The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

by Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q.

• ISBN13: 9780199296682
• ISBN10: 0199296685
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-11-09
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This book introduces Proto-Indo-European, describes how it was reconstructed from its descendant languages, and shows what it reveals about the people who spoke it between 5,500 and 8,000 years ago. Using related evidence from archaeology and natural history the authors explore the lives, thoughts, passions, culture, society, economy, history, and environment of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. They include chapters on fauna, flora, family and kinship, clothing and textiles, food and drink, space and time, emotions, mythology, and religion, and describe the quest to discover the Proto-Indo-European homeland.

Author Biography

J. P. Mallory is Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Queen's University of Belfast. He holds a PhD in Indo-European Studies (1975) from the University of California. His books include In Search of the Indo-Europeans (1989) and, with Victor Mair, The Tarim Mummies: The Mystery of the First Westerners in Ancient China (2000). He is currently the editor of the Journal of Indo-European Studies and was elected to the Royal Irish Academy in 1996.
D. Q. Adams is Professor of English at the University of Idaho. He holds a PhD in Linguistics (1972) from the University of Chicago (1972). His published work includes An Introduction to Tocharian Historical Morphology (1988), A Dictionary of Tocharian B (1999), and numerous articles on Indo-European and especially Tocharian topics.
J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams are the co-editors of the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997).

Table of Contents

List of Maps	xii
Lits of Figures	xiii
List of Tables	xiv
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms	xix
Introduction	xxii
1 Discovery	1	(11)
1.1 Language relations	1	(5)
1.2 Indo-European	6	(6)
2 The Elements	12	(27)
2.1 The Indo-European languages	12	(3)
2.2 Celtic	15	(3)
2.3 Italic	18	(1)
2.4 Germanic	19	(4)
2.5 Baltic	23	(2)
2.6 Slavic	25	(1)
2.7 Albanian	26	(1)
2.8 Greek	27	(1)
2.9 Anatolian	28	(3)
2.10 Armenian	31	(1)
2.11 Indo-Aryan	32	(1)
2.12 Iranian	33	(2)
2.13 Tocharian	35	(1)
2.14 Minor languages	36	(3)
3 Reconstructing Proto-Indo-European	39	(15)
3.1 The Comparative Method	39	(6)
3.2 Schleicher's Tale	45	(3)
3.3 Laryngeal Theory	48	(2)
3.4 Reconstruction and Reality	50	(4)
4 The System	54	(17)
4.0 The System	54	(1)
4.1 Phonology	54	(2)
4.2 The Noun	56	(3)
4.3 Adjectives	59	(1)
4.4 Pronouns	59	(2)
4.5 Numerals	61	(1)
4.6 Particles and Conjunctions	62	(1)
4.7 Prepositions	62	(1)
4.8 Verbs	62	(3)
4.9 Derivation	65	(6)
5 Relationships	71	(15)
5.0 Linguistic Relationship	71	(1)
5.1 Internal Relationships	71	(10)
5.2 External Relations	81	(2)
5.3 Genetic Models	83	(3)
6 A Place in Time	86	(20)
6.0 The Fourth Dimension	86	(1)
6.1 Time Depth	86	(2)
6.2 Relative Chronologies	88	(4)
6.3 Absolute Chronologies	92	(11)
6.4 The Dark Ages?	103	(3)
7 Reconstructing the Proto-Indo-Europeans	106	(14)
7.1 Approaches to the Past	106	(1)
7.2 How Many Cognates?	107	(3)
7.3 Reconstructed Meaning	110	(2)
7.4 Semantic Fields	112	(1)
7.5 Folk Taxonomies	113	(2)
7.6 Level of Reconstruction	115	(1)
7.7 Root Homonyms	115	(1)
7.8 How Long a Text?	116	(1)
7.9 Vocabulary-What's Missing?	117	(3)
8 The Physical World	120	(12)
8.1 Earth	120	(2)
8.2 Fire	122	(3)
8.3 Water	125	(3)
8.4 Air	128	(2)
8.5 The Physical Landscape of the Proto-Indo-Europeans	130	(2)
9 Indo-European Fauna	132	(24)
9.1 Reconstructing Environments	132	(2)
9.2 Mammals	134	(9)
9.3 Birds	143	(3)
9.4 Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians	146	(2)
9.5 Insects, Shellfish, etc.	148	(3)
9.6 Indo-European Animals	151	(5)
10 Indo-European Flora	156	(17)
10.1 Trees	156	(5)
10.2 Wild Plants	161	(2)
10.3 Domesticated Plants	163	(4)
10.4 Agricultural Terms	167	(2)
10.5 Proto-Indo-European Flora	169	(4)
11 Anatomy	173	(30)
11.0 The Body	173	(1)
11.1 The Head	173	(3)
11.2 Hair	176	(2)
11.3 The Upper Body and Arms	178	(4)
11.4 The Lower Body and Legs	182	(3)
11.5 Internal Organs	185	(3)
11.6 Vital Functions	188	(4)
11.7 Health and Disease	192	(7)
11.8 The Lexicon of the Body	199	(4)
12 Family and Kinship	203	(16)
12.1 Family and Household	203	(3)
12.2 Marriage	206	(3)
12.3 Kinship	209	(10)
13 Hearth and Home	219	(11)
13.1 Dwelling	219	(4)
13.2 Construction	223	(4)
13.3 Proto-Indo-European Settlement	227	(3)
14 Clothing and Textiles	230	(9)
14.1 Textiles	230	(6)
14.2 Proto-Indo-European Textile Production	236	(3)
15 Material Culture	239	(15)
15.1 Containers	239	(2)
15.2 Metals	241	(1)
15.3 Tools	242	(2)
15.4 Weapons	244	(2)
15.5 Ornament	246	(1)
15.6 Transport	247	(3)
15.7 Roads	250	(1)
15.8 Proto-Indo-European Material Culture	251	(3)
16 Food and Drink	254	(12)
16.1 Eat and Drink	254	(4)
16.2 Preparation	258	(2)
16.3 Foods and Meals	260	(4)
16.4 Proto-Indo-European Diet	264	(2)
17 Proto-Indo-European Society	266	(21)
17.1 Social Organization	266	(4)
17.2 Give and Take	270	(2)
17.3 Exchange and Property	272	(4)
17.4 Law and Order	276	(1)
17.5 Strife and Warfare	277	(6)
17.6 Occupations	283	(1)
17.7 Proto-Indo-European Society	284	(3)
18 Space and Time	287	(20)
18.1 Space	287	(1)
18.2 Position	288	(5)
18.3 Direction	293	(2)
18.4 Placement (Verbs)	295	(2)
18.5 Shape	297	(3)
18.6 Time	300	(3)
18.7 Proto-Indo-European Space and Time	303	(4)
19 Number and Quantity	307	(14)
19.0 Numerical Systems	307	(1)
19.1 Basic Numerals	308	(9)
19.2 Measure and Quantity	317	(4)
20 Mind, Emotions and Sense Perception	321	(31)
20.1 Knowledge and Thought	321	(4)
20.2 Sight	325	(3)
20.3 Bright and Dark	328	(3)
20.4 Colours	331	(3)
20.5 Hearing, Smell, Touch and Taste	334	(2)
20.6 The Good, Bad and the Ugly	336	(4)
20.7 Desire	340	(2)
20.8 Love and Hate	342	(2)
20.9 Hot, Cold and other Qualities	344	(4)
20.10 Proto-Indo-European Perception	348	(4)
21 Speech and Sound	352	(16)
21.0 Speech and Sounds	352	(1)
21.1 Speech	352	(3)
21.2 Elevated Speech	355	(4)
21.3 Interjections and Human Sounds	359	(4)
21.4 Animal Sounds	363	(2)
21.5 Proto-Indo-European Speech	365	(3)
22 Activities	368	(40)
22.1 Existence, Ability and Attempt	368	(3)
22.2 Reductive Activities	371	(6)
22.3 Rotary and Lateral Activities	377	(3)
22.4 Bind, Stick and Smear	380	(2)
22.5 Bend and Press	382	(3)
22.6 Inflation	385	(2)
22.7 Extend	387	(1)
22.8 Throw	388	(1)
22.9 Clean	389	(1)
22.10 Movement	390	(3)
22.11 Pour and Flow	393	(1)
22.12 Come and Go	394	(3)
22.13 Run and Jump	397	(3)
22.14 Crawl, Slide and Fall	400	(1)
22.15 Travel	401	(2)
22.16 Swim	403	(1)
22.17 Convey	404	(4)
23 Religion	408	(7)
23.1 Deities	408	(3)
23.2 The Sacred	411	(4)
24 Grammatical Elements	415	(8)
24.0 Pronouns	415	(1)
24.1 Personal and Reflexive Pronouns	415	(2)
24.2 Demonstrative Pronouns	417	(2)
24.3 Interrogative Pronouns	419	(2)
24.4 Relative Pronouns	421	(1)
24.5 Conjunctions	421	(2)
25 Comparative Mythology	423	(19)
25.0 Reconstructing Mythologies	423	(4)
25.1 Approaches to Mythology	427	(4)
25.2 Deities	431	(4)
25.3 Creation	435	(1)
25.4 War of the Foundation	436	(1)
25.5 Hero and Serpent	436	(1)
25.6 Horse Sacrifice	437	(1)
25.7 King and Virgin	437	(1)
25.8 Fire in Water	438	(1)
25.9 Functional Patterns	438	(1)
25.10 Death and the Otherworld	439	(1)
25.11 Final Battle	439	(1)
25.12 Current Trends	440	(2)
26 Origins—The Never-Ending Story	442	(22)
26.1 The Homeland Problem	442	(2)
26.2 Homeland Approaches	444	(9)
26.3 What Does the Homeland Look Like?	453	(1)
26.4 Evaluating Homeland Theories	454	(4)
26.5 Processes of Expansion	458	(2)
26.6 Where Do They Put It Now?	460	(4)
Appendices
Appendix 1 Basic Sound Correspondences between PIE and the Major IE Groups	464	(2)
Appendix 2 A Proto-Indo-European–English Word-list	466	(57)
Appendix 3 An English–Proto-Indo-European Word-list	523	(42)
References	565	(26)
Index of Languages	591	(28)
Index of Subjects and Places	619