Organizational Behavior in Education : Instructional Leadership and School Reform

by Owens, Robert G.

• ISBN13: 9780205321988
• ISBN10: 0205321984
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-07-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The seventh edition of Organizational Behavior in Education relates the study of educational leadership to the challenge of how readers can participate effectively in school reform. Readers are challenged to develop and act upon a game plan for implementing school reform from the first chapter. The seventh edition continues to examine such aspects of organizational behavior as organizational culture, leadership, motivation, change, conflict, and decision-making while maintaining high standards of scholarship and a lucid, readily accessible writing style.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Prospective	xvii
Toward a Theory of Practice	1	(26)
Learning Objectives	1	(1)
About This Chapter	2	(2)
Two Principal Sources of Conflict	4	(5)
The ``Great Debate'': Traditional versus Progressive Education	4	(1)
The Beginnings of the Great Educational Debate	5	(2)
The Backlash of the 1950s	7	(2)
The Neoprogressives Emerge in the 1960s	9	(1)
The Contemporary Debate on Schooling	9	(8)
The Central Park East Schools	12	(1)
The Debate Continues	13	(2)
The National ``Summit Meetings'' on Educational Standards	15	(2)
Ways of Understanding Organizations	17	(1)
Theory of Action	17	(4)
Theory of Practice	21	(1)
The Game Plan: A Coaching Metaphor	22	(1)
Conclusion	23	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	23	(1)
Suggested Reading	24	(1)
Notes	25	(2)
Mainstreams of Organizational Thought	27	(31)
Learning Objectives	27	(1)
About This Chapter	28	(6)
What Is Organizational Behavior?	29	(2)
Why Study Organizational Behavior?	31	(1)
Why Study the History of Organizational Behavior?	32	(1)
Why Study Theory?	33	(1)
Public Administration as a Beginning	34	(1)
Impact of the Industrial Revolution	35	(4)
Frederick W. Taylor and Scientific Management	35	(2)
The Beginning of Modern Organizational Theory	37	(1)
Emergence of Bureaucratic Organizational Theory	37	(2)
The Rise of Classical Organizational Theory	39	(5)
Scientific Management versus Classical Organizational Theory	40	(1)
Organizational Concepts of Classical Theory	41	(2)
The Ideas of Mary Parker Follett	43	(1)
Classical and Neoclassical Administrative Concepts	44	(1)
The Human Relations Movement	44	(5)
The Western Electric Studies	45	(4)
The Organizational Theory Movement	49	(6)
Human Relations and Organizational Behavior	52	(3)
Conclusion	55	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	55	(1)
Suggested Reading	56	(1)
Notes	56	(2)
Organizational Theory in the Modern Period	58	(50)
Learning Objectives	58	(1)
About This Chapter	59	(1)
Organizational Theory	60	(1)
Theory Defined and Described	61	(1)
Two Major Perspectives on Educational Organizations	61	(6)
Bureaucratic Views	62	(4)
Human Resources Development Views	66	(1)
Theory X and Theory Y	67	(5)
Organizational Structure and People	72	(1)
General Systems Theory	72	(2)
Basic Concepts of System	73	(1)
Social Systems Theory	74	(5)
A Contextual Approach	75	(4)
Role Theory	79	(6)
Functional Roles in the Group	84	(1)
Role Related to Social Systems Theory	85	(7)
Equilibrium	88	(3)
Homeostasis	91	(1)
Feedback	91	(1)
Sociotechnical Systems Theory	92	(4)
Contingency Theory	96	(6)
Rational Planning Models	96	(2)
Open System Related to Contingency Theory	98	(1)
Response to Technological Change	99	(1)
Interaction with External Environment	100	(1)
Contingency Theory and Organizational Behavior in Schools	101	(1)
Conclusion	102	(2)
Working on Your Game Plan	104	(1)
Suggested Reading	105	(1)
Notes	105	(3)
The Human Dimension of Organization	108	(28)
Learning Objectives	108	(1)
About This Chapter	109	(1)
Reconceptualizing the Nature of Organizations	110	(2)
Collapse of Traditional Organizational Theory	112	(1)
Rise in Qualitative Research Methods	113	(5)
Educational Organizations as Loosely Coupled Systems	115	(1)
Educational Organizations as Dual Systems	116	(2)
Building Human Capital	118	(5)
Human Resources as Assets	120	(2)
Organizational Culture as a Bearer of Authority	122	(1)
Nontheoretical Influences on Organizational Thought	123	(4)
Effective Schools Research	123	(1)
Findings of the Effective Schools Research	123	(1)
Five Basic Assumptions of Effective Schools	123	(2)
Seeking an Effective Schools Formula	125	(1)
Emerging Approach to Effective Schools	125	(2)
The School Reform Movement	127	(2)
The First Wave of School Reform	127	(1)
The Second Wave of School Reform	128	(1)
Turmoil in School Reform	129	(1)
Three Approaches to School Reform	129	(1)
Conclusion	130	(3)
The Effort to Create an Administrative Science	131	(1)
Centrality of the Human Dimension of Organization	131	(1)
Where We Are and Where We Are Going	132	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	133	(1)
Suggested Reading	134	(1)
Notes	134	(2)
Organizational Culture and Organizational Climate	136	(45)
Learning Objectives	136	(1)
About This Chapter	137	(1)
Human Resources Development	138	(10)
Defining and Describing Organizational Climate and Culture	139	(3)
Research on Organizational Culture	142	(3)
Organizational Culture and Organizational Climate Compared and Contrasted	145	(3)
How Organizational Culture Is Created	148	(5)
Symbolism and Culture	148	(2)
Organizational Climate	150	(1)
The Affective Aspects of Culture and Climate	151	(1)
Multiple Cultures	151	(2)
How Organizational Climate Is Created	153	(6)
Group Norms	154	(1)
Person-Environment Interaction	154	(2)
Concept of Behavior Settings	156	(2)
Describing and Assessing Organizational Culture in Schools	158	(1)
Relationship between Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness	159	(5)
Cause and Effect	159	(1)
The Problem of Measuring School Effectiveness	160	(4)
Describing and Assessing Organizational Climate in Schools	164	(5)
Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ)	164	(2)
Organizational Climate Index (OCI)	166	(3)
Four Management Systems	169	(5)
Conclusion	174	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	175	(1)
Suggested Reading	176	(2)
Notes	178	(3)
Organizational Change	181	(51)
Learning Objectives	181	(2)
About This Chapter	183	(1)
School Reform and Change	184	(2)
Power Relationships and School Restructuring	185	(1)
Aims of Educational Reform	186	(1)
The Tradition of Change in American Education	186	(3)
Natural Diffusion Processes	187	(1)
Sociological Views of Diffusion	188	(1)
Planned, Managed Diffusion	188	(1)
Three Strategies of Planned Change	189	(1)
Empirical-Rational Strategies of Change	189	(4)
Research, Development, and Diffusion (R, D, and D)	189	(1)
The ``Agricultural Model''	190	(2)
Assumptions and Implications of KPU Approaches to Change	192	(1)
Other Empirical-Rational Strategies	193	(1)
Power-Coercive Strategies of Change	193	(1)
A Third Strategy: Organizational Self-Renewal	194	(18)
The Rand Study of Federal Programs Supporting Educational Change	194	(2)
A Normative-Reeducative Strategy	196	(1)
Organizational Health	197	(1)
Organization Self-Renewal	198	(1)
The Learning Organization	199	(8)
A Sociotechnical View	207	(1)
Force-Field Analysis	208	(4)
Research on the Effectiveness of OD	212	(3)
W. Edwards Deming and Total Quality Management	215	(9)
Transforming Change	216	(1)
Simple Change Different from Transforming Change	217	(1)
Brief Background on Deming	218	(1)
Lessons from Deming's Work	219	(5)
Conclusion	224	(2)
Working on Your Game Plan	226	(1)
Suggested Reading	227	(2)
Notes	229	(3)
Leadership	232	(31)
Learning Objectives	232	(1)
About This Chapter	233	(1)
The Power of Leaders	234	(4)
Leadership Different from Command	234	(2)
Power Defined	236	(1)
Leadership Defined	237	(1)
Two-Factor Leadership Theory Abandoned	238	(1)
Leadership as a Relationship with Followers	239	(4)
Your Understanding of Human Nature Is Critical	241	(1)
Bureaucratic View of Leadership	242	(1)
Transforming Leadership	243	(5)
Transforming Leadership Compared and Contrasted with Transactional Leadership	243	(1)
Moral Leadership	244	(1)
A Progression	244	(1)
A Process of Growth and Development	245	(1)
Leadership and Vision	246	(1)
Whose Vision Is It, Anyway?	247	(1)
Manipulation and Empowerment	248	(2)
Critical Theory	249	(1)
Leadership and Management	250	(2)
Empowerment and Leadership	251	(1)
A Moral or Ethical Problem	251	(1)
A Pragmatic Guide to Leader Behavior	252	(3)
A Pragmatic View of Leadership	252	(1)
The Scanlon Plan	253	(1)
Servant Leadership	254	(1)
Leadership and la Difference	255	(2)
Conclusion	257	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	258	(1)
Suggested Reading	259	(2)
Notes	261	(2)
Decision Making	263	(41)
Learning Objectives	263	(1)
About This Chapter	264	(2)
Individual versus Organizational Decision Making	266	(2)
Rationality in Decision Making	268	(3)
Rational Decision-Making Models	269	(2)
Limits on Rationality in Decision Making	271	(11)
The Gap between Theory and Practice	272	(1)
Five Leadership Styles	272	(1)
Seven Situation Issues	273	(1)
Decision-Process Flowchart	273	(2)
The Nature of Managerial and Administrative Work	275	(2)
How Administrators Think	277	(3)
The Influence of Organizational Culture on Decision Making	280	(2)
Closing the Gap between Theory and Practice	282	(1)
Theory of Practice	282	(2)
Human Resources Development	283	(1)
Participative Decision Making	284	(3)
Participative Decision Making and Empowerment	285	(2)
Participative or Democratic?	287	(7)
An Explicit Decision-Making Process	289	(1)
Who Identifies the Problem?	290	(1)
Emergent and Discrete Problems	290	(2)
Who Should Participate?	292	(1)
Desire of Individuals to Participate	292	(2)
Team Administration	294	(2)
Participation Requires High Level of Skills	295	(1)
A Paradigm for Decision Making	296	(2)
Conclusion	298	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	299	(2)
Suggested Reading	301	(1)
Notes	302	(2)
Conflict in Organizations	304	(24)
Learning Objectives	304	(1)
About This Chapter	305	(1)
The Nature of Conflict in Organizations	306	(5)
Definition of Conflict	306	(1)
Conflict Different from Attacks	307	(1)
Contemporary Views of Conflict	308	(1)
Effects of Organizational Conflict	308	(1)
The Criterion: Organizational Performance	309	(2)
The Dynamics of Organizational Conflict	311	(5)
Hostility	311	(1)
A Contingency View	312	(1)
A Process View of Conflict	312	(2)
A Structural View of Conflict	314	(1)
An Open-Systems View of Conflict	315	(1)
Approaches to Organizational Conflict	316	(4)
The Win-Lose Orientation to Conflict	316	(2)
A Contingency Approach to Conflict	318	(1)
Diagnosing Conflict	318	(2)
A Contingency Approach to Diagnosis of Conflict	320	(3)
Conclusion	323	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	324	(1)
Suggested Reading	325	(1)
Notes	326	(2)
Motivation	328	(41)
Learning Objectives	328	(2)
About This Chapter	330	(1)
The Meaning and Patterns of Motivation	330	(2)
First Pattern: Direction in Making Choices	330	(1)
Second Pattern: Persistence	331	(1)
Third Pattern: Intensity	331	(1)
The Extrinsic-Intrinsic Debate	332	(1)
Extrinsic, or Behaviorist, Views	332	(1)
Intrinsic Views of Motivation	332	(1)
Individual and Group Motivation	333	(1)
The Western Electric Studies Revisited	333	(4)
The Illumination Studies	334	(1)
The Relay Inspection Group Studies	335	(1)
Central Findings of the Studies	335	(1)
Impact of the Studies	336	(1)
Contemporary Views of the Western Electric Studies	337	(1)
Individual Differences	337	(2)
In Praise of Diversity	338	(1)
Archetypes	339	(1)
Human Intelligence	339	(3)
Gardner's Seven Dimensions of Intelligence	340	(2)
Temperament and Organizational Behavior	342	(3)
The Four Psychological Types	342	(1)
Four Basic Dimensions of Huma Personality	343	(1)
Introversion-Extraversion	344	(1)
Sensation-Intuition and Thinking-Feeling	344	(1)
Perceiving-Judging	345	(1)
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)	345	(2)
Introversion-Extraversion	345	(1)
A Dimension, Rather Than Either-Or	346	(1)
Intuition-Sensation	346	(1)
Intrinsic Motivation	347	(1)
Cognitive Views of Motivation	348	(4)
Achievement Motivation	348	(2)
McClelland and the ``Spirit of Capitalism''	350	(1)
Fear of Success	351	(1)
The Humanistic Perspective	352	(11)
Abraham Maslow: Motivation as a Hierarchy of Needs	353	(5)
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation	358	(5)
Integrating Herzberg's and Maslow's Theories	363	(1)
Conclusion: General Principles	364	(1)
Working on Your Game Plan	365	(1)
Suggested Reading	366	(1)
Notes	366	(3)
School Reform	369	(30)
Learning Objectives	369	(1)
About This Chapter	370	(1)
Market-Based School Reform	371	(10)
Economic Theory and School Reform	374	(3)
School Reform as Investment Opportunity	377	(1)
Education Management Organizations	378	(3)
Contracting versus Privatization	381	(1)
Standards-Based School Reform	381	(4)
Whole School Reform	385	(6)
Increasing School Autonomy	386	(2)
Support for School Leaders	388	(1)
Coalition of Essential Schools	389	(1)
Accelerated Schools	390	(1)
Comer School Development Program	390	(1)
An Educator's Guide to Schoolwide Reform	391	(1)
Teacher Education and School Reform	392	(2)
National Network for Educational Renewal (NNER)	393	(1)
The American Council on Education Initiative	393	(1)
The Flexner Report on Medical Education as Precedent	394	(1)
Conclusion	394	(1)
Your Game Plan: A Work in Progress	395	(1)
Suggested Reading	396	(1)
Notes	396	(3)
Glossary	399	(6)
Author Index	405	(8)
Subject Index	413