Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine

by Armstrong, Neil; van Mechelen, Willem

• ISBN13: 9780192629777
• ISBN10: 0192629778
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-07-06
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Recent years have seen an explosion of interest and a growing recognition of the importance and relevance of sports for children and adolescents. Exercise and sports science is the fastest growing undergraduate programme in the UK, and throughout the world young people are being targeted intrying to raise the profile of the health benefits of physical activity. Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine is the definitive text on this increasingly important area. Written by a team of international authorities, the book explains the principles of developmental exercise science,assessment of performance, the promotion of young people's health and well-being, and the clinical diagnosis and management of sports injuries in children and adolescents. Aimed primarily at exercise and sports scientists, sports medicine physicians, paediatricians, and clinicians dealing with youngathletes, the book provides 'state of the art' coverage. Providing a useful companion to the Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine, Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine will be the principal reference source for its field.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
List of contributors	xi
PART I Assessment in paediatric exercise science
Interpreting exercise performance data in relation to body size	3	(8)
Joanne R. Welsman
Neil Armstrong
Introduction	3	(1)
Ratio scaling	3	(1)
Linear regression scaling (regression standards)	4	(1)
Allometric (log-linear) scaling and power function ratios	4	(2)
Dimensionality theory	6	(1)
Empirical findings	6	(1)
Scaling for body size differences in longitudinal data-sets	7	(1)
Summary	7	(1)
References	8	(3)
Anthropometry, physique, body composition and maturity	11	(12)
Albrecht L. Classens
Gaston Beunen
Robert M. Malina
Introduction	11	(1)
Anthropometry in assessing size and proportional characteristics	11	(3)
Estimating physique by somatotyping	14	(1)
Body composition assessment: Methodological aspects and techniques	15	(1)
Field methods for estimating body composition	16	(1)
Assessing maturational status	17	(3)
Summary	20	(1)
References	21	(2)
Muscle strength	23	(14)
Cameron J. R. Blimkie
David Macauley
Introduction	23	(1)
Terminology	23	(2)
Skeletal muscle active states	25	(1)
Determinants of a strength assessment method	26	(1)
Strength assessment techniques	27	(7)
Interpretative considerations	34	(1)
Summary	35	(1)
References	35	(2)
Anaerobic performance	37	(10)
Neil Armstrong
Joanne R. Welsman
Introduction	37	(1)
Assessment of short-term power output	37	(6)
Summary	43	(1)
References	43	(4)
Pulmonary function	47	(10)
Patricia A. Nixon
Introduction	47	(1)
The assessment of pulmonary function at rest	47	(2)
The assessment of pulmonary function during exercise	49	(2)
Measurements of pulmonary gas exchange	51	(1)
Less common measurements	52	(1)
Interpretation of pulmonary exercse testing	53	(1)
Summary	53	(1)
References	53	(4)
Cardiovascular function	57	(8)
Gerald Barber
Introduction	57	(1)
Cardiovascular parameters	57	(1)
Assessment techniques at rest and during exercise	58	(3)
Interpretation of abnormal data	61	(2)
Summary	63	(1)
References	63	(2)
Aerobic fitness	65	(12)
Neil Armstrong
Joanne R. Welsman
Introduction	65	(1)
Maximal or peak oxygen uptake	65	(3)
Blood lactate	68	(4)
Summary	72	(1)
References	72	(5)
Physical activity	77	(8)
Maarike Harro
Chris Riddoch
Introduction	77	(1)
Dimensions of physical activity	77	(1)
Range of methods	77	(1)
Validity and reliability of methods	78	(1)
Desirable attributes of instruments	79	(1)
Methods	79	(2)
Summary	81	(2)
References	83	(2)
Effort perception	85	(10)
Roger Eston
Kevin L. Lamb
Introduction	85	(1)
Application and description of traditional RPE scales	85	(1)
Estimation and production of effort	86	(1)
The study of perceived exertion in children: a historical perspective	86	(1)
The development of child-specific rating scales	86	(2)
Validity of effort perception: problems with comparing values from estimation, production, continuous and intermittent procedures	88	(2)
Summary	90	(1)
References	90	(5)
PART II Developmental aspects of paediatric exercise science
Growth and maturation: do regular physical activity and training for sport have a significant influence?	95	(12)
Robert M. Malina
Introduction	95	(1)
Physical activity and training	95	(1)
Patterns of participation in physical activity and sport	96	(1)
Growth and maturation	96	(1)
Limitations	96	(1)
Stature and the adolescent growth spurt	97	(1)
Body mass and body composition	98	(3)
Biological maturation	101	(3)
Summary	104	(1)
References	104	(3)
Biomechanics of movement	107	(16)
James Watkins
Introduction	107	(1)
Forms of motion	107	(1)
Kinematics	107	(2)
Kinetics	109	(5)
Coordination and control of human movement	114	(1)
Development of coordination and control	115	(1)
Kinematics of coordination	116	(1)
Kinetics of coordination	117	(3)
Dynamical systems approach to development of coordination	120	(1)
Summary	121	(1)
References	121	(2)
Motor development	123	(10)
Helen C. Wright
David A. Sugden
Introduction	123	(2)
The new synthesis	125	(3)
Resources supporting change and motor development	128	(2)
Developmental coordination disorder	130	(1)
Summary	130	(1)
References	130	(3)
Strength and muscle growth	133	(10)
David A. Jones
Joan M. Round
Introduction	133	(1)
Embryological origins of muscle and early development	133	(1)
Muscle fibre growth	134	(1)
Size and strength	135	(1)
Measurement of force	136	(1)
Growth studies and the measurement of strength	136	(1)
Determinants of strength during development	137	(3)
Muscle growth, strength and performance	140	(1)
Summary	141	(1)
References	141	(2)
Anaerobic performance	143	(10)
Anthony J. Sargeant
Introduction	143	(1)
Maximum short-term athletic performance during growth	143	(1)
Determinants of short-duration power output from muscle and performance	144	(6)
Summary	150	(1)
References	150	(3)
Pulmonary function	153	(10)
Thomas W. Rowland
Introduction	153	(1)
Ventilation at rest	153	(1)
Ventilation during submaximal exercise	154	(1)
Ventilation at maximal exercise	154	(2)
Respiratory patterns during exercise	156	(1)
Hyperventilation in children	156	(1)
Lung diffusion capacity during exercise	157	(1)
Submaximal ventilatory kinetics	158	(1)
Sustained exercise	158	(1)
Adaptations to physical training	158	(1)
Summary	159	(1)
References	159	(4)
Cardiovascular function	163	(10)
Thomas W. Rowland
Introduction	163	(1)
The two-pump system	163	(1)
The heart at rest	164	(1)
Cardiac responses to exercise	165	(4)
Systemic blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance	169	(1)
Prolonged exercise	169	(1)
Summary	169	(1)
References	169	(4)
Aerobic fitness	173	(10)
Neil Armstrong
Joanne R. Welsman
Introduction	173	(1)
Components of peak oxygen uptake	173	(1)
Peak oxygen uptake and age	174	(1)
Peak oxygen uptake, growth and maturation	175	(3)
Peak oxygen uptake and sex	178	(1)
Summary	179	(1)
References	179	(4)
Economy of locomotion	183	(8)
Don W. Morgan
Introduction	183	(1)
Economy differences among children, adolescents and adults	183	(1)
Variability in economy	184	(1)
Sex differences in running economy	185	(1)
Influence of running instruction and run training on economy	186	(1)
Relationship between running economy and running performance	186	(1)
Physical growth and changes in locomotion economy	187	(1)
Do children choose walking speeds that minimize energy demands?	187	(1)
Economy of locomotion in children with physical disabilities	187	(1)
Summary and future directions	187	(1)
Acknowledgement	188	(1)
References	188	(3)
Kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake	191	(10)
J. Alberto Neder
Brian J. Whipp
Introduction	191	(1)
Fundamentals of pulmonary gas exchange dynamics	191	(3)
Oxygen uptake kinetics in children	194	(4)
Summary	198	(1)
References	198	(3)
Exercise training	201	(22)
Anthony D. Mahon
Introduction	201	(1)
Aerobic adaptations	201	(10)
Anaerobic adaptations	211	(1)
Muscle strength adaptations	212	(6)
Summary	218	(1)
References	219	(4)
Temperature regulation	223	(20)
Bareket Falk
Introduction	223	(1)
Physical and physiological changes which occur during growth and maturation and are related to thermoregulation	223	(1)
Physical changes	223	(1)
Physiological changes	224	(3)
Physiological response to thermal stress	227	(7)
Adaptation to thermal stress	234	(2)
Summary	236	(1)
References	236	(7)
PART III Physical activity, physical fitness and health
Physical activity, physical fitness and children's health: current concepts	243	(10)
Chris Riddoch
Colin Boreham
Introduction	243	(1)
Physical activity and physical fitness	244	(1)
Activity and health in adults	244	(1)
Activity and health in children	245	(3)
Fitness and health in children	248	(1)
Summary	249	(1)
References	249	(4)
Physical activity, physical fitness and cardiovascular health	253	(12)
Jos W. R. Twisk
Introduction	253	(1)
Traditional CVD risk factors	253	(4)
New CHD risk factors	257	(1)
New developments	258	(1)
General comments	259	(2)
Summary	261	(1)
References	261	(4)
Physical activity, physical fitness and bone health	265	(8)
Han C. G. Kemper
Introduction	265	(1)
Growth of bone	265	(1)
Methods of measurement of bone mass	266	(1)
Mechanisms of bone formation	266	(1)
Natural course of bone mass development	267	(2)
Effects of physical activity and physical fitness on bone mass	269	(2)
Summary	271	(1)
References	271	(2)
Physical activity, physical fitness and social, psychological and emotional health	273	(22)
Susan R. Tortolero
Wendell C. Taylor
Nancy G. Murray
Introduction	273	(1)
Self perceptions	273	(1)
Psychosocial and academic functioning	274	(4)
Psychosocial symptoms and negative effect	278	(3)
Risk behaviours	281	(5)
Summary and future directions	286	(5)
Acknowledgements	291	(1)
References	291	(4)
Sport, physical activity and other health behaviours in children and adolescents	295	(10)
Stewart G. Trost
Sarah Levin
Russell R. Pate
Introduction	295	(1)
Method	295	(1)
Cigarette smoking	295	(2)
Smokeless tobacco	297	(1)
Alcohol use	298	(1)
Illegal drugs	299	(1)
Anabolic steroids	299	(1)
Dietary practices	300	(1)
Weight control practices	301	(1)
Sexual activity	302	(1)
Violence	302	(1)
Summary	302	(1)
References	303	(2)
Health education and the promotion of physical activity	305	(8)
Herman Schaalma
Ree Meertens
Willem van Mechelen
Gerjo Kok
Introduction	305	(1)
Health education and health promotion: concepts	305	(1)
Evidence-based health education	305	(1)
Health promotion and physical activity	306	(3)
Summary	309	(1)
Acknowledgement	309	(1)
References	309	(4)
PART IV Chronic health conditions and physical activity
Exercise testing and daily physical activity in children with congenital heart disease	313	(10)
Tony Reybrouck
Marc Gewillig
Introduction	313	(1)
Review of commonly used parameters to assess aerobic exercise function in the paediatric age group	313	(2)
Assessment of the habitual level of physical activity in patients with congenital heart disease	315	(1)
Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in specific congenital heart defects	315	(2)
Natural evolution of aerobic exercise performance and daily level of physical activity in patients with congenital heart disease	317	(2)
Exercise recommendations and rehabilitation of patients with congenital heart disease	319	(1)
Summary	319	(1)
References	319	(4)
Exercise and physical activity in the child with asthma	323	(8)
Helge Hebestreit
Introduction	323	(1)
Exercise induced asthma	323	(1)
Pathophysiology of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction	323	(1)
Late response	324	(1)
Refractory period	324	(1)
Diagnosing EIA	324	(1)
Physical activity and exercise capacity of children and adolescents with asthma or EIA	324	(1)
Exercise related benefits to children with asthma	324	(1)
Exercise testing in children with asthma or suspected EIA	325	(2)
Prevention of EIA and exercise counselling	327	(1)
Summary	328	(1)
References	328	(3)
Exercise capacity and daily physical activity in children with cystic fibrosis	331	(8)
Susi Kriemler
Cystic fibrosis and decreased exercise performance	331	(3)
Beneficial effects of exercise and physical activity	334	(1)
Harmful effects of exercise and physical activity	335	(1)
Exercise testing	335	(1)
Exercise recommendations	336	(1)
References	336	(3)
Exercise, daily physical activity, eating and weight disorders in children	339	(12)
Andrew P. Hills
Nuala M. Byrne
Introduction	339	(1)
The central problem: fear of fatness?	339	(1)
The `eating and weight disorders'	339	(1)
Contrasting scenarios: over-nutrition and physical inactivity, under-nutrition and excessive physical activity	340	(1)
Obesity	340	(2)
Body satisfaction during the growing years: implications for eating and weight disorders	342	(1)
The influence of body composition on disordered eating tendencies of adolescents	343	(1)
Exercise motivations of adolescents	344	(1)
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder	344	(2)
References	346	(5)
Exercise capacity, physical activity, cerebral palsy and other neuromuscular diseases	351	(12)
Jost Schnyder
Susan Rochat-Griffith
Carlos Rodriguez
Introduction	351	(1)
Cerebral palsy	351	(2)
Neuromuscular dystrophy (Duchenne, Becker) and myopathy	353	(1)
Spinal cord impairments (SCI) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI)	354	(1)
Fitness assessment in NMD	355	(1)
What kind of physical activity is suitable for young patients with NMD?	355	(3)
Evaluation	358	(2)
Summary	360	(1)
References	360	(3)
Exercise, sport and diabetes mellitus	363	(6)
Keith D. Buchanan
What is diabetes mellitus?	363	(1)
Classification of diabetes millitus	363	(1)
The aetiology of Type 1 diabetes mellitus	363	(1)
The incidence of Type 1 mellitus	363	(1)
The clinical spectrum of Type 1 diabetes mellitus	363	(1)
The management of Type 1 diabetes mellitus	363	(1)
Hypoglycaemia	364	(1)
Exercise	365	(1)
Philosophy of involvement of diabetics in sport	365	(1)
The effect of exercise in diabetes	365	(1)
Practical considerations for the exercising diabetic	366	(1)
References	367	(2)
Young athletes with a physical or mental disability	369	(12)
Merrilee Zetaruk
Introduction	369	(1)
Athletes with sensory impairments	369	(1)
Wheelchair athletes	370	(4)
Athletes with mental retardation	374	(3)
Summary	377	(1)
References	377	(4)
PART V Sports and exercise injuries
Current concepts on the aetiology and prevention of sports injuries	381	(4)
Willem van Mechelen
Introduction	381	(1)
The sequence of prevention	381	(1)
Sports injury incidence	381	(1)
Research design	382	(1)
The severity of sports injuries	382	(1)
Conceptual models for the aetiology and prevention of sports injuries	383	(1)
Summary	384	(1)
References	384	(1)
Aetiology and prevention of injuries in physical education classes	385	(6)
Frank J. G. Backx
Introduction	385	(1)
Incidence rates	385	(1)
Risk of injury	385	(1)
Location of injury	386	(1)
Type of injury	386	(1)
Severity of injuries	387	(1)
Aetiology	388	(1)
Prevention	388	(1)
References	389	(2)
Aetiology and prevention of injuries in youth competition: contact sports	391	(14)
Evert A. L. M. Verhagen
Willem van Mechelen
Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones
Nicola Maffulli
Introduction	391	(1)
American football	391	(1)
Boxing	392	(2)
Soccer	394	(1)
Martial arts	395	(1)
Ice hockey	396	(1)
Basketball	397	(1)
Wrestling	398	(1)
References	399	(6)
Aetiology and prevention of injuries in youth competition: non-contact sports	405	(12)
Per Mahler
Introduction	405	(1)
Bicycling	405	(1)
Dance	406	(1)
Gymnastics	407	(1)
Running	407	(1)
Skiing and snowboarding	408	(1)
Swimming	409	(1)
Tennis and badminton	410	(1)
Volleyball	411	(1)
Summary	412	(1)
Acknowledgements	412	(1)
References	412	(5)
Upper extremity and trunk injuries	417	(20)
Mininder S. Kocher
Lyle J. Micheli
Introduction	417	(1)
Upper extremity injuries	417	(1)
Shoulder injuries	417	(4)
Elbow injuries	421	(4)
Wrist and hand injuries	425	(3)
Trunk injuries	428	(1)
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis	429	(1)
Discogenic disorders	430	(1)
Scoliosis	431	(1)
Scheuermann's disease	432	(1)
Fractures	432	(1)
Mechanical back pain	433	(1)
References	433	(4)
Lower limb injuries in sporting children	437	(12)
Wolfgang Bruns
Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones
Nicola Maffulli
Introduction	437	(1)
The musculoskeletal system in childhood	437	(1)
Different metabolic and psychological aspects of childhood sport	437	(1)
Endogenous risk factors	437	(1)
Epidemiology of lower limb injuries	437	(1)
Ligament, muscle and tendon injuries	438	(1)
Joint injuries	439	(1)
Bone injuries	440	(3)
Summary	443	(2)
References	445	(4)
Injuries to the head and cervical spine	449	(8)
Robert C. Cantu
Introduction	449	(1)
Types of head injury	449	(5)
Types of spine injuries	454	(1)
Summary	455	(1)
References	456	(1)
Index	457