensitivity from Sun Exposure	65	(1)
Concept Summary	66	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	66	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	66	(1)
Key Reactions	67	(1)
Exercises	67	(4)
Chemistry for Thought	71	(2)
Chapter 3 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers	73	(32)
3.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols	75	(2)
3.2 Classification of Alcohols	77	(1)
3.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols	78	(2)
3.4 Reactions of Alcohols	80	(6)
How Reactions Occur The Dehydration of an Alcohol	81	(4)
Study Skills 3.1 A Reaction Map for Alcohols	85	(1)
3.5 Important Alcohols	86	(2)
Chemistry Around Us 3.1 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	87	(1)
3.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols	88	(2)
Over the Counter 3.1 Outsmarting Poison Ivy	89	(1)
3.7 Ethers	90	(3)
Chemistry and Your Health 3.1 Vitamin E: As Good As It Seems?	91	(2)
Chemistry Around Us 3.2 General Anesthetics	93	(1)
3.8 Properties of Ethers	93	(1)
3.9 Thiols	94	(2)
3.10 Polyfunctional Compounds	96	(2)
For Future Reference Good Food Sources of Vitamin E	97	(1)
Concept Summary	98	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	98	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	99	(1)
Key Reactions	99	(1)
Exercises	100	(4)
Chemistry for Thought	104	(1)
Chapter 4 Aldehydes and Ketones	105	(28)
4.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones	106	(4)
Chemistry Around Us 4.1 Faking a Tan	108	(2)
4.2 Physical Properties	110	(1)
4.3 Chemical Properties	111	(11)
Over the Counter 4.1 Birth Control: Progesterone Substitutes	113	(4)
How Reactions Occur Hemiacetal Formation	117	(2)
Study Skills 4.1 A Reaction Map for Aldehydes and Ketones	119	(3)
Chemistry and Your Health 4.1 Vitamin A and Birth Defects	122	(1)
4.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones	122	(10)
Chemistry Around Us 4.2 Vanilloids: Hot Relief from Pain	124	(1)
For Future Reference Food Sources of Vitamin A	125	(1)
Concept Summary	126	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	126	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	126	(1)
Key Reactions	126	(1)
Exercises	127	(5)
Chemistry for Thought	132	(1)
Chapter 5 Carboxylic Acids and Esters	133	(28)
5.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids	134	(2)
5.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids	136	(3)
Over the Counter 5.1 Alpha Hydroxy Acids in Cosmetics	138	(1)
5.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids	139	(1)
5.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids	140	(2)
5.5 Carboxylic Esters	142	(4)
5.6 The Nomenclature of Esters	146	(2)
Chemistry and Your Health 5.1 Aspirin: Should You Take a Daily Dose?	147	(1)
5.7 Reactions of Esters	148	(2)
Study Skills 5.1 A Reaction Map for Carboxylic Acids	149	(1)
5.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids	150	(10)
How Reactions Occur Ester Saponification	151	(1)
Chemistry Around Us 5.1 Nitroglycerin in Dynamite and in Medicine	152	(1)
For Future Reference Foods Rich in Vitamin C	153	(1)
Concept Summary	154	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	154	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	155	(1)
Key Reactions	155	(1)
Exercises	156	(4)
Chemistry for Thought	160	(1)
Chapter 6 Amines and Amides	161	(30)
6.1 Classification of Amines	162	(1)
6.2 The Nomenclature of Amines	162	(3)
Over the Counter 6.1 The Right Stuff for Stuffy Noses	164	(1)
6.3 Physical Properties of Amines	165	(1)
6.4 Chemical Properties of Amines	166	(7)
Chemistry Around Us 6.1 Aspirin Substitutes	171	(2)
6.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters	173	(3)
Study Skills 6.1 A Reaction Map for Amines	173	(3)
6.6 Other Biologically Important Amines	176	(3)
Chemistry and Your Health 6.1 Caffeine: A User's Guide	176	(3)
6.7 The Nomenclature of Amides	179	(1)
6.8 Physical Properties of Amides	180	(1)
6.9 Chemical Properties of Amides	181	(9)
For Future Reference Vitamin B6	184	(1)
Concept Summary	184	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	185	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	185	(1)
Key Reactions	185	(1)
Exercises	185	(5)
Chemistry for Thought	190	(1)
Chapter 7 Carbohydrates	191	(34)
7.1 Classes of Carbohydrates	192	(1)
7.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates	193	(5)
7.3 Fischer Projections	198	(3)
7.4 Monosaccharides	201	(1)
7.5 Properties of Monosaccharides	202	(6)
Chemistry Around Us 7.1 Sugar-Free Foods and Diabetes	205	(3)
7.6 Important Monosaccharides	208	(2)
7.7 Disaccharides	210	(3)
Study Skills 7.1 Biomolecules: A New Focus	210	(2)
Chemistry and Your Health 7.1 Carbohydrates: To Eat or Not to Eat	212	(1)
7.8 Polysaccharides	213	(11)
Over the Counter 7.1 Dietary Fiber	217	(2)
For Future Reference The Glycemic Index	219	(1)
Concept Summary	219	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	220	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	220	(1)
Key Reactions	220	(1)
Exercises	221	(3)
Chemistry for Thought	224	(1)
Chapter 8 Lipids	225	(28)
8.1 Classification of Lipids	226	(1)
8.2 Fatty Acids	226	(4)
8.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils	230	(2)
8.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils	232	(2)
8.5 Waxes	234	(1)
Study Skills 8.1 A Reaction Map for Triglycerides	235	(1)
8.6 Phosphoglycerides	235	(3)
Chemistry and Your Health 8.1 Watch Out for Trans Fatty Acids	236	(2)
8.7 Sphingolipids	238	(1)
8.8 Biological Membranes	239	(2)
8.9 Steroids	241	(11)
Chemistry Around Us 8.1 Fish Facts	242	(1)
8.10 Steroid Hormones	243	(3)
Over the Counter 8.1 Melatonin and DHEA: Hormones at Your Own Risk	244	(2)
Chemistry Around Us 8.2 Infants and Respiratory Distress Syndrome	246	(1)
8.11 Prostaglandins	246	(2)
For Future Reference Cholesterol Content of Selected Foods	247	(1)
Concept Summary	248	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	249	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	249	(1)
Key Reactions	249	(1)
Exercises	250	(2)
Chemistry for Thought	252	(1)
Chapter 9 Proteins	253	(30)
9.1 The Amino Acids	254	(2)
9.2 Zwitterions	256	(2)
9.3 Reactions of Amino Acids	258	(3)
Over the Counter 9.1 Medicines and Nursing Mothers	259	(2)
9.4 Important Peptides	261	(2)
Chemistry and Your Health 9.1 C-Reactive Protein: A Message from the Heart	262	(1)
9.5 Characteristics of Proteins	263	(4)
Chemistry Around Us 9.1 Alzheimer's Disease	266	(1)
9.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins	267	(1)
9.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins	268	(2)
9.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins	270	(3)
Chemistry Around Us 9.2 Sickle-Cell Disease	271
Study Skills 9.1 Visualizing Protein Structure 2	73	(200)
9.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins	273	(1)
9.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation	274	(3)
For Future Reference The Iron Content of Selected Foods	277	(1)
Concept Summary	277	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	278	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	278	(1)
Key Reactions	279	(1)
Exercises	279	(3)
Chemistry for Thought	282	(1)
Chapter 10 Enzymes	283	(26)
10.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes	284	(1)
10.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification	285	(2)
Chemistry and Your Health 10.1 Enzymes and Disease	286	(1)
10.3 Enzyme Cofactors	287	(1)
10.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action	288	(2)
10.5 Enzyme Activity	290	(1)
10.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity	291	(1)
10.7 Enzyme Inhibition	292	(6)
Chemistry Around Us 10.1 Enzyme Discovery Heats Up	293	(4)
Over the Counter 10.1 Herbal Supplements	297	(1)
Chemistry Around Us 10.2 Antifreeze Poisoning and Competitive Inhibition	298	(1)
10.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity	298	(3)
Study Skills 10.1 A Summary Chart of Enzyme Inhibitors	300	(1)
10.9 Medical Application of Enzymes	301	(3)
For Future Reference Sources of Folic Acid	304	(1)
Concept Summary	304	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	305	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	305	(1)
Key Reactions	305	(1)
Exercises	306	(2)
Chemistry for Thought	308	(1)
Chapter 11 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis	309	(34)
11.1 Components of Nucleic Acids	310	(2)
11.2 The Structure of DNA	312	(4)
Over the Counter 11.1 Nucleic Acid Supplements	316	(1)
11.3 DNA Replication	316	(5)
11.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)	321	(3)
Chemistry Around Us 11.1 Cloning Animals	322	(2)
11.5 The Flow of Genetic Information	324	(1)
11.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis	325	(3)
Chemistry Around Us 11.2 Is AIDS Forever?	326	(2)
11.7 The Genetic Code	328	(2)
Study Skills 11.1 Remembering Key Words	329	(1)
11.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis	330	(3)
11.9 Mutations	333	(1)
11.10 Recombinant DNA	333	(5)
Chemistry Around Us 11.3 DNA and the Law	335	(2)
Chemistry and Your Health 11.1 Genetically Modified Foods	337	(1)
For Future Reference Drugs That May Adversely Affect the Fetus and Newborn Infant	338	(1)
Concept Summary	338	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	339	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	339	(1)
Exercises	340	(1)
Chemistry for Thought	341	(2)
Chapter 12 Nutrition and Energy for Life	343	(28)
12.1 Nutritional Requirements	344	(1)
12.2 The Macronutrients	345	(4)
Chemistry Around Us 12.1 Vegetarian Diets	349	(1)
12.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins	349	(2)
Chemistry and Your Health 12.1 Waistlines Can Be Dangerous	351	(1)
12.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals	351	(1)
12.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere	352	(3)
12.6 Metabolism and an Overview of Energy Production	355	(1)
12.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier	356	(4)
Study Skills 12.1 Bioprocesses	357	(3)
12.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic Pathway	360	(7)
Over the Counter 12.1 Creatine Supplements: The Jury Is Still Out	361	(4)
For Future Reference Food Label Terms	365	(2)
Concept Summary	367	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	367	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	368	(1)
Key Reactions	368	(1)
Exercises	368	(2)
Chemistry for Thought	370	(1)
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism	371	(26)
13.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates	372	(1)
13.2 Blood Glucose	372	(1)
13.3 Glycolysis	373	(3)
Over the Counter 13.1 Lactose Intolerance	374	(2)
13.4 The Fates of Pyruvate	376	(2)
13.5 The Citric Acid Cycle	378	(2)
Chemistry Around Us 13.1 Lactate Accumulation	380	(1)
13.6 The Electron Transport Chain	380	(2)
13.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation	382	(2)
13.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose	384	(1)
13.9 Glycogen Metabolism	385	(11)
Study Skills 13.1 Key Numbers for ATP Calculations	386	(1)
Chemistry Around Us 13.2 Carbohydrate Loading and Athletic Endurance	387	(1)
13.10 Gluconeogenesis	387	(1)
13.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism	388	(4)
Chemistry and Your Health 13.1 Diabetes Mellitus	389	(2)
For Future Reference Drugs That Deplete Vitamins	391	(1)
Concept Summary	392	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	392	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	393	(1)
Key Reactions	393	(1)
Exercises	394	(2)
Chemistry for Thought	396	(1)
Chapter 14 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism	397	(29)
14.1 Blood Lipids	398	(1)
14.2 Fat Mobilization	399	(3)
Over the Counter 14.1 Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs	401	(1)
14.3 Glycerol Metabolism	402	(1)
14.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids	402	(2)
14.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids	404	(1)
14.6 Ketone Bodies	405	(2)
Study Skills 14.1 Key Numbers for ATP Calculations	406	(1)
14.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis	407	(2)
14.8 Amino Acid Metabolism	409	(1)
14.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms	410	(14)
Chemistry and Your Health 14.1 Vegetarian Diets and Protein Requirements	412	(2)
Chemistry Around Us 14.1 Phenylketonuria (PKU)	414	(1)
14.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton	415	(1)
Chemistry Around Us 14.2 Protein Power	416	(1)
14.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis	416	(3)
For Future Reference Dietary Sources of Riboflavin	419	(1)
Concept Summary	419	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	420	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	420	(1)
Key Reactions	420	(1)
Exercises	421	(3)
Chemistry for Thought	424	(2)
Chapter 15 Body Fluids 42s
15.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids	426	(1)
15.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport	426	(5)
Over the Counter 15.1 Avoiding Food-Drug Interactions	429	(2)
Chemistry and Your Health 15.1 Life-Saving Bandages	431	(1)
15.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells	431	(1)
15.4 The Constituents of Urine	432	(1)
15.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance	432	(2)
15.6 Acid-Base Balance	434	(1)
15.7 Buffer Control of Blood pH	434	(2)
Chemistry Around Us 15.1 Blood Donation	435	(1)
15.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH	436	(1)
15.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH	436	(1)
15.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis	437	(5)
For Future Reference Drugs That May Affect the Heart	441	(1)
Concept Summary	442	(1)
Learning Objectives Assessment	442	(1)
Key Terms and Concepts	442	(1)
Key Reactions	443	(1)
Exercises	443	(1)
Chemistry for Thought	444
Appendix A The International System of Measurements	A-1
Appendix B Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises	B-1
Appendix C Solutions to Learning Checks	C-1
Glossary	G-1
Index	I-1