The Organization of Information

by Taylor, Arlene G.

• ISBN13: 9781563089695
• ISBN10: 1563089696
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-11-30
• Publisher: HEINEMAN

Summary

The extensively revised and completely updated second edition of this popular textbook provides LIS practitioners and students with a vital guide to the organization of information. After a broad overview of the concept and its role in human endeavors, Taylor proceeds to a detailed and insightful discussion of such basic retrieval tools as bibliographies, catalogs, indexes, finding aids, registers, databases, major bibliographic utilities, and other organizing entities. After tracing the development of the organization of recorded information in Western civilization from 2000 B.C.E. to the present, the author addresses topics that include encoding standards (MARC, SGML, and various DTDs), metadata (description, access, and access control), verbal subject analysis including controlled vocabularies and ontologies, classification theory and methodology, arrangement and display, and system design.

Author Biography

ARLENE G. TAYLOR is Professor, School of Information Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and author of several works on cataloging and classification. She has received ALA's Margaret Mann Citation in Cataloging and Classification.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xvii
Preface	xxi
Acknowledgements	xxv
Organization of Recorded Information	1	(28)
The Need to Organize	1	(1)
The Nature of Information	2	(1)
The Nature of the Organization of Recorded Information	3	(4)
Organization of Information in Different Environments	7	(16)
Libraries	7	(2)
Archives	9	(2)
Museums and Art Galleries	11	(2)
The Internet	13	(2)
Digital Libraries	15	(3)
Information Architecture	18	(1)
Data Administration	19	(2)
Knowledge Management	21	(2)
Conclusion	23	(1)
Notes	23	(2)
Suggested Readings	25	(4)
General	25	(1)
Organization of Information in Libraries	25	(1)
Organization of Information in Archives/Manuscripts	26	(1)
Organization of Information in Museums/Art Galleries	26	(1)
Organization of Information in the Internet	26	(1)
Organization of Information in Digital Libraries	27	(1)
Organization of Information in Information Architecture	27	(1)
Organization of Information in Data Administration	28	(1)
Organization of Information in Knowledge Management	28	(1)
Retrieval Tools	29	(20)
The Need for Retrieval Tools	29	(1)
The Basic Retrieval Tools, Their Formats, and Their Functions	30	(15)
Bibliographies	30	(3)
Pathfinders	33	(1)
Catalogs	33	(1)
Purposes of Catalogs	34	(2)
Forms of Catalogs	36	(2)
Arrangements Within Catalogs	38	(2)
Indexes	40	(3)
Finding Aids	43	(1)
Registers	44	(1)
Search Engines and Directories	44	(1)
Conclusion	45	(1)
Notes	46	(1)
Suggested Readings	47	(2)
Development of the Organization of Recorded Information in Western Civilization	49	(20)
Inventories, Bibliographies, Catalogs, and Codification	49	(8)
Antiquity	49	(2)
Middle Ages	51	(1)
European Renaissance	52	(1)
From Inventories to Finding Lists to Collocating Devices	53	(2)
Period of Codification	55	(2)
Twentieth Century	57	(8)
Description	57	(2)
Subject Access	59	(1)
Verbal Subject Access	59	(1)
Classification	60	(1)
Special Materials	61	(1)
Archives	61	(1)
Museums and Art Galleries	62	(1)
Subject Access to Special Materials	62	(1)
Mechanization of Bibliography	62	(1)
The Documentation Movement	63	(2)
Library Automation	65	(1)
Conclusion	65	(1)
Notes	66	(1)
Suggested Readings	67	(2)
Encoding Standards	69	(34)
Encoding of Characters	70	(1)
Encoding of Records (Syntax)	70	(1)
Currently Used Examples of Standards for Encoding Records	71	(19)
MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging)	72	(4)
MARC 21	76	(2)
UNIMARC	78	(1)
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)	78	(1)
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)	79	(1)
DTDs (Document Type Definitions) and XML Schemas	80	(10)
Frameworks	90	(7)
Warwick Framework	90	(3)
RDF (Resource Description Framework)	93	(2)
METS (Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard)	95	(1)
Semantic Web	96	(1)
Conclusion	97	(1)
Notes	97	(3)
Suggested Readings	100	(3)
Systems and System Design	103	(36)
Systems	103	(8)
Databases	104	(2)
Bibliographic Networks	106	(2)
Integrated Library Systems (ILSs)	108	(1)
Development of Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs)	109	(2)
System Design	111	(20)
Organization of Information and System Design	112	(1)
Searching Methods	113	(1)
Retrieval Models	114	(1)
Standardization and Systems	115	(1)
Display	116	(3)
Basic Search Queries	119	(2)
Initial Articles	121	(1)
Truncation, Boolean Operators, and Proximity	121	(1)
Punctuation	122	(1)
Meta-Searching and Z39.50	123	(2)
User-Centered System Design	125	(1)
Universal Design	126	(1)
Multiple Languages/Scripts	126	(1)
Other Aids for Users	127	(2)
Authority Control Integration	129	(2)
Conclusion	131	(1)
Notes	132	(3)
Suggested Readings	135	(4)
Metadata	139	(20)
The Basics of Metadata	141	(1)
Metadata Schemas	142	(1)
Metadata Characteristics	143	(1)
Metadata and Cataloging	144	(2)
Objectives of an Information System	146	(1)
Types of Metadata	147	(5)
Administrative Metadata	147	(1)
Preservation Metadata	148	(1)
Rights and Access Metadata	149	(1)
Meta-Metadata	150	(1)
Structural Metadata	150	(1)
Implementations of Structural Metadata	151	(1)
Descriptive Metadata	152	(1)
Management Tools	152	(3)
Application Profiles	152	(1)
Metadata Registries	153	(1)
Crosswalks	154	(1)
Harvesting Tools and Templates	155	(1)
Conclusion	155	(1)
Notes	156	(2)
Suggested Readings	158	(1)
Metadata: Description	159	(42)
Units to Be Described	160	(3)
Finite vs. Continuing Resources	161	(1)
FRBR's Entities	162	(1)
Creation of Surrogate Records	163	(27)
Bibliographic and General Metadata Schemas	165	(1)
ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description)	165	(3)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition, 2002 Revision (AACR2R)	168	(3)
The Dublin Core (DC)	171	(5)
MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema)	176	(1)
Domain-Specific Metadata Schemas	177	(1)
ISAD(G) (General International Standard Archival Description)	177	(3)
Archival APPM (Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts) Records	180	(1)
EAD (Encoded Archival Description)	180	(1)
TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) Headers	181	(1)
GILS (Government [or Global] Information Locator Service) Records	182	(2)
FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata	184	(1)
VRA (Visual Resources Association) Core Categories for Visual Resources	185	(3)
CIMI XML Schema for SPECTRUM	188	(1)
ONIX International	189	(1)
Other Surrogate Record Types	189	(1)
Index Records	189	(1)
On-the-Fly Records	190	(1)
Environmental Influences in Descriptive Metadata Creation	190	(2)
Conclusion	192	(1)
Notes	192	(4)
Suggested Readings	196	(5)
Metadata: Access and Authority Control	201	(40)
Need for Attention to Access	201	(2)
Need for Attention to Bibliographic Relationships	203	(3)
Choice of Access Points	206	(14)
Primary Access Point	207	(1)
Main Entry Controversy	208	(1)
Justification for Main Entry	209	(5)
AACR2 Principles for Choosing Main Entry	214	(6)
Additional Access Points	220	(1)
Authority Control	220	(13)
Headings for Access Points	224	(1)
Principles for Choice of Personal Name	224	(2)
Principles of Form of Personal Name	226	(1)
Principles for Entry Word and Remaining Structure of Personal Name	227	(1)
Principles for Choice of Corporate Name	228	(1)
Principles for Entry Word and Form of Heading for Corporate Names	229	(1)
Principles for Choice of Uniform Title	230	(1)
Principles for Arrangement of Uniform Titles	230	(1)
International Authority Control	231	(2)
Conclusion	233	(2)
Notes	235	(3)
Suggested Readings	238	(3)
Subject Analysis	241	(20)
Purpose of Subject Analysis	242	(1)
Challenges in Conceptual Analysis	242	(5)
Cultural Differences	244	(1)
Differences in Methods Used	244	(1)
Consistency	245	(1)
Nontextual Information	246	(1)
Subject Analysis Process	247	(8)
Exhaustivity	250	(2)
Identification of Concepts	252	(1)
Topics Used as Subject Concepts	252	(1)
Names Used as Subject Concepts	252	(1)
Chronological Elements as Subject Concepts	253	(1)
The Concept of Form as Subject	254	(1)
Translating Concepts into Index Terms	255	(1)
Translating Concepts into Classification Notations	256	(1)
Conclusion	256	(1)
Notes	256	(2)
Suggested Readings	258	(3)
Systems for Vocabulary Control	261	(36)
Controlled Vocabulary Challenges	262	(4)
Specific vs. General Terms	262	(1)
Synonymous Concepts	262	(1)
Word Form for One-Word Terms	263	(1)
Sequence and Form for Multiword Terms and Phrases	263	(1)
Homographs and Homophones	264	(1)
Qualification of Terms	265	(1)
Abbreviations and Acronyms	265	(1)
Popular vs. Technical Terms	265	(1)
Subdivision of Terms	266	(1)
Precoordination vs. Postcoordination	266	(1)
General Principles for Creating Controlled Vocabularies	267	(1)
Specificity	267	(1)
Literary Warrant	268	(1)
Direct Entry	268	(1)
General Principles for Applying Controlled Vocabulary Terms	268	(2)
Specific Entry	268	(1)
Number of Terms Assigned	269	(1)
Concept Not in Controlled Vocabulary	269	(1)
Index Terms for Names	270	(1)
Controlled Vocabularies	270	(14)
Mechanics of Controlled Vocabularies	271	(3)
Subject Heading Lists	274	(1)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)	274	(1)
Sears List of Subject Headings (Sears)	275	(1)
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)	275	(2)
Thesauri	277	(1)
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)	278	(1)
Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors	278	(3)
INSPEC Thesaurus	281	(1)
Ontologies	282	(2)
Natural Language Processing (NLP)	284	(4)
Keywords	286	(1)
WordNet®	287	(1)
Conclusion	288	(2)
Notes	290	(2)
Suggested Readings	292	(5)
LCSH	293	(1)
Sears	294	(1)
MeSH	294	(1)
AAT	294	(1)
ERIC	294	(1)
Ontologies	295	(1)
NLP	295	(2)
Systems for Categorization	297	(34)
Theory of Categorization	297	(4)
Classical Theory of Categories	298	(2)
Prototype Theory	300	(1)
Bibliographic Classification	301	(6)
Hierarchical, Enumerative, and Faceted Classifications	302	(3)
Major Bibliographic Classification Schemes	305	(2)
Classification Concepts	307	(8)
Broad vs. Close Classification	307	(1)
Classification of Knowledge vs. Classification of a Particular Collection	308	(1)
Integrity of Numbers vs. Keeping Pace With Knowledge	309	(2)
Fixed vs. Relative Location	311	(1)
Closed vs. Open Stacks	311	(1)
Location Device vs. Collocation Device	312	(1)
Classification of Serials vs. Alphabetic Order of Serials	313	(1)
Classification of Monographic Series (Classified Separately vs. Classified as a Set)	314	(1)
Taxonomies	315	(1)
Classification on the Internet	316	(4)
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)	320	(2)
Conclusion	322	(1)
Notes	322	(2)
Suggested Readings	324	(7)
Classification in General	324	(2)
Specific Classification Schemes	326	(1)
Dewey Decimal Classification	326	(1)
Universal Decimal Classification	326	(1)
LC Classification	327	(1)
Colon Classification	327	(1)
Other Classification Schemes	327	(1)
Taxonomies	328	(1)
Classification and the Internet	328	(1)
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)	329	(2)
Arrangement and Display	331	(14)
Arrangement of Physical Information Packages	331	(3)
Libraries	331	(2)
Archives	333	(1)
Arrangement of Intangible Information Packages	334	(1)
Arrangement of Surrogates (Metadata)	335	(6)
Filing History	336	(1)
General Rules for Arrangement	337	(1)
Filing/Display Dilemmas	338	(3)
Conclusion	341	(1)
Notes	341	(1)
Suggested Readings	342	(3)
Arrangement of Information Packages	342	(1)
Libraries	342	(1)
Archives	342	(1)
Internet	342	(1)
Arrangement of Bibliographic/Surrogate Records	343	(2)
Conclusion	345	(2)
Note	346	(1)
Appendix: Subject-Analysis Application	347	(6)
Glossary	353	(32)
Selected Bibliography	385	(22)
Index	407