International relations often seems chaotic, complex, and difficult to understand. Theoretical explanations can help resolve this confusion, but for much of the modern history of international relations, theory has often been vague or highly general. This 4-volume work provides the definitive resource on middle-range theory in the widest survey of empirical IR theory ever conducted.

Through over 150 entries by leading scholars, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory provides an authoritative overview of the central approaches, methodologies, and topics of the field. Its comprehensive examination of both classic and emerging theories underscores the breadth and depth of international relations theory today and is a necessary resource for students and as well as both new and established scholars.

William R. Thompson is Distinguished Professor and the Donald A. Rogers Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Bloomington. He is a former president of the International Studies Association (2005-06), former editor in chief of International Studies Quarterly (1994-1998 and 2009-13), and has been on the editorial boards of numerous journals. He has published numerous articles in leading journals and his most recent books include Transition Scenarios: China and the United States in the Twenty-first Century (with David P. Rapkin) and How Rivalries End (with Karen Rasler and Sumit Ganguly). Professor Thompson is also the recipient of the World Society Foundation's Award of Excellence in World Society Research, the International Global Research Association and Moscow State University's V. I. Vernadsky Gold Medal of Honor (for contribution to global studies), and the International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation and Russian Academy of Sciences' Silver Kondratieff Medal (for contribution to the social sciences). He is presently the Editor in Chief of the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.

A
The Aftermath of Civil Conflicts
Agent-Based Computational Modeling and International Relations Theory
The Age-Structural Theory of State Behavior
Akamatsu Waves
American Grand Strategy and Political Economy Theory: New Insights into Contemporary Debates
Analytical Liberalism, Neoclassical Realism, and the Need for Empirical Analyses
Approaches to Explaining Regional Conflict and Peace
Arms Races: An Assessment of Conceptual and Theoretical Challenges
Assessing Theories of Rivalry Initiation

B
The Balance of Power in World Politics
Bargaining Models of War and the Stability of Peace in Post-Conflict Societies
Bargaining Theory, Civil War Outcomes, and War Recurrence: Assessing the Results of Empirical Tests of the Theory

C
Capitalist Peace Theory: Plausibilities in Search of Theory
Challenges and Possibilities of Empirical International Relations Theory: Evidence from Research in Brazil
Civil War and Terrorism: A Call for Further Theory Building
Civil War from a Transnational Perspective
Civil War Termination
Civilian Self-Protection and Civilian Targeting in Armed Conflicts: Who Protects Civilians?
Clarifying Causal Mechanisms in International Relations
Comparative and International Political Economy and the Global Financial Crisis
The Concept of Deterrence and Deterrence Theory
Conflict Management of Territorial Disputes
Conflict, Regions, and Regional Hierarchies
Constructing a General Model Accounting for Interstate Rivalry Termination
Coup-Proofing and Civil War
Cumulative Knowledge, Science, and the Emergence of the Study of International Relations

D
Defending Classical Geopolitics
Defining and Operationalizing a Structural Political Geography for International Relations
Democratization and Conflict
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment
The Determinates of Military Intervention in Interstate and Civil Wars
Diffusion in International Politics
Diplomacy and Negotiation by the Numbers: More than an Art Form?
The Diverging Theory and Practice of International Law
The Diversification of Deterrence: New Data and Novel Realities
Do We Have Far Too Much Theory in International Relations or Do We Need Far Less?: Waltz Was Wrong, Tetlock Was Right
Domestic Coalitions: International Sources and Effects
Dynamics, Endogeneity, and Complexity in Nonviolent Protest Campaigns

E
Economic Incentives as Weapons of War
Economic Interdependence and Conflict
The Effectiveness of Peace Keeping Operations
The Effectiveness of WTO Dispute Settlement
Empirical Analyses of Deterrence
Empirical Evidence for Empirical International Relations Theorizing: Tests of Epistemological Assumptions with Data
Empirical Knowledge on Foreign Military Interventions
The Empirical Promise of Game Theory
Empirically Assessing the Bargaining Theory of War: Potential and Challenges
Empirics of Stable Peace
The English School: History and Primary Institutions as Empirical IR Theory?
Evolution, Adaptation, and Imitation
The Expansion of Economic Freedom and the Capitalist Peace

F
Fighting Abroad, Fighting at Home (and Vice Versa): Identifying the Relationship Between Civil and Interstate Conflict with Fewer Assumptions
Foundations of Power Transition Theory
Foundations of Rivalry Research
Fractionalization and Civil War

G
Gender Inequality and Internal Conflict
The Geography of Civil War
Geopolitics, Geography, and War
The Global Spread and Contraction of Democracy: A Co-Evolutionary Approach

H
Hegemony, Hierarchy, and Unipolarity: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Hegemonic Order Studies
Hierarchy and International Relations: Theory and Evidence
How Did International Political Economy Become Reductionist? A Historiography of a Discipline
How the Contractualist Peace Overtook the Democratic Peace

I
Immigration and International Political Economy
The Impact of Meso-Level Assumptions on Grand Theorizing: Using Unit, State, and Regime Type for Constructing IR's Historical Narratives (and Theory-Building)
Institutions and the Global Political Economy
The International Determinants of Military Coup Behavior
International Norm Change
Intrastate Conflict and Civilian Victimization
Is Democracy a Cause of Peace?

L
Labor and the Global Political Economy
The Latin American Puzzle for the Study of International Relations
Latin American Thinking in International Relations: Concepts in Place of Theory
Leaders and Foreign Policy: Surveying the Evidence
The Logics of Systemic Theory
Long-Cycles and World-Systems Theoretical Research Programs

M
Major Powers vs. Global Powers: A New Measure of Global Reach and Power Projection Capacity
Managing Internationalized Civil Wars
Measuring Violations of Human Rights Standards
More than Mixed Results: What Have We Learned from Quantitative Research on the Diversionary Hypothesis?
Multilevel Governance as a Global Governance Challenge: Assumptions, Methods, Shortcomings, and Future Directions

N
National Secession
Natural Resources, Climate Change, and Conflict
Network Science and International Relations
Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Theories and Empirical Evidence

O
Opportunity and Willingness: From "Ordering Concepts" to an Analytical Perspective for the Study of Politics
P
Peace, War, Theory, and Evidence in East Asia
Perfect Deterrence Theory
The Poliheuristic Theory of Political Decision Making
The Political Economy of Hegemony: The (Surprising) Persistence of American Hegemony
Popular Expectations, Theory, and Empirical Findings on Air Power
Population Aging and International Conflict
Power, Conflict, and Technology: Delineating Empirical Theories in a Changing World
Power, Institutions, and Issues as Causes of Conflict
Power Shifts and War
The Power-Transition Discourse and China's Rise
Power Transition Theory and the Essence of Revisionism
Predatory Government and the Feasibility of Rebellion: A Micro Logic of the Capitalist Peace
Pro-Government Militias and Conflict
Prospect Theory and International Politics
Proxy Wars: Implications of Great-Power Rivalry for the Onset and Duration of Civil War
Public Opinion on Foreign Policy Issues

R
The "Rally 'Round the Flag" Phenomenon and the Diversionary Use of Force
Rediscovering Reputation Through Theory and Evidence
Regime Type and FDI: A Transaction Economics Cost Approach to the Debate
Regional Politics and Powers: Hierarchy and Comparative Regional Analysis in International Relations
Research Findings on the Evolution of Peacekeeping
Role Theory as an Empirical Theory of International Relations: From Metaphor to Formal Model

S
The Selectorate Theory and International Politics
Social Identity Theory: Status and Identity in International Relations
Soft Balancing
The Spread of Conflict in International Relations
The State of Hezbollah? Sovereignty as a Potentiality in Global South Contexts
State and Nonstate Armed Groups (NAGs) Alliance in International Relations Theory
The Steps to War: Theory and Evidence
Strategic Culture Theory: What, Why, and How
The Strategic Uses of State Repression and Political Violence
Suicide Terrorism Theories
Symbolic Politics as International Relations Theory
Systemic Causes of Civil War
Systemic Leadership, Energy Considerations, and the Leadership Long Cycle Perspective

T
Taking China Seriously: Relationality, Tianxia, and the "Chinese School" of International Relations
The Territorial Peace: A Research Program
The Territorial Peace: Theory, Evidence, and Implications
Territory and Contentious Issues
Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: Overview
Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: Anarchist Wave
Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: Anti-Colonial Wave
Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: New Left Wave
Terrorism as a Global Wave Phenomenon: Religious Wave
Theoretical and Empirical Approaches to Uncertainty and the Probability of Conflict in International Relations
Theoretical Diversity in International Relations: Dominance, Pluralism, and Division
Theoretical Underpinnings of a Global Social Contract
Theories of Civil War and its Pitfalls and Promises
Theories of International Norm Contestation: Structure and Outcomes
Theories of Interstate Peace
Theory and Evidence Regarding the Effectiveness of Human Rights Treaties
The Theory of Lateral Pressure: Highlights of Quantification and Empirical Analysis
Theory of Regional War and Peace
To Arms, to Arms: What Do We Know About Arms Races?
Toward an Evolutionary Theory of International Relations
Twenty Years of de facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects
The Two-Good Theory in Practice from Abstract Generalization to Specific Inference
240 Years of Foreign Policy Moods in a Democracy Which Grew into a Superpower: What Does It Mean for IR Theory?

U
Understanding Ethnic Conflict: Four Waves and Beyond
Understanding Government Behavior During Armed Conflict
A Unified Analysis of the Diversionary and Constraint Accounts of Crisis Initiation
Unipolarity: The Shaky Foundation of a Fashionable Concept

W
War Making and the Building of State Capacity: Expanding the Bivariate Relationship
War Termination
Waves of Political Terrorism
What Do We Know About Global Financial Crises? Putting IPE and Economics in Conversation
What Do You Know About Civil War Duration?
What Helps Protect Human Rights: Human Rights Theory and Evidence
Women and Terrorism

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